There is a reward of 30 points. Who knows what kind of fruit this is? Zizyphus jujuba? Name and place of origin, the more detailed, the better. Thank you.

China Lizao, also known as Lizao, is the largest variety of jujube eaten raw and fresh. Introduced and distributed all over the country, it is a rare and precious raw food species. At present, the pear and jujube planted are mainly grafted and propagated. The crown is disordered, the branches are drooping, dry and weak, the tree is medium and large, which has the characteristics of dwarfing. The trunk is grayish brown, and the epidermis is longitudinally cracked, with cracks and less shedding. The first branch of jujube tree is brownish red with few thorns, growing 40 ~ 100 cm a year, with no inflection point between nodes, few lenticels and gray protrusions. Jujube strands are grayish brown and conical, and each jujube strand usually has 3 ~ 8 dates hanging; Hanging length 13 ~ 28 cm, some of which can be drawn into lignified jujube hanging and bear fruit every year. 7 ~ 10 section is the section where jujube trees bear more fruits. Flowers are scarce, with a single flower per inflorescence 1 ~ 5 and jujube hanging 13 ~ 20 leaves. The leaves are small and thick, wide and oval, 3.6 ~ 5.9 cm long and 2.0 ~ 2.9 cm wide. The apex is sharp, the leaves are green and serrated, the base is round and dark green, and the petiole is 0.3 ~ 0.6 cm long.

Economic characteristics

The fruit is large, nearly round, with thick white flesh, crisp and juicy texture and extremely sweet taste. The sugar content of fresh jujube is 23.5%, the acid content is 0.36%, the vitamin C content is 392.5 mg per 100 grams of pulp, and the insoluble solid content is 27.9-33. 1%. The core is spindle-shaped, the surface of the core is rough, the groove is deep, the tip is gradually pointed, the base is slightly dull, and there is no seed kernel, so the fruit quality is extremely high.

2 basic feature editing

Botanical characteristics

The crown is disordered, the tree body is drooping, dry and weak, the tree body is medium, the tree body is large, the trunk is grayish brown, the peel is longitudinally split, the crack is deep, the peeling is less, the jujube head branch is reddish brown, and the jujube rootstock is grayish brown and conical. Usually, there are 4-8 hanging dates, the hanging length is 13 .5-29 cm, and the fruiting part is 7-65438.

Biological properties

Jujube heads germinate vigorously and enter the fruiting period early. Generally, a lot of fruits will be produced in the second year after grafting. Jujube head and jujube fertilizer have strong seed setting ability, especially high and stable yield. 2-year-old plants produce 3.2 kilograms of fresh dates, and 3-year-old plants produce 6-8 kilograms of fresh dates. In Gaoling area of Shaanxi Province, it germinates in mid-April, blooms in late May, blooms in mid-June, and matures in mid-September.1deciduous leaves fall from 165438 in early October.

New cultivation techniques

I. Overview

Dwarfing and close planting of jujube trees is the general trend of production development in China in the future. At present, the cultivation of dwarf plants has been widely promoted in five provinces of Central Plains. The successful planting of 1740 mu pear jujube in Miaoshang Township, Linyi County has pushed the development of China jujube to a new level.

Compared with conventional sparse planting in the past, close planting is influenced by varieties, soil, fertility, climate and social factors, and is mainly restricted by the level of scientific and technological development in a certain cultivation era. Use the high planting density of jujube seedlings, rootstock seedlings or grafted seedlings to make them bear fruit, yield and benefit early in a short time. Its remarkable characteristics are high investment, high technology and high efficiency.

Dwarfing and densely planting jujube trees can make the early fruiting habits and growth habits of jujube trees play a normal role, with short production cycle, rapid growth of early fruiting yield and easy access to high yield. For example, the jujube tree breeding base of Yuncheng Forestry Bureau in Shanxi Province planted 2.3 mu of pear jujube, with 220 plants per mu, which can produce 9305 kilograms of jujube fruit in the fourth year. In the 1.2 mu jujube dense planting garden planted in Linyi, Shanxi, 327 jujube trees were planted per mu, and the yield of fresh jujube per mu in the second year was 393.7 kg, and that in the third year was 139 1.4 kg. The Technology Extension Station of Xianyang Forestry Bureau of Shaanxi Province planted 7 mu of dense planting garden (two plots) in Chengguan Town of Bin County, with110/48 plants per mu. After grafting, the yield per mu of fresh jujube was 280.5 kg and 377.7 kg in the second year, and 665.5 kg and 7465,438+0 in the third year. Therefore, the new technology of low density cultivation is a new model of jujube management and renewal at present.

Second, planning and landscape construction

Jujube garden planning is a comprehensive implementation plan of long-term capital construction planning before jujube planting.

(1) planning

(1) Park scale planning: According to the reality of land contract management in agricultural production and the development requirements of social market commodity economy, the park planning is relatively centralized on the whole, forming planting regionalization, production base and commercialization of management.

(2) Division of plot area: For jujube orchards planted in contiguous plots, jujube orchards can be divided into several plots for the convenience of management. The plot size is mainly divided according to the topography, soil conditions and climatic conditions of the garden, and a plot can be divided if the topography, soil and microclimate conditions are basically the same.

(3) Road system planning: In order to facilitate operation and improve labor efficiency, trunk roads and production access roads can be set up in the centralized contiguous jujube garden, and the trunk roads should run through the whole garden.

(4) Irrigation system: Pumped wells, rivers and reservoirs are mostly used as water source irrigation systems in flat land, river beach and Sichuan jujube garden, which can be combined with road system and permeable under favorable conditions.

(2) Variety and density planning

Density: Close planting is the core of early high yield in jujube orchard, and it is also the fundamental difference from traditional sparse planting jujube orchard.

General density: 1 10-220 plants/mu yield index: the survival rate in the first year is over 90%, and the seed setting rate in that year is about 30%; In the second year, the yield per mu is 600-700 Jin; In the third year, the yield per mu is 900- 1200 kg; After the fourth year, the output increased year by year and stabilized at more than 3000 kg. High density: 220-330 plants/mu yield index: the survival rate in the first year is over 90%, and the seed setting rate in that year is 30%; In the second year, the yield per mu is about 900 kilograms; The yield per mu in the third year 1200- 1400 kg; After the fourth year, the output increased year by year and stabilized at more than 4000 kg. Ultra-high density: 330-667 plants/mu yield index: the survival rate in the first year is over 90%, and the seed setting rate in that year is 30%; The yield per mu in the second year is about 1200 kg; The yield per mu in the third year 1500-2400 kg; After the fourth year, the output increased year by year and stabilized at more than 4900 kg. Planting density depends on local geographical conditions, weather and climate.

Third, jujube pruning technology

Pruning is one of the main technical measures for jujube cultivation and management. Pruning can promote young trees to branch and bear fruit early, and control or promote their growth. Establish a high-yield three-dimensional tree structure. In recent years, with the continuous development of scientific management technology of jujube, people pay more and more attention to the high-yield structure of jujube. The high-yield tree structures with good performance in production are short crown sparse layer, short crown open heart and uniaxial trunk.

(1) Low crown sparse layer shape

Tree-shaped features: small tree body, fast forming; The main branch spacing is large, the lighting condition is good, the trunk is firm, the production is easy, the pruning method is simple, the underground management is convenient, the load is heavy, and the yield per plant is high.

Plant height and number of main branches: the height of the tree is about 2.5 meters, the height of the stem is about 35 cm, and 7-8 main branches of the whole tree are planted on the central main branch in three layers, with 3 main branches at the base; The second layer has two main branches; The third layer has 1-2 main branches. The length of the main branch at the base is 80- 100 cm, the second layer is 80 cm and the third layer is 60-90 cm.

Technical points of plastic surgery; At about 35cm from the ground, three main branches with uniform growth, good orientation and suitable angle were selected to cultivate the three main branches at the base. The distance between the second floor and 1 floor is about 60cm, with two or three main branches left. The third layer has 1-2 main branches, and the distance between the second layer and the second layer is 60-70cm. The lateral branches of each main branch have 2-3 lateral branches on the three main branches at the base, 2 lateral branches on the second main branch and 65,438+0 lateral branches at the top. The formation time of main lateral branches is the same as that of short crown, and the height meets the requirements. To fall back in time, the crown is a round tower with a narrow top and a wide bottom.

(2) The crown is short and happy.

The characteristics of short crown are: no main stem, few main branches, good lighting conditions, strong skeleton, heavy load, fast forming, early fruiting, convenient management and harvesting. Because jujube has upright branches and strong top advantages, artificial shaping is more difficult than the former.

Tree height and number of main branches: tree height 1.8-2.0m, ***3 The main branches stand obliquely upward on the trunk with an included angle of about 75 degrees. At about 35 cm from the ground, select three main branches with uniform growth, good orientation and suitable angle, and cultivate three main branches (no main branch) at the base. When it grew to 60 cm in that year, the core was picked again, and all three main branches were matched in the next year. Cultivate 2-3 main branches (7-9 main branches in full crown) on each main branch at the base, and it takes 2-3 years to complete all the main side branches, and the crown is wide at the top and narrow at the bottom.

(3) Ultra-high density jujube orchard (grassland jujube orchard)

Jujube orchards planted with more than 340 plants belong to ultra-high dense jujube orchards. The tree structure is characterized by short stature, no obvious skeleton hierarchy, and no obvious main branches. The main stems all have secondary branches, and the height of the tree is generally controlled at 0.9-1.2m.. There are 7-8 fruit groups with secondary branches as the main body of the whole tree, and the planting seedlings are set at 50 cm. When the seedlings grew to 40 cm in that year, the lateral branches were picked up and lost their fruiting ability in the next year. So cut it short or cut it short every early spring.

nutritive value

Dali jujube is a rare fresh food quality variety in China. Its jujube fruit contains protein, fat and various vitamins, especially vitamin C. Every100g of fresh jujube contains c600~800 mg of vitamin C, which is dozens of times higher than that of peaches, apples, pears and oranges, so it has the reputation of "vitamin pills". Zhongjing Lizao has good health care function.

control of insect

(1) Jujube armyworm, also known as leaf roller moth, fruit fly and echinococcosis, mainly damages leaves, flowers and fruits by larvae spinning, causing gaps or perforations in the leaves, and causing large-scale yield reduction and fruit quality decline when the damage is serious. Therefore, the control is to spray 50% phoxim 1500 times solution to kill eggs or 2000-3000 times solution of pyrethroid pesticides to kill larvae.

(2) The peach fruit borer, also known as the jujube fruit fly, jujube maggot and peach frog worm, harms jujube fruit with larvae, and the damaged fruit peel turns red or falls off early, which seriously reduces the yield and fruit quality. Control methods: During the prophase and peak period of larval excavation from mid-May to late July, 25% parathion 80- 100 times solution or 75% phoxim 150-200 times solution was sprayed on the ground of the garden to poison the unearthed mature larvae and summer cocoons, and 50% fenpropathrin emulsion was sprayed from mid-June to early July and from mid-August to early September.

(3) Jujube rust mites, also known as jujube leaf rust mites, jujube gall mites and jujube leaf ticks, harm leaves, flowers and young fruits with adults. The damaged leaves are gray and shiny at first, and stop growing with the aggravation of pests. They curl along the main vein of the leaves and are close to the leaves, and the leaves are burnt in the later stage and fall off in the early stage. Flowers and buds turn brown, dry and fall off. Prevention and control measures: Spraying the ground with liquid medicine before adult emergence in April, and scarifying the soil to a depth of 5- 10 cm with a hoe after spraying. When irrigation conditions permit, liquid medicine can be poured into the garden to poison unearthed adults and buried larvae, and pyrethroid pesticides can be sprayed for 2000-3000 times to poison pests on trees.

disease control

(1) jujube rust

At the beginning of the disease, there are sporadic green spots on the back of the leaves, and gradually light brown spots appear on both sides of the veins. Finally, the diseased part is yellowish brown, and yellow powder is released from the damaged part, which makes the leaves turn yellow and fall off.

Prevention and control measures: clean up the fallen leaves in the park, burn them centrally, and eliminate the source of bacteria. At the beginning of the disease in mid-July, carbendazim was sprayed 500-800 times and triadimefon10-5 times or triadimefon 1500-2000 times every day.

(2) Jujube brown spot disease

Also known as black spot disease, there are sporadic black spots on the back of leaves at the beginning of the disease, and then continue to expand into a round or irregular shape, and even make the diseased leaves connect into pieces, the leaves are yellow-brown, and photosynthesis is weakened or even advanced. Prevention and control measures: clean up fallen leaves in winter and burn them to kill germs. After lodging in summer, spray 800 times carbendazim, 800 times Yekujing or Tobuzin.

(3) jujube fruit shrink disease

Also known as fog-grazing eggplant disease, after the pathogen invaded the jujube tree, it can be divided into halo, water stain, coloring, atrophy and shedding. The diseased spots on the fruit surface appear red in advance, dull, the fruit turns brown, the tissue is dehydrated and necrotic, and the exocarp shrinks, which is not sweet and bitter. The onset period is in the fruit coloring period of high temperature and high humidity weather with continuous rainy or intermittent sunny days, and the source of the disease is spread by insects, rain, fog and dew.

Prevention and control methods: During the onset period from mid-August to early September, streptomycin 100- 140 IU/ml, kanamycin 140 IU/ml or 50%DT500 times solution was sprayed continuously for 2-3 times, and 40% omethoate or 20% isocarbophos was added to the solution.

(4) jujube witches' broom

Also known as broom disease, witches' broom disease and lobular disease, it is a bacteroid infection.

It is mainly manifested in the abnormal growth and development of branches, leaves and flowers.

Control method: Once a new jujube orchard is found, the diseased plants should be uprooted immediately, and the diseased branches should be cut off before and after the autumnal equinox. Excavated diseased trees and cut diseased branches should be burned and buried in time.

Storage of Dali Jujube

Common containers in the family are jars, jars, jars, cartons and wooden cases, which can be used to store big pears and jujubes. The tanks, cans and altars used must be washed and dried, and the inner walls of the tanks, cans and altars should be wiped with white wine. You can also put half a bottle of white wine in it (the dosage can be determined according to the storage capacity), and the bottle mouth is open. After harvesting, the big pear jujube is spread in the shade for a few days, and then layered into jars, cans or jars. Spray white wine after filling, which can vary from 50- 150g depending on the storage capacity. Cover it with absorbent cotton, and then cover it with a plastic sheet to prevent the smell of alcohol. When eating big pears and jujubes, they can be stored for more than half a year.

The box for storing big pear dates should be clean and tasteless, with two layers of paper at the bottom and around. Each big pear date should be wrapped in soft white paper and placed neatly in the box. For ruby, red star, banana and other round big pear dates, it is best to put them horizontally, while Guoguang and India are oblate, so that big pear dates can withstand greater pressure. The box is most suitable for inspection at 0-2℃ every other month, and some rotten fruits should be removed in time.

Transportation of big pear and jujube

(1) Ventilation and heat insulation vehicle

The insulated car is a kind of car body with only heat insulation function, and there is no refrigeration and heating equipment in the car. During the transportation of goods, the heat exchange between the inside and outside of the car is mainly reduced by the thermal insulation function of the car body with good thermal insulation performance, so as to ensure that the temperature fluctuation of goods during transportation does not exceed the allowable range. This kind of vehicle has the advantages of less investment, less energy consumption and money saving. It is more economical and practical to transport apples with a ventilated and heat-insulated car transformed from an iced refrigerator car, and auxiliary measures such as adding ice in the car can improve the transportation effect.

(2) refrigerated trucks

Railway refrigerated transportation can be transported quickly and with high quality by means of refrigeration, heat preservation, cold prevention, heating and ventilation. The characteristics of refrigerated trucks are: the body is insulated and sealed, and there is a cooling device in the car, which can keep the temperature inside the car lower than the temperature outside the car in warm seasons. In cold season, refrigerated trucks can also be used for transportation without cooling and heat preservation or transportation with heating, so as to keep the temperature inside the car higher than that outside the car.

At present, China's refrigerated trucks include refrigerated trucks with ice, mechanical refrigerated trucks and frozen plate refrigerated trucks.

(3) containers

Container transportation is a developing transportation mode in the world today, which not only saves manpower and time, but also ensures product quality and realizes door-to-door service. This is a great innovation of modern transportation.

On the basis of the container, adding insulation layer and refrigeration and heating equipment can keep the temperature of fresh apples. On the basis of refrigerated container, the airtight layer is added to change the gas composition in the container (reducing O2 concentration and increasing CO2 concentration), which is the refrigerated modified atmosphere container. To control the gas composition, the air in the box can be adjusted by air conditioners in stations and docks, or a liquid nitrogen tank can be installed in the box to release nitrogen instead of the air in the box, so as to achieve the purpose of reducing oxygen. Compared with refrigerated containers, refrigerated modified atmosphere containers can keep the fresh quality of goods.