Some special climates on various continents and their causes

1. Tropical Rainforest Climate:

A. Reason: It is located near the equator, with high temperature all year round, controlled by equatorial low pressure all year round, and frequent convective rainfall.

B distribution: southern Malay Peninsula, Malay Archipelago, Malacca Strait and southern Philippine Islands (such as Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Jakarta, Indonesia, Mindanao, Philippines).

C features: high temperature and rainy all year round.

Landscape harmony (sign): tropical rain forest landscape, plank root, latosol.

E. Representative cash crops: rubber, cinchona, cocoa, pepper and oil palm (food crops: rice).

2. Tropical desert climate:

A. Reason: Located on the west coast of the mainland near the Tropic of Cancer, it is controlled by subtropical high all the year round, with high temperature and little rain.

B. Distribution: Arabian Peninsula, Indus Plain (thar desert)

C. landscape: tropical desert landscape,

D. Agricultural characteristics: develop irrigated agriculture, and date palms are the representative plants of oasis agriculture.

3. Tropical monsoon climate:

A. characteristics: southwest monsoon prevails in summer, with high temperature and rainy weather. The northeast wind prevails in winter, with mild and little rain. So the temperature is very high all year round, but the dry and wet seasons are distinct. But under monsoon conditions, there will be a lot of floods and droughts.

B. Cause: (1) Southwest monsoon Cause: In the summer half year, the sun shines directly in the northern hemisphere, and the pressure belt and wind belt move northward. After crossing the equator, the southeast trade wind in the southern hemisphere is deflected to the southwest wind because the floor tiles lean to the right. As humid air passes through the Indian Ocean, it brings a lot of precipitation.

(2) The cause of northeast monsoon: In winter, the land cools rapidly, and the air contracts and sinks to form cold high pressure. The temperature in the ocean is relatively high, the air pressure is relatively low, and the wind blows from high pressure to low pressure. Therefore, the northeast wind prevails in this area in winter, which comes from Eurasia and is relatively dry, forming a dry season.

4. Subtropical monsoon climate: (East coast of mainland)

A. characteristics: southeast wind prevails in summer, with high temperature and rainy weather, and rain and heat are in the same period. Northwest wind prevails in winter, with low temperature and little rain. Lots of floods and droughts.

B. reason: the huge difference in thermal properties between Eurasia and the Pacific Ocean. In winter, the land cools quickly, and the air contracts and sinks to form a cold high pressure. The temperature in the ocean is relatively high, the air pressure is relatively low, and the wind blows from high pressure to low pressure.

C Distribution: South of Qinling-Huaihe River and east of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, including Bayan Kara, Yarlung Zangbo River basin and Taiwan Province Island south of Gangdise Mountain. South of the Korean peninsula and south of the Japanese archipelago. (such as Shanghai, Chongqing, Wuhan, Tokyo, etc. )

D. landscape: subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest (such as Pinus massoniana)

5. Temperate monsoon climate: (East coast of the mainland)

A. Features: It is hot and rainy in summer (southeast wind), with rain and heat in the same period. Winter is cold and dry (northwest wind). The rainy season is shorter than the subtropical monsoon climate.

B. reason: like subtropical monsoon climate, it is the difference of thermal properties between land and sea.

C. Distribution: Daxinganling, Yinshan and Helan Mountains in China, north of Huaihe River in Qinling Mountains. The northern part of the Korean peninsula, the northern part of the Japanese archipelago and the Pacific coast of Russia.

D landscape: temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest (note: the landscape of temperate maritime climate is also temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest)

E. agricultural characteristics: low temperature, wheat.

6. (The south of this icon is temperate continental climate):

A: Features: It is hot in Leng Xia in winter, with high temperature all year round, less precipitation and a little concentration in summer.

B. Reason: Eurasian continent is vast, water vapor is blocked by high mountains and plateaus, and inland areas are far from the sea, with less precipitation. Controlled by continental air mass, the temperature difference is large. (For example, Turpan, China eats watermelon around the stove)

7. (The northern part of this icon has a sub-frigid coniferous forest climate):

A characteristics: the winter is cold and long, the summer is warm and short, the precipitation is less, and the summer is slightly concentrated. Similar to temperate continental climate.

B. reason: influenced by the mainland and nearby oceans.

8. Mediterranean climate: (subtropical summer and dry climate)

A. Features: In summer, due to the northward movement of the pressure belt and the wind belt, the subtropical high belt near the Tropic of Cancer moves northward. It is controlled by the subtropical high (about 30-40 degrees north latitude), with clear weather and dry and hot climate. In winter, the pressure belt and wind belt move south, and the westerly belt of 30-40 degrees moves south to the control area. The west wind brings abundant precipitation and the climate is mild and rainy.

B. Cause: The seasonal movement of wind belt and pressure belt leads to the alternate control of subtropical high () and westerly belt.

9. Polar climate: including tundra climate and ice sheet climate.

A. characteristics: it is cold all year round, with little rain.

B. reason: it is controlled by extremely low and high pressure all the year round.

C. geographical distribution: coastal areas and islands of the arctic ocean

10. Alpine plateau climate

A. characteristics: the temperature decreases with the elevation, and the precipitation on the mountainside is the most. Because the air rises to a certain height, it will form precipitation, but after reaching a certain height, the humidity decreases and it is not easy to condense.

B. Reason: The alpine plateaus in Eurasia are concentrated in the central part. With the elevation rising, the change of hydrothermal conditions causes climate change.

Summary: 1. The climate in Asia is complex, but there is no temperate maritime climate distribution, because the maritime climate is distributed on the west coast of the mainland, while the western part of Asia is the land without the west coast.

2. Africa (because the equator passes through the middle, the climate is symmetrical from north to south, and there is no temperate and cold climate)

1. Tropical Rainforest Climate:

A distribution: Congo basin near the equator, along the Gulf of Guinea, east of Madagascar (such as Congo and Liberia).

B. characteristics: high temperature and rainy all year round.

C. Genesis: (1) Congo Basin: located near the equator, with high temperature all year round; Controlled by equatorial low pressure all the year round, there is more convective rainfall. (2) Coast of the Gulf of Guinea: In summer, when the sun shines directly on the northern hemisphere, the wind belt of the pressure belt moves northward, and the southeast trade wind in the southern hemisphere deflects to the southwest wind across the equator, which is located on the windward slope of the southwest wind and has abundant precipitation, forming a tropical rainforest climate. (3) East side of Madagascar: There is a north-south mountain range in the middle of the island. Its east side is just on the windward slope of the southeast trade wind, and the uplift of the terrain makes the eastern part of the island very rich in precipitation. (Non-zonal tropical rain forest climate)

2. The savanna climate:

A. distribution: distributed on both sides of tropical rain forest (East African Plateau, South African Plateau, etc.). West of Madagascar).

B. characteristics: it is hot and rainy in summer, hot and rainy in winter, and obvious in dry and wet seasons. The tropical grassland climate in the northern hemisphere is rainy from May to 10. (Discrimination: There are obvious dry and wet seasons in tropical monsoon climate, but the precipitation in tropical monsoon climate is more and more concentrated, and the rainy season in tropical monsoon climate in the northern hemisphere is around June-September)

C. Reason: The seasonal movement of the wind belt and the pressure belt between the tropic of cancer in the south and north latitudes 10-20 leads to the alternate control of equatorial depression (rainy season) and trade winds (dry season) on both sides of the tropical rain forest. There are southeast trade winds and northeast trade winds in the tropical grassland climate area of Africa, but they all come from land and are relatively dry, so the climate is dry when they are affected by the trade winds. But the savanna climate in some parts of Africa is caused by topography. Such as the East African Plateau and the South African Plateau.

3. Tropical desert climate:

A. Distribution: Located near the Tropic of Cancer, the Sahara Desert in the northern hemisphere is the largest, spanning the east and west coasts of the mainland, and namib desert in the southern hemisphere is distributed along the west coast. It can be seen that the tropical desert climate is mainly distributed in the west coast and inland of the mainland near the Tropic of Cancer.

B. characteristics: high temperature and little rain all year round.

C. Reason: low latitude, high temperature, perennial controlled by subtropical high or land trade winds, and scarce precipitation.

4. Mediterranean climate: (subtropical summer and dry climate)

A. Distribution: Mediterranean coast in northern Ban Qiu, southwest corner of Africa and southern hemisphere. (Cape Town, South Africa)

B. characteristics: hot and dry in summer and mild and rainy in winter.

C. Reason: In summer, due to the northward movement of the pressure belt and the wind belt, the subtropical high belt near the Tropic of Cancer moved northward. Here (about 30-40 degrees north latitude) is controlled by subtropical high, with clear weather and dry and hot climate. In winter, the pressure belt and wind belt move south, and the westerly belt of 30-40 degrees moves south to the control area. The west wind brings abundant precipitation and the climate is mild and rainy.

5. Plateau alpine climate: (omitted)

Europe: (located in the north of the Tropic of Cancer, with no tropical climate)

1. Mediterranean climate:

A. Distribution: Europe's Mediterranean coast and near the Black Sea, namely, southern Iberian Peninsula, Apennine Peninsula, Balkan Peninsula, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, etc. (such as Rome, Italy, Athens, Greece, southern France)

B. characteristics: hot and dry in summer, mild and little rain in winter.

C. Genesis and landscape: reference to the genesis of the Mediterranean climate in Africa

2. Temperate maritime climate:

A. Distribution: Western Europe, including the islands of Great Britain, Ireland, jutland, the English Channel, the western and southern parts of Scandinavia, etc. (London, Paris, Brussels, etc. )

B features: no severe cold in winter, no intense heat in summer, even precipitation in one year, mild and rainy throughout the year (obvious maritime climate, small temperature difference).

C. Cause: It is located at about 40-60 north latitude, controlled by prevailing westerly winds all the year round, and brought here by the warming and humidifying effect of the North Atlantic warm current.

3. Temperate continental climate:

A: Features: It is hot in Leng Xia in winter, with high temperature all year round, less precipitation and a little concentration in summer.

B. reason: far from the sea, it is difficult for the west wind to penetrate.

4. Polar Climate: Looking at Asia

Four. North America (the United States north of the Panama Canal)

Tropical rain forest climate:

A. Distribution: Near the Panama Canal in Central America (Panama, Nicaragua, Honduras, etc.). )

B. Cause: (1) itself has a low latitude, and it is located on the windward slope where the northeast trade wind is broken, and it is uplifted by topography, mostly due to topographic precipitation.

(2) The warm current along the coast of Mexico has the function of warming and humidifying. The tropical rain forest climate in southeastern Mexico is influenced by the equatorial warm current.

C. characteristics: high temperature and rainy all year round.

2. The savanna climate:

A. geographical distribution: central America and western Mexico. And the West Indies. (island countries such as Cuba and Jamaica)

B. Causes: (1) Due to the equatorial depression and the northward shift of the wind belt in the summer half year, the tropical grassland climate in mainland China is rainy. Winter is controlled by subtropical high with little rain.

(2) Climatic cause of tropical grassland on the island: It is on the windward slope of northeast trade wind in summer, and it is rainy. Affected by subtropical high in winter, it seldom rains.

3. Tropical desert climate:

A distribution: the west coast of the mainland near the Tropic of Cancer (including northern Mexico, California Peninsula and parts of the southwestern United States).

B. reason: it is controlled by subtropical high or northeast trade wind all the year round, and the precipitation is scarce.

4. Mediterranean climate:

Distribution: California in the western United States, located on the west coast of the mainland at 30-40 degrees north latitude. Typical cities are Los Angeles and San Francisco.

B. reason: refer to the European Mediterranean climate, just like other Mediterranean climates.

5. Temperate maritime climate:

A. Distribution: North America, the United States and Canada. The west coast of the mainland is about 40-60 degrees north latitude. Typical cities are Seattle, USA and Vancouver, Canada.

B. reason: it is mild and rainy due to the influence of the westerly belt all the year round. Affected by the warm current in the coastal North Pacific Ocean, the climate is mild.

6. Subtropical monsoon humid climate:

A distribution: the subtropical climate zone in the southeastern United States, including the Mississippi Plain, Florida Peninsula and Atlantic coastal plains in the lower reaches of the Mississippi River. Typical cities such as Washington, Miami, New Orleans and Houston.

B. Genesis: Located on the east coast of the mainland, it is influenced by monsoon circulation due to the difference of thermal properties between land and sea. The southerly winds from the Atlantic Ocean prevail in summer and the northerly winds from the mainland prevail in winter, but the monsoon characteristics are not as obvious as those in Asia. Precipitation is also concentrated in summer, but not as concentrated as the subtropical monsoon climate in Asia; Therefore, it is called subtropical monsoon humid climate.

7. temperate continental climate: (the distribution area is second only to Asia, and it is the main climate type in North America)

A. Distribution: It is widely distributed in central and northern North America, including the western plateau of the United States, the inland areas of the Central Plains, the Great Lakes region, the northeastern United States, the temperate regions along the central and eastern coasts of Canada.

B. Reason: (1) North America is wide in the north and narrow in the south, and the temperate climate is absolutely dominant.

(2) The western part of North America is a series of high mountains that squeeze the coast and block the water vapor from the Pacific Ocean.

(3) Central North America is a plain running through the north and south, bordering the Arctic Ocean in the north and the Gulf of Mexico in Nantong. In winter, cold air from high latitudes can go south without hindrance, and the vast inland areas it passes through will be cooled sharply; In summer, the warm and humid air flow from the Gulf of Mexico can also go northward unimpeded to warm the inland areas; Therefore, the continental characteristics of large temperature difference between winter and summer are enhanced.

(4) The low mountains and plateaus in the east have no great blocking effect on cold and warm air flow, and cold air can approach the northeast coast in winter, forming a continental climate.

8. Coniferous forest climate in sub-frigid zone; (Sub-frigid zone in the north of temperate continental climate)

Referring to the coniferous forest climate in the Asian sub-cold zone, pay attention to the latitude distribution on the east and west banks, and try to explain the reasons.

9. Ice sheet climate and tundra climate: both belong to polar climate, including northern Canada and nearby islands, such as Greenland.

10. Alpine plateau climate:

A. distribution: western high mountains and some plateau areas

B. Characteristics and reasons: Because the mountains in the western part of North and South America are north-south, westerly winds prevail in the middle latitudes of the west. The west wind is blocked by high mountains, so its influence is limited to the western coastal areas. The upwind slope (west slope) changes in water and heat conditions due to the elevation increase, and the vertical change of natural landscape is significant; Leeward slope, downward flow, dry climate; Intermountain plateau and intermountain basin have dry climate due to closed terrain.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) South America: (Two-thirds of the region is located in the tropics, with a tropical climate and a humid climate).

1. Tropical Rainforest Climate:

Distribution: On both sides of the equator, it is mainly distributed in the Amazon Plain (such as Iquitos, Peru), as well as in the southeast of the Brazilian Plateau and the northwest of South America, such as Panama, the western coast of Colombia and the coast of Ecuador (such as Panama City).

B. Features: It is hot and rainy, and the tropical rain forest in the Amazon Plain is the largest distribution area of tropical rain forest in the world.

C. Reasons: (1) Climatic reasons of the tropical rain forest in the Amazon Plain: ① Located on both sides of the equator, it is controlled by the equatorial depression all the year round, with prevailing updraft and rainy weather; (2) The Amazon Plain is high in the north and low in the south, and its opening faces the Atlantic Ocean, which is conducive to the infiltration of humid air into the inland; ③ Both the northeast trade wind and the southeast trade wind come from the Atlantic Ocean, which can bring rich water vapor.

(2) The climatic causes of the tropical rain forest in the southeast of Brazil Plateau (non-zonality): ① Located on the windward slope of the southeast trade wind, mostly in topographic precipitation. (2) The warming and humidifying effect of Brazilian warm current on the coast.

(3) Climatic causes of tropical rain forest along the northwest coast of South America: it is located near the equator and is obviously influenced by equatorial depression; Affected by equatorial warm current;

2. The savanna climate:

A distribution: the coastal area near the south latitude 10 degree of the west coast of the mainland, the two sides of the tropical rain forest climate zone in the Amazon plain of South America (the coastal area on the north side of the mainland and the central part of the mainland), such as the Brazilian Plateau.

B characteristics and causes: it is hot and rainy in summer due to the influence of equatorial depression; Affected by subtropical high or trade winds in winter, it has high temperature and little rain, which is obvious in dry and wet seasons. (Note: The tropical grassland climate near the equator is influenced by topography. )

3. Tropical desert climate:

A distribution: tropical coastal areas on the west coast of the mainland, mainly distributed in the Pacific coastal areas of Peru and Chile.

B. Features: It is hot and dry all year round, including Atacama Desert, the driest desert in the world.

C. Cause: controlled by subtropical high, or located on the leeward slope of the trade wind; Cooling and dehumidifying effects of cold current along the coast of Peru;

Note: Why is the tropical desert climate distributed in a narrow north-south direction, not extending inland, but only in coastal areas?

The blocking effect of the western mountains makes the tropical desert climate unable to extend inland.

4. Subtropical monsoon humid climate:

A. Distribution: East coast of South America, near Tropic of Capricorn and south.

B. characteristics: hot and rainy in summer and mild and rainy in winter.

C. Cause: It is similar to the subtropical monsoon humid climate in North America.

5. Mediterranean climate:

Distribution: South latitude of the west coast of South America is about 30-40 degrees, that is, the coast of the west coast of Chile is about 30-40 degrees.

B. characteristics: hot and dry in summer and mild and rainy in winter.

C. reason: seasonal movement of wind zone and pressure zone. In summer in the southern hemisphere (about 65438+ 10), the pressure belt and wind belt move northward, and the subtropical high belt near the tropic of cancer moves southward. Here (about 30-40 degrees south latitude) is controlled by subtropical high, with clear weather and dry and hot climate. In winter in the southern hemisphere (around July), the pressure belt and the wind belt move northward, and the westerly belt of 30-40 degrees moves northward, which just controls the area. The west wind brings abundant precipitation and the climate is mild and rainy. The west wind here is the northwest wind, and the west wind comes from the Pacific Ocean. )

D. Landscape: subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest

6. Temperate maritime climate:

Distribution: 40-50 degrees on the west coast of South America and 40-50 degrees on the west coast of Chile.

B features: mild and rainy all year round, no severe cold in winter, no intense heat in summer and even precipitation.

C. reason: it is controlled by the westerly wind in the southern hemisphere all the year round. The westerlies in the southern hemisphere are northwest winds-from low latitudes.

7. Temperate continental climate:

Distribution: the eastern side of the Andes in the temperate zone of the southern hemisphere (located on the leeward slope of the west wind)

B features: large temperature difference, less precipitation and remarkable continental climate characteristics. An arid temperate desert is formed in the temperate continental climate zone south of 40 degrees south latitude.

C. reason: it is located on the leeward slope of the west wind.

8. Alpine climate:

A. Distribution: Alpine areas in western South America (Andes region)

B. the characteristics and causes are the same as those of other continents.

Climate types of intransitive verb Oceania;

J see resources.