Distribution and landscape characteristics of natural tourism resources in China and their significance to tourism development?

(1) extensiveness: the extensiveness of tourism resources is mainly manifested in the diversity of varieties, the complexity of types and the multi-domain distribution. When talking about the classification of tourism resources, we have listed its types from different angles, including visible natural scenery and historical and cultural objects, as well as intangible customs and legends and allusions. There are ancient, real and new; Both material and spiritual; There are economic and cultural ones. They have penetrated into various fields and regions in different forms. Some are in the sky, some are underground, some are in the ocean, some are on land, some are in cities and some are in the countryside. In short, almost all fields have their "traces".

(B) the times: tourism resources have a distinct content of the times. Mainly in countries with different social systems and different times, some phenomena can be used as tourism resources, while others cannot. The same thing has two different use values. This is because people from different countries and classes have different moral and aesthetic concepts. Such as casinos and brothels, can be used to attract tourists in capitalist society, which is absolutely not allowed in our socialist country. Another example is some revolutionary memorial sites, such as concentration camps and mass graves where German fascists slaughtered patriots. At that time, they were killing each other. Today, they are memorial halls for people to mourn the revolutionary martyrs, and they are also powerful evidence of fascist crimes. And the imperial palace in feudal times. In the past, this was the lewd lair of the royal nobility, and ordinary people could not enter or leave at all. Now it has become a place for people to travel optimistically and an educational position for accusing feudal rulers of bloody repression of the people. There are many examples of this change, which shows that tourism resources have the characteristics of keeping pace with the times. The essence of this change is the difference of social times.

(3) Variability: Tourism resources also have the characteristics of variability. The so-called variability is that it did not have the attribute of tourism when it was produced, and then it changed qualitatively for some reason, forming tourism resources. Compared with the original use, it has undergone essential changes. There are many such examples. For example, the former residence of a celebrity, before the owner became a celebrity, his house was just a few ordinary houses. Later, he became a celebrity and his house became a tourist resource. The house has not changed before and after, but the different uses of the house have changed. Another example is Mount St. Lawrence volcano in Washington, USA, which erupted on May 8, 1980, spewing out14 billion cubic feet of volcanic ash and rocks (its power is more than 500 times that of the atomic bomb dropped by the United States in Hiroshima, Japan), causing nearly 100 deaths and disappearances nearby, with a total economic loss of10 billion US dollars. After inspecting the disaster area, the then president of the United States said: "In the long run, volcanic eruption will arouse people's great scientific interest in it, and even turn this area into a tourist area ... which may become a tourist attraction comparable to the Grand Canyon". It can be seen that volcanoes will also become eye-catching tourism resources. Another example is 1976 Tangshan-Feng Run earthquake in China, which was a natural disaster, causing hundreds of thousands of deaths and more incalculable property losses. However, the sites preserved in many places after the earthquake have become the bases for people to visit and conduct scientific investigations. Tangshan Metallurgical Design Institute has a four-story building, which was damaged in a severe earthquake. The upper two floors are left in the open space on the edge of the building and stand neatly there. This strange earthquake destroyed the scene and deeply attracted many tourists and researchers. From the perspective of tourism, it was originally an ordinary building that did not belong to tourism resources, but later it became a tourism resource due to earthquake damage. How different is this mutation?

(D) Regionality: mainly manifested in the local and national characteristics of tourism resources. The so-called local characteristics mean that different regions have different landscapes. For example, the Norwegian coast in northern Europe has many fjords extending inland, the Mediterranean coast has the "Three S" landscape, the eastern part of Africa has the "natural zoo" landscape, the southwestern part of China has a large area of karst landscape, the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River have the water town landscape, and the tropical coast has the mangrove landscape, all of which are large-scale natural landscapes. The area continues to shrink, with small and medium-sized landscapes. The local features here are more abundant, such as Fangshan landscape in Sichuan basin, red-bed Danxia landscape in Jiangnan hills, Ya Dan landscape in Lop Nur seaside, salt lake and wind erosion landscape in Qaidam, soil forest landscape in Yuanmou basin in Yunnan, lava volcano landscape in Wulianchi, Heilongjiang and so on. The landscape with national characteristics is also different in large, medium and small scales, the biggest of which is the landscape characteristics of super-national areas like the Chinese nation and the Arab nation. For example, gardens, temples and ancient buildings (pavilions, terraces, buildings, pavilions, etc.) in China. ) is very distinctive in the world and is the crystallization of the ancient history and culture of the Chinese nation. Small and medium-sized ethnic landscapes mainly refer to the historical and cultural characteristics and customs of various ethnic groups. Such as "Nadam" of Mongolian, "Water-splashing Festival" of Dai, folk songs of Zhuang, and pestle dance of Gaoshan, all of which have strong ethnic customs and are very attractive. From the perspective of the world, this exotic style is even more colorful and fascinating. In short, the history, culture, customs and people's feelings of these different countries and nationalities are all formed by people with limited regional activities through long-term historical activities, and the regional differences between local and national colors are very distinct.

(e) Cross-cutting: The cross-cutting nature of tourism resources is mainly manifested in the cross-cutting distribution of various types in the same area. Almost all the major tourist areas in the world are a combination of natural and human tourism resources. Natural and human landscape elements are often produced and developed in an interrelated and mutually restrictive environment. Few isolated single scenes have nothing to do with other landscape elements around them. As far as large-scale landscape types are concerned, any humanistic tourism resources are always developed in a certain natural environment, and their ornamental value is often restricted by natural conditions. For example, there is less skating in the south than in the north, and the entertainment facilities in the north are in the off-season for a long time in winter. This situation is inseparable from climatic conditions. On the other hand, the natural tourism environment also needs manual planning, construction and development, and needs the cooperation of humanities, economic landscape and conditions. Such as traffic routes, hotel facilities and some artificial landscape buildings. Without these conditions, natural tourism resources can not be developed and utilized, and the aesthetic value of natural landscape can not be developed to a higher level. In fact, the intersection of these tourist resources is very attractive to a scenic spot, because tourists' motives are often varied, and most of them want to see more landscape types when traveling. Therefore, the intersection of tourism resources can better meet the requirements of tourists, which is the decisive factor for the richness of tourism activities and the development advantages of a tourist area.

(6) Sustainability: Throughout the history of tourism development, it is not difficult to find that most tourism resources have the value of unlimited reuse. Although there are some tourism resources, such as hunting, fishing, gathering, shopping, tasting flavor and so on. Will be consumed by tourists and need to be supplemented by natural breeding, artificial breeding, breeding, breeding, etc., and most of them will not be consumed by tourists, such as visiting exhibitions, boating, skating, bathing in the sea, sunbathing, etc. , all have the characteristics of sustainable utilization. For these tourism resources, tourists can only take away all kinds of impressions and aesthetic feelings, but not the tourism resources themselves. The sustainability of tourism resources is the basic reason why tourism has the advantages of small investment, large income and long utilization time. However, tourism resources also have a protection problem, including the protection of the natural environment and local features. Only by strengthening the protection of tourism environment can we give full play to the sustainability of this resource.

(7) Seasonality: The seasonality of tourism resources is determined by latitude, topography, climate, daily and monthly movements and other factors. Latitude makes the amount of heat obtained on the ground different. In high latitudes, the sun's altitude angle is low, and the ground receives less solar energy, so the landscape is changing all year round. The cold and long winter has frozen the rivers and lakes, and the leaves are withered. The tourism with green tourism as the content appears in the off-season, and the sports tourism with skiing and skating as the content enters the peak season. In addition to geographical latitude, the height and aspect of terrain will also directly affect the seasonal and vertical changes of natural landscape. Even in the peak season suitable for tourism, the landscape from the foot of the mountain to the top of the mountain will change in four seasons. In a word, this seasonal change of natural landscape makes tourism appear off-season and peak season. For example, in the Qiantang River, due to the monthly variation of tidal force and the trumpet-shaped structure at the mouth of Hangzhou Bay, the maximum tidal bore occurs from August 16 to 18 in the lunar calendar. If tide watchers miss the "Tide Birthday", they will not see the spectacular autumn tide in Qiantang. Another example is the red leaves in Xiangshan, Beijing, which also appears in autumn for a short time. If you miss this opportunity, the red leaves will lose their ornamental value.

(8) Intelligence: Tourism resources generally have cultural attributes. Visitors can gain rich knowledge, increase intelligence and enlighten aesthetic feeling through sightseeing, which is an important position to develop human intellectual resources and an important channel to build socialist civilization. For example, the wood fossils in Yanqing, Beijing, are tourist parks for acquiring paleontological knowledge; Xi 'anbeilin is an ideal place to study ancient calligraphy. London Wax Man Museum is a place to study art and painting. Yuanmingyuan in Beijing is the best classroom for patriotism education.