Xiang Yu's life information about Xiang Yu, ancient poems describing Xiang Yu and ancient people's evaluation of Xiang Yu now.

At the end of the Qin Dynasty, he was an important leader, general and commander-in-chief of the Chu army. Name, word feather. The next phase (now Suqian West, Jiangsu) people. The grandson of Xiang Yan, a famous Chu. Learn less about the art of war and be brave. In the thirty-seventh year of Qin Shihuang (2 10 BC), the first emperor visited the palace and thought he could "replace others" (Historical Records Xiang Yu). In September of the first year of Qin Ershi (209 BC), he helped his uncle Xiang Liang to kill Huiji County in Qin Dynasty and set out to respond to Chen Sheng. Xiang Liang's death belongs to Chu Huaiwang. In the winter of three years, he led 50,000 people, the main force of the Chu army, to cross the Yellow River to save Zhao, defeat and solve the siege of Julu (now southwest of Pingxiang, Hebei). After forcing Qin to surrender the army. With hundreds of thousands of people, he became a famous warlord (see the peasant war at the end of Qin Dynasty). Soon, he killed 200,000 enemies in Xin 'an (now Henan). After entering the customs, the palace was burned and treasures and women were looted, which greatly lost the hearts of the people. In the spring of the first year of Hanwang (the first 206 years), 18 vassals were sealed, which made them scattered all over the country. Since the name of the overlord of the West Chu, Pengcheng (now Xuzhou, Jiangsu) has made its capital and occupied the nine counties of Liang and Chu. In the winter of two years, people killed King Huai. Tian Rong of Qi took the lead in sending troops. Xiang Yu personally led troops to attack others, burning and looting, which aroused the resistance of the people of Qi. At the beginning of the Chu-Han War, Liu Bang's intentions were not observed and strict preventive measures were not taken, which enabled Liu Bang to successfully advance eastward. In April, Qi Guohe led 30,000 soldiers to attack by land, defeated Liu Bang who had occupied Pengcheng and almost captured Liu Bang alive. Later, after a long-term battle with the Han army, one gram of Xingyang (now northeast of Xingyang, Henan Province) was captured by the elevation (now northwest of Xingyang), forcing Liu Bang to flee. In the end, due to poor planning and suggestions, we gradually lost our advantages and initiative. In August of four years, the peace talks returned to the east, and they were defeated. Liu Bang was chasing troops in Guling (now northwest of Huaiyang). Later, he was besieged in Gaixia (now east of Lu Yi and southeast of Lingbi), and lost the decisive battle and broke out. To Dongcheng (now southeast of Dingyuan County, Anhui Province), Judas commanded 28 riders and attacked the encirclement of thousands of Han troops twice, killing and injuring dozens of people. In December of five years, he retreated to Wujiang (now Shangjun), ashamed to see his elders in Jiangdong, unwilling to cross the river and dismount to fight, killing hundreds of Han soldiers and injuring more than 65,438 +00, and finally committed suicide calmly at the age of 365,438 +0. Xiang Yu is brave and good at assault. He said, "After more than 90 battles, you won't be defeated" (Pre-Han Ji, Volume III). People called it thunderbolt at that time. It is reported that there is a book about the art of war. In the next world war, Xiang Yu's life came to an end, and the tragic revelation of his fate reached a climax. In the whole Historical Records, this passage is probably the most emotional one written by Sima Qian. From being besieged on all sides, to the Wujiang Ferry, through the tender heart of Farewell My Concubine, I stumbled into osawa to earn money, which made me lose my flag, but ended up in the shame of my elders in Jiangdong. When a hero dies, his face will change.

In the changing situation at the turn of Qin and Han Dynasties, the only real protagonists in history are Ying Zheng and Xiang Yu. One is to let China return to the autocratic unity under centralized power, and the other is to let the world return to the loose political system of the governors' alliance in the Six Kingdoms era. This seems to be just a question of whether to agree with the historical trend of great unity. Modern people often criticize Xiang Yu from a unified standpoint, as if only the king of Qin who wiped out the six countries with iron fighters could be regarded as a national hero. Actually, the problem is not that simple. From a long history, the trend of unification is unstoppable. Fundamentally speaking, it is the inevitable result of the development of Chinese civilization to a certain stage and the long-term integration of various parts within civilization. The problem is just how to unify. It is conceivable that even without the force of Qin, the world will eventually be integrated, which has been proved again and again by the historical practice after the Han Dynasty. There is no denying that the soldiers of the king of Qin did simplify this process. It seems that history has taken many detours less, but there is no need to think about it. Regardless of whether the people groaning under the iron horse have the right to pursue their humble free life, even as far as the development of civilization is concerned, the consequences of reunification are questionable in many places. Centralization did strengthen the power of the country, making the Qin and Han empires a powerful force that was rarely matched in the world at that time. But the price is that the limited democracy (even the internal democracy of the ruling class) accumulated since the primitive society era is completely lost. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, taxis became literati who could "advocate superior livestock". When Qin Jun burned the palaces of six countries and plundered all the treasures in the world to Xianyang, Chinese civilization moved from pluralism to monism and from polycentricity to one or at most two or three centers (so-called "two capitals" or "three capitals"). Xiang Yu's restoration to the Six Kingdoms is often regarded as a retrogression in history, but on the other hand, it may be understood from the meaning of Confucius' so-called "rise and fall of the country, inherit the world, and raise the adherents", that is, from the meaning of safeguarding the national survival right and cultural and ecological diversity.

Although there are many important differences in details and nature, the difference between Ying Zheng and Xiang Yu may be comparable to Napoleon in modern Europe and the promoter of the European Union today (although Xiang Yu's actions are still "overbearing") in terms of the road chosen for the integration of civilizations. Most people who feel sorry for Xiang Yu in later generations did not see the profound mechanism of history hidden here. When Sima Qian wrote Historical Records, he was feeling the pressure of absolutism in Qin and Han Dynasties, so he was emotionally inclined to Xiang Yu. Li Qingzhao said, "Life is a hero, and death is a ghost." . So far, I miss Xiang Yu and refuse to cross Jiangdong. I just use the past events of Chu and Han to express my contempt for Du Nan. From the standpoint of "military strategist", Du Mu did not give up easily. Although the theory was only a temporary success or failure, it also inadvertently expressed a doubt about the so-called "historical inevitability". The trend of unification is inevitable, but this does not mean that there are no accidents in path selection. The scene of Wujiang ferry is actually a very important historical moment. The death of Xiang Yu actually declared the complete loss of another possibility in historical development.

The death of Xiang Yu

Xiang Yu can't be dead.

When Xiang Yu came to Wujiang River, there was a boat waiting for him. The director of Wujiang Pavilion, who set sail, is probably a person who worships Xiang Yu, so he waited there early, bent on saving Xiang Yu from crossing the river. He told Xiang Yu that there was only one boat on the Wujiang River. Please get on the boat at once. The Han army couldn't catch up with the river anyway. Although Jiangdong is small, it is thousands of miles away, and hundreds of thousands of people can succeed there. However, Xiang Yu declined the kindness of Tingchang. He just let Tingchang cross the river with his beloved steeds, while he and his entourage Qin Bing all dismounted and walked, and rushed into the tight encirclement to fight hand-to-hand with the Han army who came to kill him. This is undoubtedly a battle that is outnumbered, and it is also a battle of no help. However, if you give up fighting and surrender, it will not be Xiang Yu. Xiang Yu would rather die standing than kneeling in order to survive. Of course, he won't lay down his weapon. From the day he picked up this weapon, he never wanted to put it down. On the contrary, at the last moment of life, we should hold it high, just as an excellent performing artist must make the performance reach its climax at the curtain call. This is also known by Xiang Yu's retinue Qin Bing. So this battle, in which the enemy was strong and we were weak, turned defeat into victory. Xiang Yu killed hundreds of Han soldiers by himself and injured more than ten places himself. At this time, more and more Han troops were killed, including Lv Matong, the former chief of staff of Xiang Yu. Xiang Yu smiled. He greeted loudly and said, Aha, isn't this an old friend? Lv Matong, who turned his back on Chu and surrendered to Han, was so emotional that he dared not face Xiang Yu squarely. He turned his head and said to Wang Ming, another member of the Han Dynasty, "This is Xiang Wang. This is a "new friend". So Wang Xiang said to Wang Yi: I heard that your country paid a big price and rewarded thousands of families with my head, so I will give you a personal favor! Say that finish, then cut off his head with a sword.

Don't say anything more. It is not difficult for anyone to see that Xiang Yu died heroically, with a bang and earth-shattering, and even the water of the Wujiang River had to sob for it, so that it was choppy and churning. Obviously, Xiang Yu's death was noble. No matter what he died for, his death has unparalleled personality charm and aesthetic value.

However, Xiang Yu also died miserably.

While Wang Jin was robbing Xiang Yu's head, other soldiers of the Han army also swarmed in, scrambling to trample on horses and compete for Wang Xiang's body, so that they killed each other and killed dozens of people. Finally, Wang Yi got a song, and Yang, Lu Sheng and Yang Wu each got one. They shared the land granted by Liu Bang, and everyone became a small official. And our hero, who once made these people afraid to look up, was not allowed to die completely under their despicable competition.

This is really "the tiger fell to Pingyang and was bullied by the dog."

Xiang Yu's tragedy is the tragedy of the times. The era before Xiang Yu was heroic and aristocratic. Noble feelings and heroic temperament are the spirit of that era. This spirit is symbolized by tigers and leopards. Correspondingly, dogs and sheep. Zi Gong, a student of Confucius, once compared the tiger and leopard to dogs and sheep, marveling that the tiger and leopard might degenerate into dogs and sheep: "The quality of literature is still good, and the quality of literature is still good. Tiger and leopard are still dogs and sheep. " Although, in the view of Confucius and his disciples, the spirit of tiger and leopard is noble, the vulgarity of dogs and the mediocrity of sheep should not be used instead of aesthetics.

However, since Qin Shihuang initiated centralized autocratic rule, the heroic age began to decline. The words of heart-to-heart communication between the monarch and the minister are gone, replaced by a salute and kowtow like garlic; Ranger counselors lost their talents in the world, but they were replaced by gangs and buttering up powerful people; The free debate of a hundred schools of thought is gone, replaced by Confucianism and egoism. Power and profit will become the dominant forces, while personality and soul will be castrated and trampled, just as Wang Ming and Lv Matong trampled on Xiang Yu.

So what we see is such a picture: a tiger or leopard representing the heroic spirit and noble sense dies alone on the grassland, while a group of vulgar wolves and mediocre sheep representing the lust for power and profit flock in, trampling on the tiger or leopard at will, and then everyone pulls off a leopard skin or a tiger bone in their mouth and prepares to go back and take credit. Not long ago, they were afraid to look into the eyes of that tiger or leopard.

The leader of this group of wolves and sheep is Liu Bang. Liu bang is their king and their shepherd.

As far as personal charm is concerned, Liu Bang is neither lovely nor respectable, but it is not contemptible. Although Liu Bang was born a rogue, it is inevitable that he is a rogue. Some things are not authentic, but he is also a hero, a hero in his bones and a bloody man. In BC 195, he returned to Pei County, his hometown, and invited his old friends and children to drink. When he was drunk, Liu bang personally crashed into the building and wrote a poem for himself: "The wind blows and clouds fly, the weaver girl returns to the hometown of the sea, and the brave guard the four directions!" When this song comes out, there are many harmonies. Liu bang left his seat to dance, generous and sad, and cried a few lines. He took the hand of his fellow villagers and said, the wanderer is sorry for his hometown! Although I want to decide the capital of Guanzhong, after a hundred years, my soul will still return to Peizhong. It can be seen that although he is ruthless, he is not ruthless, although realistic, but also romantic. However, what he represents is, after all, a ruthless and destructive system, a system that is bound to replace heroism and lofty spirit with lust for power and profit. In fact, he accomplished what he called a "great cause" by virtue of his greed for power and interests. Even Chen Ping admits that his side is full of stubborn and greedy people, and these people are assembled by Liu Bang's "tolerance for others", that is, greed for power and greed. Because Liu Bang inherited the career of Qin Shihuang. In order to establish a centralized and unified country, with the people of the world as his subjects, he had to attack and trample on heroic temperament and lofty spirit, including these things left in his heart, which is why he is not without pain and loneliness.

Obviously, Liu Bang represents the "historical direction", while Xiang Yu is "out of date". In fact, since then, there have been fewer and fewer stupid, childish and willful heroes like Xiang Yu, and more and more insidious schemers and pedantic and honest bookworms. In this sense, Xiang Yu was right to say that his failure was "my death".

Xiang Yu's death seems to herald the end of an era. After the era of tiger and leopard ended, it was replaced by the era of wolves and sheep. Moreover, wolves will degenerate into dogs and lackeys.

Xiang Yu was born around 233 BC and died in 202 BC. He was twenty-four years old at first, and he was a young hero. When he committed suicide, he was in his early thirties, which was the most attractive age for a man to bid farewell to teenagers and mature.

Although Xiang Yu's life was short, he left many stories, legends, idioms and many topics. Well-known idioms are: cross the rubicon, stand by, travel thousands of miles at night, wash monkeys to win the championship, be besieged on all sides, farewell my concubine, "Xiang Zhuang's sword dance is intended to respect the public" and "shame to see the elders in Jiangdong". The most popular poem is Li Qingzhao's Five Musts: "Life is a hero, and death is a ghost hero. I miss Xiang Yu now and refuse to cross Jiangdong! "