What wind level do we use to determine the size of the wind?

Beaufort scale or Beaufort scale, also known as Beaufort scale and Beaufort scale.

It is the grade of wind determined by Francis Beaufort, an Englishman, in 1805 according to the degree of influence of wind on ground objects or sea surface.

According to the intensity, the wind power is divided into two grades: "0" to "12" and *** 13, which is recommended by the World Meteorological Organization at present. Later, in the 1950 s, with the continuous development and progress of human wind measuring instruments, the wind measured in nature could actually exceed 12, so the wind level was extended to 17, that is, * * *18.

However, the classification adopted in the Maritime Meteorological Service Manual of the World Meteorological Organization is only 0 to 12, and the extended classification from 13 to 17 is not recommended.

When Beaufort table was invented, it was a classification method based on observing sea surface phenomena. The number of grades is divided according to sea conditions or wave conditions, and no relevant wind speed is specified.

1830, the Royal Navy took the beaufort scale as the recording standard. Since the 1850' s, Beaufort scale has also been used in general navigation, and then the wind speed is measured by a cup anemometer.

The anemometer is standardized in 1923, and the Beaufort table is slightly modified to facilitate meteorological use.

history

1805, Irish hydrologist? Francis beaufort (later Major General) was aboard the Royal Navy? Woolwich designed this scale when he was in service.

From other people's previous work (including daniel defoe in the last century) to Beaufort's time as a naval hydrologist in the1830s, the water meter named after Beaufort experienced a long and complicated evolution process, and was officially adopted and used for the first time in the voyage. ?

HMS？ The Beagle was led by Captain robert fitzroy, who later established the first weather bureau in England to provide regular weather forecasts. /kloc-in the 0 th and 8 th centuries, naval officers made regular meteorological observations, but there was no standard scale, so it might be subjective-one person's "breeze" might be another person's "breeze". Beaufort successfully standardized the scale.

The initial rating of 13 (0 to 12) did not refer to the wind speed figures, but linked the qualitative wind conditions with the impact on the sails of frigates (the capital ship of the Royal Navy at that time), from "only enough to provide steering" to "this is unbearable for canvas sails".

In the late 1830' s, this scale became the standard for ship log entries on Royal Navy ships, and since the 1850' s, this scale has been adapted for non-naval use, and the scale corresponds to the rotation of the anemometer in the wind cup. During the period of 1853, at the first international meteorological conference held in Brussels, the Beaufort scale was recognized as universally applicable.

19 16 years, in order to adapt to the growth of steam power, the description was changed to how the ocean rather than the sail behaved, and it was extended to land observation. It was not until 1923 that digital rotation was standardized.

George simpson, director of the British Meteorological Office (? George simpson? ,? CBE？ ) (later Sir george simpson) was responsible for this work and added land-based descriptors.

Decades later, these measures were slightly changed to improve their practicality for meteorologists. Nowadays, meteorologists usually express wind speed in kilometers or miles per hour or nautical miles per hour, which is used for navigation and aviation purposes? ; ? However, Beaufort scale terminology is still sometimes used to issue weather forecasts and severe weather warnings to the public.