What are the characteristics of peony?

Peony. ) Also known as Peony, Peony, Peony, Peony, Peony, Luoyang Flower. It is a perennial deciduous shrub of Ranunculaceae. China is widely cultivated and mainly produces Anhui, Hebei, Henan, Shandong, Zhejiang, Sichuan, Shaanxi, Gansu and other provinces. Take root bark as medicine. Comprise paeoniflorin, paeoniflorin, benzoyl paeoniflorin, benzoyl paeoniflorin, paeonol-beta-D glucoside, paeonol-beta-D glucoarabinoside, paeonol, benzoic acid, volatile oil, sugar and sterol. Pharmacological effects prove that paeonol has antihypertensive, sedative, analgesic and anticonvulsant effects. It can inhibit dysentery Bacillus, typhoid Bacillus, Vibrio cholerae, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, A- hemolytic streptococcus, L- hemolytic streptococcus, pneumococcus and so on. You can see flowers. The taste is spicy and bitter, slightly cold. Has the functions of clearing away heat, cooling blood, promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis. Indications: hematemesis, blood heat rash, dysmenorrhea due to blood stasis, abdominal pain due to blood stasis, bruises from falls, joint swelling and pain, carbuncle swelling and pain.

I. Morphological characteristics

The plant height is 0.8-1.5m. The stem is short and thick with dark gray skin. Leaves alternate, papery, wide, often with compound leaves, terminal lobule with trifoliate leaves near the middle, upper lobule with trifoliate leaves or not, lateral lobule smaller, oblique oval, unequal to trifoliate leaves or not, green and hairless on the top, white powder on the bottom, fluffy or hairless on the midvein. Flowers solitary, large, sepals 5, green; Petals 5 are double petals, often obovate, white, reddish purple or yellow, and the top is often shallow; Stamens are numerous, filaments are narrowly linear, and anthers are yellow; Disk cup-shaped, reddish purple, carpels 5, free, dehiscent at maturity, densely pubescent. The fruit of Abelmoschus manihot is oval with short brown hair (Figure 19-4).

Figure 19-4 Peony Morphological Diagram

1 .flowers 2. Root 3. Fruit. Bracts 5. pistil

Second, biological characteristics.

Peony has strong drought tolerance and avoids waterlogging and dampness. Not cold-tolerant, cultivated in the north, and need to wrap the ground with straw in winter. It usually grows under the forest on the hillside, in the grass on the roadside, and can also be planted on sunny and fertile flat land.

Second, the cultivation techniques

(1) Species and varieties

The root bark of the same plant has the following kinds, which can also be used as medicine in different areas. 1. Peony plants. var。 spontanea Rehd。 Shorter, its small leaves are shorter and nearly round. Distributed in Shanxi, Shaanxi and Gansu. 2. There is an obvious black spot in the center of peony petals. var。 papaueracea (andr。 ) kenna (P. papaveracea andr .)], distributed in Guangyuan, Sichuan and Taibai Mountain, Shaanxi. 3. The gamboge disk developed into a fleshy disk with yellow flowers, distributed in Sichuan, Yunnan and Tibet. 4. The carpel of Taxus cuspidata is hairless, only the lower part is surrounded by a disk, and the leaflets are small and hairless, distributed in Sichuan.

(2) Land selection and land preparation

It is best to choose dry sunny sandy loam with deep soil layer and good drainage. Continuous cropping is not allowed for 4-5 years, and the newly reclaimed land is often turned about 60cm deep and completely weathered. When preparing soil, make the border width 150cm, and the border is turtle-backed. Trenching and drainage must be smooth. The groundwater level is high, and saline-alkali land and clay are not suitable for planting.

(3) Breeding methods

Seed propagation and ramet propagation.

1. Seed propagation

(1) seedling raising

Peony seeds can be treated with low temperature of about 5℃ or 1% gibberellin for 48 hours to relieve hypocotyl dormancy. Sowing in September, rooting does not emerge in that year. After low temperature stimulation in winter, hypocotyls grow in the next spring and emerge from the soil. If sowing is too late, seedlings will not emerge in the next year. Drill, row spacing is about 20cm, plant spacing is about 6cm, and soil is about 3cm. Cover the border with grass and remove the grass before emergence in early spring of the following year.

(2) Transplantation

After sowing for two years, sow the seedlings in September-65438+1October, remove the sick plants and divide them into two grades according to their size. Each seedling requires 3-4 plants, and the roots that are too long will be appropriately cut short. Depending on whether the depth of the planting hole can accommodate it, it should be planted at a row spacing of 30cm, with each hole 1-2 plants. The seedlings are inclined in the planting hole, and the roots must be elongated. Cover with soil about 3 cm above the terminal bud.

(3) Live broadcast

Seedling transplanting is generally used in production, but recently direct seeding has been adopted in some places, and the row spacing of direct seeding is the same as that of seedling transplanting. Because the rhizome of direct seeding is long and straight, it can also obtain better yield.

2. ramet propagation

From late August to June, when harvesting in 5438+1October, dig the whole plant, cut off the big and middle roots for medicine, cut off the fine roots from the places where plants are easy to divide into 2-4 plants, and transplant them in September-165438+1October, so it is appropriate to plant them early. Before planting, the soil should be turned 60 cm deep, about 7000 kg of base fertilizer should be applied per mu, and the row spacing of plants should be 25×35 cm. One plant should be planted in each hole, with the upper end facing upward, inclined at 45 degrees and covered with soil for 3-4 cm.

(4) Site management

1. intertillage weeding

After spring, weeding and intertillage are combined several times to prevent root damage and cultivate soil in winter, which is beneficial to root growth.

fertilize the soil or land

When transplanting, sufficient manure or manure should be applied, which can be applied in spring and autumn, but not in summer. Especially in autumn, fertilization is more important. Generally, 400 kilograms of human manure and 50 kilograms of rapeseed cake fertilizer are applied per mu, and the leaves should be prevented from being soiled when fertilizing.

defloration

In addition to keeping seeds or selling flowers, buds should be picked immediately after they appear every spring.

(5) Pests and diseases and their control

1. gray mold

(Botrytis cinerea and Paeonia lactiflora)

In order to harm leaves, stems and flowers, round lesions appear on the injured leaves. Sometimes it occurs at the tip or edge of the leaf, which is purple-brown or brown with irregular wheel patterns. When the weather is wet, gray mold grows, which is the fruiting body of pathogenic bacteria. The damaged stems began to appear dark green waterlogging irregular lesions, and later the diseased stems were dark brown, sunken and soft rot, which made the plants bend and lodging. After the flowers and buds are killed, they also become brown and soft, and gray mold grows. Control method: (1) select disease-free buds and root seedlings, soak them in 1: 1: 100 bordeaux solution and plant them; (2) Strengthen cultivation management and pay attention to ventilation and light transmission; (3) At the initial stage of the disease, spray 800-65438 times of 50% thiophanate methyl or 800 times of 50% carbendazim for prevention and treatment.

2. Leaf mold

(Cladosporium Paeoniae Pass)

At first, the leaves were purple-brown spots, and then gradually expanded into 2-3 cm large lesions, the periphery was not obvious, the center of the lesions was slightly light, and there were dark green and black tobacco molds. Pathogens overwinter on leaves and become the main source of infection in the coming year. Control methods: (1) In winter and spring, remove the residual plants and diseased leaves in the field to reduce the source of bacteria; (2) Spraying 1∶ 1∶ 100 bordeaux solution or 50% thiophanate 1000 times solution at the early stage of onset.

In addition, there is foliaceous mildew. And the earth tiger.

Fourth, harvesting and processing.

Seeds.

Three years after transplanting, the lateral florets are picked when they bloom, and the seeds mature in July. When the fruit of mallow is cracked, it will be picked as soon as possible and spread on the indoor ground with a thickness of about 10- 15 cm, and turned once every few days. In August, the sunflower fruit cracked and peeled off, and the seeds were stored in containers such as bamboo baskets and cloth bags. In September, take out the thin and shriveled seeds with bad color and sow them.

(2) harvesting and processing

It was cultivated for 3-4 years, and the roots were dug in June+10/October in 5438, and the stems and leaves were cut off to remove the sediment. Firstly, the fibrous roots are removed, and then dried to form Dan whiskers. When the roots are fresh, cut a straight seam on the root bark with a knife, peel off the xylem in the middle, then take out the wood core and put it on the board to dry. If the peony bark is taken out with a wooden heart, it will turn black and the quality will be poor if it is not exposed to the sun and rain. The yield of dried cortex moutan per mu is about 150-200 kg. Another processing method is to clean up the soil after digging out the roots, scrape off the skin with a bamboo knife or bowl, take out the xylem and dry it in the sun, which is called scraping the peony bark.