What was the general situation of navigation development in Qin and Han Dynasties?

Qin Shihuang Hanwu is a very successful figure in the history of China. He established a centralized country by "controlling Liuhe and vibrating the four seas". It was in this historical period that China's unified sea border was gradually formed.

According to historical records, the Yellow Emperor started his hunting trip and once crossed the sea 1. When Yu was divided into Kyushu, Yu's water diversion project had reached the Bohai Sea. Yu also patrolled the coast and died in Huiji. During the Yin and Zhou Dynasties, the Yin and Zhou Dynasties established feudal cities along the coast and began preliminary marine development activities. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Yan, Qi, Lu, Wu, Yue and Chu were all important coastal countries. For example, the four borders of Qi are: "East to the sea, west to the river, south to Muling, and north to Wudi". As for the coast of Bohai Sea, there are other countries to the east of Qi, such as Lion, which is a pioneer in marine development. Qi and Lion have close trade relations in seafood and other products. It was not until 567 BC that the State of Qi conquered Laizi. Wuyue is a maritime nation, Wu "can't abandon the ship in one day", and "Yue Guo" takes the ship as a chariot and horse "4. Wuyue had a strong maritime armed force at that time, and wuyue area has been a key development zone of marine resources since ancient times.

But in the Western Zhou Dynasty, it can't be said that the maritime boundary has been formed. This is because: first, the coastline is only regarded as a natural boundary, not the boundary of administrative divisions; Second, the government's rule over coastal areas is often indirect, especially the central government, which only exercises * * *, meaning "giving consideration to all ethnic groups" and "living in harmony with all ethnic groups"; Third, at that time, the central government's management of coastal areas was often very weak, and there were no necessary institutions and means. ?

By the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the situation had changed. This is manifested in the following aspects: first, seafood production has developed greatly, and the links between regions, especially coastal areas and the mainland, have become increasingly close, and business exchanges have been frequent. The sea salt produced by Qi is sold to vast areas in North China. The idea that marine resources are great wealth was an important economic thought at that time, and formed the national marine development industry and policy, with Guan Zi's "Guan Shan Hai" thought and salt policy as important representatives. Secondly, coastal sovereignty was a popular concept at that time and an important part of the thought of great unity at that time. Legend has it that all the monarchs who did something in that era exercised their sovereignty by patrolling the hunting grounds. Huangdi swam the sea, climbed Maruyama Mountain, and was near Daizong in the east; The territory of Emperor Zhuan Xu is in Panmu in the east; Shun Di once traveled everywhere, and Yu guided water to the East China Sea. Thirdly, due to the gradual establishment of feudal society, the rulers gradually replaced the feudal system with local administrative agencies, and realized their own rule by implementing the county system, thus forming the initial administrative divisions and determining the administrative boundaries. Yan's county system is closely related to the formation of coastal areas, and it is not clear when Yan will be classified as five counties in the valley. However, according to the fact that Liaodong and Korea were in Yan Wen or earlier, in "The Warring States Policy Yance I", Su Qin said that Yan Houwen: "Yandong has Korea, Liaodong ...", that is, Yan twenty-eight years (334 BC). As for the "Historical Records of the First Qin Emperor", it says: "In twenty years, Qin broke Yan Yi Xi. Twenty-one years, Wang Ben attacked thistle and won the first crown prince Dan. Yan received Liaodong and ". Of course, the "income" here is not the first occupation of Liaodong, but should mean the reorganization of rivers and mountains.

After several generations of struggle, Qin swept the six countries, strengthened the country and unified the whole country. "Same book", "same car" and "same line" have established a unified centralized empire. After Qin unified China, the county system was fully implemented, and the territory of the country was established. In the 21st year of the King of Qin (226 BC), Qin Jun invaded Yan State, occupied the northern part of Hebei Province, and became a neighboring country for the first time. In the twenty-third year (the first 224 years), Qin Jun defeated the Jingchu army and occupied a vast area in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. In the twenty-four years (the first 223 years), Huainan was occupied again, further expanding the maritime border. Twenty-five years ago (222 years ago), the Qin Dynasty "made Wang Ben attack Liaodong to please the prince" 7. In the same year, Wang Jian decided to land in Jiangnan, and Wang was reduced to Huiji County. Twenty-six years ago (22 1 year ago), the state of Qin annexed the state of Qi, and the east coast became a front line. In the thirty-third year (2 14), Qin Fa-bing occupied the land of Lingnan and set up Guilin County, Xiang County and Nanhai County, which made Qin's rule reach the northern part of Vietnam today and the maritime boundary extended to the South China Sea. In this way, the territory of the State of Qin is "east to the sea and Korea, west to Lintao and Guanzhong, south to households, north to rivers, and Yinshan to Liaodong" .9. According to historical records, the coastal areas of Qin Dynasty included sixteen counties. From north to south: Liaodong county, including eastern Liaoning and northwestern Korea. Liaoxi county includes present western Liaoning and Qinhuangdao, Changli and Laoting areas in Hebei. Youbeiping County, Yuyang County and Julu County all have parts near the Bohai Sea. Qixian County is adjacent to the Bohai Sea, Langya County and Donghai County are adjacent to the Yellow Sea, and it runs directly from Shandong Peninsula to the north of the Yangtze River. The coastlines of Huiji County, Minzhong County, Nanhai County, Guilin County and Xiang County extend from Jiangsu and Zhejiang to coastal defense in Vietnam. ?

The Han Dynasty was a feudal dynasty after the Qin Dynasty. Many places along the coast in the early Han Dynasty were still controlled by separatist forces. Coastal eastern Europe is actually an independent country. South Vietnam was under the control of Zhao Tuo, Longchuan, Nanhai County, appointed by the Qin Dynasty. Zhao Tuo paid tribute to his army, annexed Xiang Jun and Guilin, and became the king of South Vietnam. After the management of Emperor Gaozu and the rule of cultural scene, the national strength of Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty was enhanced. "Han xing, the sea is one, the beam is the switch, and the mountain is forbidden. It is based on the weekly movement of wealthy businessmen around the world, and the things they trade are impassable and get what they want. " So the talented emperor began the process of unifying the whole country. After the failure of the Wu Uprising, Liu Ying's son fled to Fujian and Vietnam, provoking the war between Fujian and Vietnam and Dongou. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty adopted the suggestion and sent shipbuilding generals to send troops to help (rule Suzhou today) to help Dongou from the sea. Before the arrival of the Han army, Fujian and Vietnam had already withdrawn their troops first, thus winning the support of Dong 'ou in the Western Han Dynasty. In 1 19 BC, the northern frontier war of the Han Dynasty came to an end, and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty began to solve the problem of separatist regime in the south. In the third year of Ding Yuan (1 12 BC), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent five troops to attack South Vietnam. General Louchuan took the lead in attacking and occupying Panyu, and South Vietnam was finally pacified. In this way, under the control of the central government, the southern coastal areas have formed important seaports such as Panyu, Xuwen, Hepu and Rinan, further expanding overseas trade. In BC 1 10, the army of the Han Dynasty invaded Dongyue again, and the king of Dongyue was killed, and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty further unified the southeast coast. From BC 109 to BC 108, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent general Yang Pu and general Zuo Xunbi to lead 50,000 water troops to attack North Korea. Yang Pu navy crossed the sea from Shandong, cooperated with Xun Bi to destroy Wei's Korea, and set up four counties: Xuantu, Le Lang, Fan Zhen and Lintun.

In the Western Han Dynasty, the central government divided the whole country into thirteen secretariat departments. Linhai secretariat includes Youzhou secretariat, Qingzhou secretariat, Xuzhou secretariat, Yangzhou secretariat and Jiaodong secretariat. There are as many as 2 1 county near the sea. From north to south: Youzhou Spine includes seven coastal counties: Lelang County, Xuantu County, Liaodong County, Liaoxi County, Youzhou Pingjun County, Yuyang County and Bohai County. Qingzhou regimental headquarters includes four coastal counties: Qiancheng County, Qixian County, Beihai County and Donglai County. The regimental headquarters of Xuzhou includes three coastal counties: Langya County, Donghai County and Linhuai County. Yangzhou secretariat department includes a large coastal county in Huiji. There are Nanhai County, Hepu County, Jiaozhi County, Jiuzhen County and Rinan County in the coastal counties of the thorn toe department. In 1 10 BC, Hainan Island was incorporated into the territory by the Han Dynasty, and two counties, Bor and Qiongya, were set up.

Many famous seaport cities have formed in coastal counties, such as Panyu (now Guangzhou), Dongye (now Fuzhou), Qiantang (now Hangzhou), Dantu, Langya, Zhi Ya, Linzi and Quanzhou (now Tianjin). Panyu and Linzi are both famous metropolises. According to historical records, Linzi is the place where five people meet. The developed salt industry and textile industry in Linzi provide rich commodities for the whole country. Panyu, which is near the sea, is a place where merchants gather, gathering treasures from all directions, such as rhinoceros, elephant, pearl, silver, copper, fruit, linen and so on.

The central dynasty not only set up administrative officials in coastal counties, but also sent troops and military attaché s. Le Lang County, Liaodong County, Liaoxi County, Bohai County, Qiancheng County, Langya County, Linhuai County, Huiji County, Hepu County, Jiaodong County and Jiuzhen County all have a surname and are officials of any county. Among them, Dewey located in Xuwen, Leizhou Peninsula, Dewey located in Qiantang, Hangzhou Bay, Dewey located in Qiancheng County and Dewey located in Le Lang County obviously shoulder the heavy responsibility of coastal defense.

Second, Qin Huang Hanwu's policy of sea patrol and sea capture.

After Qin Shihuang unified the whole country, his dignity was brilliant, and there was no king in the world. In order to further consolidate his rule, he began a large-scale hunting trip. In the 28th year of Qin Shihuang (2 19 BC), he went on a second hunting tour. This time, I traveled to the east, sealing Mount Tai, Zen Fu Liang, offering sacrifices to heaven and earth, and carving stones to set up monuments. On this trip to the east, he came to Jiaodong Peninsula until the top of the peninsula became a mountain, and then he came to Langya along the coastline, where he stayed for about three months and made contributions by carving stones. The article emphasizes the integrity of the territory of Qin: "Within Liuhe, the land of the son of heaven. There are quicksand in the west, north households in the south, the East China Sea in the east and summer in the north. Where there are people, there are ministers ... "10. That is, on this trip to the east, Xu Fu, a Qi man, wrote that there are three sacred mountains in the sea, and he begged boys and girls to visit them. Qin Shihuang approved the plan, so Xu Fu began a large-scale sailing activity.

In the twenty-ninth year (2 18), Qin Shihuang once again traveled eastward, once again facing the sea in the east, boarded it, and carved stones to record his merits. This time, Qin Shihuang came to Langya again. The inscription claims to "clean up the territory and punish the outside world" 1 1. Thirty-two years ago (2 15), Qin Shihuang traveled eastward again and came to the Yellow River estuary at that time. In the thirty-fifth year (2 12 BC), Qin Shihuang began to build Epang Palace. He set up a stone at the border (now Lianyungang City, Jiangsu Province) as the east gate of Qin State. In the thirty-seventh year (2 10 BC), Qin Shihuang began another large-scale hunting trip, this time with his youngest son Hu Hai. The route of this operation is to go to the Yangtze River through Yunmeng, take a boat to China Eastern Airlines, pass by Danyang, come to Qiantang (now Hangzhou), and then cross Zhejiang to Huiji, a coastal city. He sacrificed to Dayu and watched the South China Sea (now the East China Sea). Then go north to Wudi, take a boat from Jiangcheng (now Jurong North, Jiangsu) and sail north along the offshore route to Langya. The scene of Qin Shihuang's voyage to the West is very grand, and it is also a feat in the history of world navigation. After this sea voyage, Qin Shihuang became seriously ill and died before returning to the capital Chang 'an, ending his illustrious life. ?

After basically completing the great cause of reunification, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty followed the example of the Yellow Emperor and Qin Shihuang and began his hunting trip.

In the first year of Yuanfeng (before 1 10), he went north to Taiwan Province alone and sacrificed to the Yellow Emperor in Qiao Shan. In the spring of this year, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty went to East DaHai You, and in the summer he climbed Mount Tai to offer sacrifices to Ba Shen. After going down the mountain, the alchemists said they could go to Penglai to worship God, so Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty sailed at sea again, landed in Jieshi in the north, and then returned to Chang 'an from western Liaoning via Jiuyuan in the northern frontier. In the spring of the following year (before 109), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty visited Donglai again, looking for traces of immortality, and sent more than a thousand alchemists to collect Dan medicine. In the autumn of this year, North Korea killed Dewey in Liaodong, and Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent a land and water army to conquer North Korea, protect Xinjiang and expand its territory. In the fifth year of Yuanfeng (106), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty made a southern tour, and personally cut dragons in the Yangtze River. This huge fleet is "thousands of miles long". On this trip, he sailed eastward from the Yangtze River estuary and reached Langya along the coast. During the offshore voyage, the famous mountains and rivers along the coast were sacrificed respectively. In November of the sixth year of Yuanfeng (105), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty toured the sea to inquire about the alchemist's quest for immortality. /kloc-in October/February, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty went to Bohai Sea again to worship the sea god in Penglai. Zi Tong Zhi Jian has a very detailed account of this trip to the East. The sea patrol was accompanied by envoys from the western regions and Central Asian countries, and the Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty gave property to show the prosperity of the Han Dynasty. In 33 (BC 102), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty once again made an eastward expedition to the sea. In the third year of Taishi (the first 94 years), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty arrived in the East China Sea again. This time, he sailed from Langya to the East China Sea from south to north. In the fourth year of Zheng He (89 years ago), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty came to Donglai and was lucky at sea again. This time, he is still obsessed with seeking immortality and medicine, regardless of the dissuasion of ministers, and insists on going to sea. After waiting for more than ten days, due to rough waves and bad weather, I couldn't go out by boat and had to leave angrily. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty deposed the alchemist.

Undeniably, the purpose of Qin Huang Hanwu sea patrol hunting in a very important country is to visit the elixir. However, their sea patrol is not limited to this, but full of political purposes.

First of all, Qin Huang's Hanwu sea patrol is to prove the sovereignty of the central dynasty to various forces at home and abroad. After Qin Shihuang unified the whole country, the nobles of the six countries did not lie on their laurels, but were eager to make a move and planned to restore them. Especially in remote coastal countries, it is even more difficult to deal with. In order to prevent the resistance of the old forces, Qin Shihuang not only moved some survivors of the six countries to the Gyeonggi area, but also toured at home and abroad to show the strength of the Qin Dynasty. During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, overseas countries did not lie flat, and the newly opened counties and counties of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty were not consolidated. Fierce resistance appeared in the Korean Peninsula in the north and Baiyue area in the south. Therefore, the Han Dynasty vigorously built the navy, and demonstrated its overseas prestige by patrolling the coastal areas. Secondly, Qin Huang Hanwu hunting patrol hopes to gain the spiritual and moral support of the central government by offering sacrifices to famous mountains and rivers.

In a word, the main purpose of Qin Huang's Hanwu sea patrol was to consolidate his rule, which reflected the fact that the central government was committed to military politics during this period.

Third, the development of coastal areas in Qin and Han Dynasties

Qin and Han Dynasties is an important period for the development of coastal areas in China. Offshore fishing, sea salt production and the development of navigation routes have all entered a brand-new stage.

China has a long history of sea salt production. After Qin Shihuang unified the whole country, salt production developed greatly. Although it is difficult for us to find a specific description of salt production in Qin dynasty, historical records show that the income of salt and iron in Qin dynasty was 20 times that in the past, from which it is not difficult to see that salt production in Qin dynasty developed very rapidly.

The scale of salt production in Han dynasty has been very large. According to historical records such as Hanshu and Geography, there were 32 salt officials in the Western Han Dynasty, most of whom were sea salt producers. There are two in Liaoning: one in Pingguo (now Yingkou) and the other in western Liaoning (now Luanzhou). There are four salt areas in Hebei: one in Quanzhou (now Tianjin), one in Zhangwu (Tianjin Jinghai and Cangzhou), one in Haiyang (now Luanxian) and one in Tangyang (Nangong). Shandong salt area is the largest salt area in China. There are more than 30 salt officials in China, with Shandong accounting for 1 1. The counties with salt officials are: Qiancheng (now Binzhou), Duchang (now Changyi), Shouguang, Haiqu (now Jiaozhou Bay), Jinji (now Jiaozhou Bay), Changguang, Changyang (now Laiyang), Qucheng, Dangli (now Yexian), Dongmou (now Wendeng) and County. The ancient books of Jiangsu salt area in Han Dynasty are unknown, which is located in the coastal area north of the Yangtze River estuary. Zhejiang Salt Region has salt officials in Haiyan County and Huiji County. Fujian has a long history of producing sea salt, but it was in the Tang Dynasty. Guangdong's salt industry is very developed. In the Han Dynasty, salt officials were set up in Nanhai County, Panyu County and Gaoyao County of Cangwu County. Large-scale salt production, small-scale private salt production and inland pool salt production managed by salt officials have formed a salt supply system all over the country.

During the Qin and Han Dynasties, the navy was very large. In the fifth year of Yuanfeng (before 106), the southern patrol fleet of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was "a thousand miles long". In the Western Han Dynasty, when the navy was sent to sea to fight, there were tens of thousands of soldiers and more than 2,000 warships at a time, which showed the scale of shipbuilding at that time. By the Qin and Han Dynasties, the ability to manufacture large wooden sailboats had been acquired. According to historical records, a "shipbuilding" was built in the Han Dynasty. The ship is "more than ten feet high and very strong, with a flagpole on it". There are three layers from bottom to top. The first floor is called "land" because it looks like a land house, and the second floor is called "Fei Lu" because it is a superimposed floor and the third floor is on it. In order to make the ship resistant to wind and waves, most of the ships at that time had bulkhead plates, and some technologies such as adding beams were adopted to make the ship stronger and suitable for long voyage. 1974, three shipyards of Qin and Han dynasties were excavated in Guangzhou, and it was determined that 50-60 tons of wooden sailboats could be manufactured. During the Qin and Han dynasties, ships were not only larger and larger, but also many kinds. In naval battle, the ship that hits the enemy ship in front of the front line is called "boarding first", the ship that mainly hits is called "rushing", and the ship that transmits information quickly is called "red horse boat". These boats are painted red and run like galloping horses. At this time, the ship has adopted multi-paddle propulsion, and the big ship has used 20 paddles, and there are facilities such as cabins. With the help of advanced navigation tools, many domestic and foreign routes were opened during the Qin and Han Dynasties. According to Lu Chunqiu, there was a voyage in the pre-Qin Dynasty: "When a person sails at sea for ten days, he is happy to see a person who looks like a person." And the year also, see it taste the joy of China ". By the Han Dynasty, the northern line started from the ports on the Shandong Peninsula and the west coast of Bohai Bay, and the coastal coastline went directly to Liaodong Peninsula, Korean Peninsula and Japanese archipelago. Cui Fu probably took this route to Japan, and Japanese envoys also arrived in China for cultural exchange through this route, and some of them were knighted by the Han Dynasty. The southern line starts from Fujian and Vietnam, crosses the South China Sea and the Straits of Malacca, and reaches Myanmar, the Indian subcontinent and Sri Lanka. At that time, the domestic route was mainly the Yangtze River estuary to the Yellow River estuary. According to "On Divers and Escaping", "Today's capital is noble and noble, and it needs trees in the south of the Yangtze River, catalpa bungeana and Zhang Yu, so it can be imitated in the distance. Cut the mountain, lead the poor valley, go from Huai to the sea, and carry it against the current. The moment the craftsman left, it brought trouble to Sun and Moon. The congregation will move in the future, and many cows will follow. Heavy is one thousand jins, work is ten thousand years, east to Liaodong, west to Dunhuang, laborious and costly in the land of Wan Li ". ?

During the Qin and Han dynasties, the marine fishing industry was also very developed. In Erya, a book written in the early Han Dynasty, the names of more than 20 kinds of fish were recorded, including five or six kinds of marine fish. Xu Shen's Shuo Wen Jie Zi in the Eastern Han Dynasty recorded more than 70 kinds of fish names, including 10 and 20 kinds of marine fish. Many fish are produced in remote areas, such as Le Lang, Xietou, Raccoon and so on. Shellfish are produced in Donglai and Huiji counties. According to the biography of the Three Kingdoms Dongyi, on the Korean peninsula, "grouper skin went out to sea".

Pearl picking was also an important industry in Han Dynasty. In the Han Dynasty, there were two ways to get pearls, one was to buy them from overseas, such as western countries or Dongyi, and the other was to fish in the South China Sea in China. The fishing place in the South China Sea is Hepu. "The Biography of Meng Taste in the Later Han Dynasty" records that when Meng Taste was a satrap, "the county did not produce grain, but seafood jewelry". "When the first slaughter more greedy, deceives people ask fools, then gradually moved to Jiaotoe County. So the journey is not enough, the characters have no capital and the poor starve to death. Try to be an official, change your mind, and seek benefits for the people's diseases. At that time, I was not one year old, and I went to Zhuhai to return. People have returned to their business and goods circulation. ”？

In a word, the Qin and Han Dynasties was the period when China unified its maritime boundary. A unified sea and border is not only a product of a unified country, but also a symbol of a unified country. The ocean policy of centralized countries in Qin and Han Dynasties reflected the powerful national strength of advanced China at that time, and also reflected the formation of "Middle Kingdom" consciousness and the strong desire to expand its own civilization in Qin and Han Dynasties. This expansion, which represents advanced productive forces and advanced civilization, contained certain progressive significance in the historical era at that time. The expansion of this civilization has prompted the surrounding areas to quickly get rid of the primitive state of ignorance and enter a higher social stage, thus reflecting a progressive trend. Of course, this expansion also has its violent side, which is of course cruel. But judging from the long-term trend of social development, it was an inevitable process of the expansion of advanced productive forces at that time.