When did the surname originate?

The Meaning of Surname Xu Shen's Shuo Wen Jie Zi Volume 24 Women's Department: "Surname, born by people, from women, life, life also sounds." Ban Gu's "White Tiger with Tongde Theory" Volume 9 says: "Those who have surnames are born, and people are born because of the weather." "Zuo Zhuan lived in seclusion for eight years", "Emperor Jiande gave birth to a teacher". This shows that the original meaning of "surname" is "fate". Therefore, it is generally believed that the surname was originally a racial title representing blood, lineage and blood clan relationship, which is referred to as the family number for short. As a clan number, it is not the title of an individual or a family, but the title of the whole clan and tribe. According to documents, our ancestors originally used surnames for "other marriages", "Ming descent" and "other races". It came into being in the period of clan commune in primitive society. How did the surname come from? It is speculated that the origin of surnames is related to the totem worship of ancestors. In primitive times, all tribes and clans had their own totem worship objects, such as ears of wheat, bears and snakes, which used to be the totems of our ancestors, and this totem worship object became the symbol of our tribe. Later, it became the code name of all members of this tribe, that is, "surname". Because the number of ancient clan tribes is limited and countable after all, there are few surnames left in pure ancient times. According to legend, Xuanyuan, the ancestor of mankind, had 25 sons, of whom 14 was outstanding. The Yellow Emperor gave them 12 surnames, which were inherited by later generations and have been used ever since. According to the records in the Spring and Autumn Annals, the "ancient surnames" compiled by later generations are: Gui (now there is Guishui in Zhuolu, Hebei Province), Zi, Ji, Feng, Ying (Qin surname), Ji, Ren, Ji, Qian, Cao, Qi and Gui. Nearly half of these surnames have the word female next to them. Therefore, people speculate that surnames may be produced in matriarchal clan society. Zhang Taiyan and other scholars sorted out dozens of ancient surnames (about 59, 52 for Zhang Taiyan and 7 for others) from the older documents such as Shuowen, Shanhaijing, Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Jinwen, leaving only more than 80 surnames. It is conceivable that this is only a part of the actual surnames in ancient times, and there must be more than one original surname. Everyone else is missing. But one thing is certain: there were never so many surnames at that time as we say today.

History of surnames

China is the first country in the world to use surnames. About 5,000 years ago, in Fuxi era, "surname" was defined as hereditary and passed down by father. Today, we are talking about surnames in the order of strokes and taking surnames as a unified concept. But in ancient times, there was a strict difference between surnames and surnames. "Surname" represents the lineage of the clan, which originated from matriarchal society and is called clan surname. It is a corresponding identification sign invented to distinguish blood relationship and prevent blood marriage. "Scholar" is the symbol of ancient nobility and the title of clan system. From the mid-summer, "Shi" became a branch of "surname", indicating meritorious service and status. At that time, a large group of tribes split into several small groups. For the need of identification in mutual communication, these small groups have obtained a new symbol-surname, which is related to the region while obtaining a new place of residence.

It has always been believed that China people have a surname first and then a surname. In fact, surnames and surnames have been mixed together, and the relationship between surnames is changing. There are hundreds of "teachers" in legends and documents, the earliest of which are Pangu, Tianhuang, Ren Huang and Wulong, followed by Ju Ling, Huang Shen, Guikui, Kongsang and Cimin, followed by Chen Fang, Shushan, Chaos and Youchao, and so on. In this era, the most important ones are the Chao family and the Suiren family. Some Chaojiao people built wooden nests and dug camps; Suiren invented drilling wood for fire, teaching people to cook food and tying ropes to take notes.

In the Fuxi era, tribes or countries such as * * * Gong, Bai, Zhu, Hao, Li Lv, Shi, Kun Wu, Ge, Yin Kang, Zhong Huang and Nuwa appeared in the Central Plains. China's earliest surname was born in Fuxi era, and "Feng" was the first surname in China. One of the most important surnames in this period was Zhong Huangshi, whose leader was Cang Xie, who created words instead of knots.

After Nuwa, Shennong, that is, followed by Jiang. Huangdi's surname is Gongsun and his name is Xuanyuan. The tribe to which the Yellow Emperor belongs is called Xiongshi. Huangdi inherited the status of Emperor Yan and ruled the Central Plains. The Yellow Emperor has 25 sons. His surname is 14 and his surname is 12: Ji, You, Qi, Ji, Teng, Zhen, Ren, Xun, Nuo, Xian and Yi. These 12 surnames actually belong to the Xiong clan, and other sons can't have surnames because they don't have the strength to establish their own clan. According to research, the oldest surname in China is basically after Yanhuang. The two emperors Yan and Huang are the common ancestors of our Chinese nation. No matter you, me or him, we are all born from the same root.

In the pre-Qin period, women called their surnames and men called their surnames. After Qin Shihuang unified China, surnames began to merge into one. Because the form is fixed, future generations can use it permanently, which is convenient to form a family that is passed down from one line to another, and the clue of lineage origin is clearer. People in China attach great importance to surnames and form the custom of living together with surnames. In many areas, the custom of compiling genealogy and associating clans is circulating, and countless people with the same surname have formed all over the country. Later generations can easily find out the source of blood by discussing their family history.

Surnames come from many sources, such as bear, tiger, dragon and so on. Take country names as surnames: Qi, Chu, Han, Zhao, Qin, etc. Take the place of residence as the surname: Simon, Guo, Qiu, Yin and Chang; Official surnames: Shangguan, Bu, Qian, Shi and Sima. Taking occupation as surname: Zhang, Gu, Tu, Zhen, craftsman, etc. Taking the names of mountains and rivers as surnames: Joe, Ji, Jiang, Huang, Wu, etc. The emperor gave surnames: Liu, Li, Zhao, Zhu, etc. Others take numbers, seasons, directions, climate, flowers and trees as surnames.

China people are used to inheriting their fathers' surnames and passing them on to the next generation in a paternal way. Therefore, most surnames belong to a kind of gene, which is transmitted in a paternal way, regardless of gender, which is equivalent to a special genetic gene located on the male chromosome representing human beings.

Surnames distinguish people of one clan from people of another clan. Within a clan, in order to distinguish each other, the sign of "name" only belongs to individuals appears. In social communication, no matter which group of people, they can be distinguished from each other by their names. If they associate with people of another clan, their names alone are not enough to show their identity. Only by combining your family name with your first name can you clearly show yourself and distinguish yourself from others. With the development of society, names have been endowed with many new connotations, forming a unique surname culture in China.

In China, everyone generally has a surname. When people meet for the first time, they always ask each other, "What's your name?" This shows the importance of surnames in our lives. The names of ancient people in China, like modern people, are symbols used by people to represent individuals in social activities.

How many surnames does China have? So far, there is no accurate statistical data. Commonly known as "Hundred Surnames", there were more than 3,000 surnames in Ming Dynasty (1368- 1644). The formation of surnames has different historical processes, and the same surname is not necessarily an origin. Such as "He", some were originally called "Helan" or "He Dun" and simplified to "He"; Some were originally named "Qing", but they were renamed "He" to avoid the emperor's taboo. Surnames will also change due to political, geographical, racial and other reasons. Therefore, for thousands of years, the origin of China's surname is varied, and opinions vary, but it can be summarized as follows:

First, in matrilineal clan society, the mother is the surname. Legend has it that in ancient times, Shennong's mother's name was female Deng, so many surnames were beside female characters at that time, such as Gu, Ji, Jiang, Gui, Si and so on.

2. Take the place of birth and residence as the surname. Legend has it that in ancient times, Yu Shun came out of the ruins of Yao and took Yao as his surname. During the Spring and Autumn Period, doctors in Qi Huangong lived in East China, South China, West China and North China respectively. He takes Dong Guo and Nan Guo as surnames. Dr. Zheng lives in Ximen, so he takes Ximen as his surname.

Third, take the ancient name as the surname. During the Yu, Xia and Shang Dynasties, there was a kingdom of Wang Mang, whose descendants were surnamed Wang. In Shang Dynasty, there was a country called Ruan, and its descendants were called Ruan.

Fourth, take the fief as the surname. Zhao Fu was named Zhao Cheng by Zhou Wuwang, and his descendants were surnamed Zhao; King Zhao of Zhou's illegitimate son was sealed in Weng's land, so his surname was Weng; His son is surnamed Hou, and his descendants are surnamed Xing.

5. Take the official position as the surname. There were five meanings in ancient times, namely, Situ, Sima, Sikong, Shi Si and Sikou, and their descendants all took these official positions as their surnames.

Sixth, the son of heaven gives the surname, taking the number as the surname. For example, Zhou Muwang died of a favorite concubine, and in order to express his grief, he gave his descendants the name of pain; King Hui of Zhou pursued Hui after his death, and his descendants were surnamed Hui.

Seven, take the words of the ancestors as the surname. For example, his son is strict and his word is especially, and his grandson's surname is especially; Lu's son Zi Zi was named Zang, and his descendants were named Zang.

Eight, because of myths and legends as surnames. Legend has it that there was a Yan Na, who was descended from the dragon in the sky, and his descendants took the dragon as their surname. Legend has it that there is a bluebird among the immortals, and later generations also have a bluebird.

Change one's surname because of taboo or for some reason. For example, during the Warring States Period, the descendants of King Xiang of Qi were originally named Tian, and Qi was destroyed by Qin. Their descendants dare not call Tian, but change their names. Emperor Han Ming taboo the word "Zhuang", all surnamed Zhuang changed their surname to "Yan". Judy, the prince of Yan in the Ming Dynasty, attacked Nanking in the name of Huang Zicheng, overthrew Wen Jian and became the emperor (that is, the founder of the Ming Dynasty). At that time, it was named Jingnan, and the eunuch Ma was given the surname Zheng for his meritorious service in Jingnan. Later, he changed his name to Zheng He.

X. With the development of history and the complexity of nationalities, some surnames are transliterated in national languages. For example, the descendants of Shan Yu, the leader of Xiongnu, have many surnames of Shan Yu. It can be seen that the surname is a symbol, not as mysterious and sacred as the defenders of the feudal patriarchal clan system advertised.

Eleven, take the surname as the surname. Surnames were produced as symbols of clans and tribes during the clan commune period, and some descendants directly inherited them as surnames. In matriarchal clan society, the mother is the surname, so many surnames were beside the female word at that time. Such as: Ji, Jiang, Yan, Yao and so on.

12. Take the country name as the surname. As we are familiar with the vassal States in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period: Qi, Lu, Jin, Song, Zheng, Wu, Yue, Qin, Chu, Wei, Han, Zhao, Wei, Yan, Chen, Cai, Cao, Hu and Xu, these have become common surnames today.

Thirteen, named after the city. A city is a fief, which is allocated by the emperor and the prince to ministers of the same surname or the opposite sex. Some of their descendants or people living in these fiefs will continue to use their names. For example, the scooter was divided into a fief in the Soviet Union (now west of Linzhang County, Hebei Province), and its descendants were surnamed Su. According to statistics, there are nearly 200 surnames with Yi as their surname. Due to the long history, some compound surnames no longer exist.

14. Take the name of the township or pavilion as the surname. Today's common surnames are Pei, Lu, Yan, Hao and Ouyang.

15. Take the place of residence as the surname. Among these surnames, there are many compound surnames, generally with the words Qiu, Men, Xiang, Lu, Li, Ye, Guan, etc., indicating the place of residence in different environments.

Sixteen, with the words or names of ancestors as the surname. There are many surnames in this article. According to statistics, there are five or six hundred surnames, including nearly 200 compound surnames. For example, Zhou Pingwang's illegitimate child, Lin Kai, was handed down from the Woods. In the Song Dynasty, the son of Dai Gong filled the stone, and Sun took the word of his grandfather as his surname. In the Han Dynasty, he changed his father to Huangfu.

Seventeen and two are surnames. A family takes the surname in the order of brothers. For example, the eldest brother is called Bo or Meng, the second brother is called Zhong, the third brother is called Uncle, and the fourth brother is called Ji. Descendants follow their surnames, indicating the order in the clan. However, there are exceptions: Father Zhuang and Brother Zhuang's Duke Lu Zhuang were originally the harmony of Zhong. Because he committed the crime of regicide, his descendants changed their names to Meng or.

Eighteen, take the official position as the surname. Such as Stuart, Sima, Sikong, Shi Si and Scott. Some surnames that take official positions as surnames can also be distinguished from their meanings, such as Ji, Jane, Cang, Jun and Chu.

Nineteen, take technology as the surname. Such as witches, fortune tellers, potters, craftsmen, butchers, etc.

20. The surnames brought by the integration of ancient ethnic minorities into the Han nationality.

2 1. Take posthumous title as the surname.

Twenty-two, because of the given surname, taboo and change the surname.

The Origin of "Hundred Family Names"

1. Introduction to Hundred Family Names.

When it comes to surnames, people are naturally familiar with hundreds of surnames. Because it, together with the sacred amethyst and Youxue Qionglin, was included in the enlightenment books for children in the old days.

Hundred Surnames, with the name of "Hundred Surnames", has 408 real surnames, 30 compound surnames and 438 * *. In China, a big family of China people, there are more than 438 surnames, even the surnames of Han people are more than this. It is said that there are as many as 5600 surnames in the literature. There are not only single surnames, compound surnames, but also three-character surnames. Four-character surnames and five-character surnames. In addition, some ethnic groups have no surnames, such as the Dai people.

Hundreds of surnames begin with Zhao, not because Zhao is the most popular surname in the world, but because it was written by Qiantang Confucian scholars in the Song Dynasty. The emperor of the Song Dynasty was Zhao, "Zhao: naturally became" the first surname in the world "; If you don't rank first, you will commit the crime of bullying the monarch, which will lead to disaster. The descendants of Yue in Song Dynasty lived in Zhejiang, so the surname of Qian was the second, the concubine of Qian was the grandson, and the grandson was the third. The surname "Li" ranks fourth, probably because the royal family in the Southern Tang Dynasty is Li.

2./kloc-the origin of 0/6 kinds of "hundred surnames".

First, take the totem worship object rented first as the surname.

Some experts and scholars believe that some of China's hundreds of surnames have evolved from totems, such as bear, horse, ox, sheep, dragon, phoenix, mountain, water, flower and leaf. But unfortunately, this is just some speculation. Due to the age, there is no evidence to test in prehistoric times, and I don't know which surnames originated from totem worship. Because today's surnames such as "bear", "horse", "cow", "dragon" and "flower" can be found in history books and legends, but they have nothing to do with totems. The Yellow Emperor and Chiyou fought in the land of Zhuolu, and once cited "bear, black, raccoon, raccoon and tiger". These "bears, scorpions, raccoons and tigers" may be the names of totem clans. However, it is difficult to find out which of these clan names have been handed down and become the surnames of their descendants.

According to the well-documented book Guoyu Yujin, "In the past, I married a surname and gave birth to Huangdi and Yan Di. The Yellow Emperor was made of water, and the Yan Emperor was made of Jiang Shui. Cheng is different from virtue, so the Yellow Emperor is the discipline, Yan Emperor is the ginger, and the two emperors help each other with their teachers, so they are different from virtue. "

Emperor Yan (Shennong) is the son of Shaodian. Because he grew up on the bank of Weihe River, he took Jiang as his surname.

The Yellow Emperor (Xuanyuan) is the son of Shaodian, named Ji because he grew up on the bank of Jishui.

You Jiang (Cheba) and Qiang (Qiang) have different rhymes, but their pronunciation is similar. And both words have the prefix "sheep". A sheep from a woman and a sheep from a man. Judging from the composition of the word "Qiang", Qiang is a "sheep man". In the late ancient times, Qiang people lived in the north of China, and the totem of their tribe or clan might be sheep. Jiang nationality is a branch of Qiang nationality. Probably because of a phonetic error, the Qiang nationality was changed to the Jiang nationality. Perhaps because of the influence of matriarchal clan, the "person" under the sheep became the "woman" under the sheep. It is no accident that Emperor Yan took "Jiang" as his surname. Emperor Yan was the leader of the clan and tribe of the ancient Qiang nationality. Emperor Yan; A branch of the ancient Qiangrong tribe headed by the Yellow Emperor, originally living in Shaanxi, Gansu and Qinghai, merged with Dongyi and other tribes in the process of entering the Central Plains eastward and became the predecessor of the Han nationality-Huaxia.

Second, surnames are based on the strength of words in ancestral names.

During Zi 'an's Spring and Autumn Period, Zhou Lingwang had a son who was named "Nianfu Prince" (Nianfu should be his name, while the prince showed his identity, such as childe and Gongsun). The descendants of Nianfu take Nianzi as their surname.

Bear, one of the five ancient emperors, has Zhuan Xu (Nao Xu, Ji surname). Later, when Li was rewarded by the emperor, he served as a fire official and was given the title of "Zhu Rong's" by the emperor. * * * Gong Shi insurrection, Zhu Rong was ordered to counter-insurgency. Although the rebellion was put down, Zhu Rong did not wipe out all the members of Gong Shi, and Zhu Rong was convicted and executed by Yu Di. After Zhu Rong's death, his brother Ng Wui served as a fire officer, still known as Zhu Rong.

Stone. Wu Hui has a son named Lv Zhong, who married the sister of the head of the haunted house family and gave birth to eight sons. The sixth one is Ji Lian.

Niu: After Zhengzi in the Western Zhou and Song Dynasties, there was a shepherd. Niu Wen. Niu Wen later took the word "Niu" as his surname.

Fish: It comes from the surname. In the Spring and Autumn Period, Song Xianggong's younger brother was "Sima Yuzi" (Sima was an official position and Yu Zi was a Chinese character). Later generations took their fish as their surname.

Jing: During the Spring and Autumn Period, there was a doctor named Jing Bo. Jing Bo takes his word "Jing" as his surname. After the fall of Jin, Jing Bo's descendant Jing fled to Thailand. Qin Mugong took Jingxi as a doctor, gave the city "Bailixi" and named Jingxi "Bailixi". I bought it in a hundred miles, and I still take "Jing" as my surname.

Grazing: In ancient times, the Yellow Emperor took "Li Mu" as the phase. Li Mu's descendants took the word "animal husbandry" as their surname.

Finally: In ancient times, the son of Zhu Rong's brother Ng Wui (later called Zhu Rong's family) was "Lu Zhong". Some of Lu Zhong's descendants took the word "final" as their surname.

Chang: In ancient times, the Yellow Emperor took "Chang Xian" as the phase. The descendants of Chang Xian take the word "Chang" as their surname.

Kong: Last name. Zhou Wuwang sealed the merchant Wei Zi in the Song Dynasty, and Wei Yu inherited the fief from his brother Zhong You after his death. After Zhongyan, there was a great-grandson named Jia, whose name was Confucius. Mu, his son, took the word "Kong" as his surname and settled in Shandong.

Lian: Zhuan Xu's great-grandson was named Lian, and later generations took Lian as their surname.

Le: I gave my son's surname. The son of the Song Dynasty took the word "Le" as his father, and later generations took the word "Le" as their surname.

Pi: There was a doctor named Fan Zhongpi in Zhou, and his descendants took the word "Pi" in their ancestors' names as their surnames.

G: Because of Jiang's surname. Qi Wengong is taller than his son. Later generations took the word "Gao" in Gongzi Gao as their surname.

Third, take the fief name and country name as surnames.

Zhao: A descendant of Boyi, Zhao Fu trained a horse. Zhou Muwang often travels around in a carriage driven by Zhao Fu. If something happens to the DPRK, Zaofu will drive the horses and chariots back in time with skillful driving skills. Zhao Fu was sealed in Zhao (north of Zhao City, Hongtong County, Shanxi Province) for riding a horse, and later took "Zhao" as his surname.

Wu: Because of Ji's surname. Zhou Wuwang sealed Zhong Yong's great-grandson in Wu (Suzhou, Jiangsu) and established the State of Wu. Their descendants take the country name as their surname.

Zheng: Because of Ji's surname. Three letters in the weekly calendar were written by friends in Zheng (east of hua county, Shaanxi), and the State of Zheng was established. The descendants of friends take "Zheng" as their surname.

Chen: After the destruction of business, Sun Manchen (Huaiyang, Henan) pursued the wind and shunza. Posthumous title was rich in Guangxi, and later generations took Chen as their surname.

W: Because of Ji's surname. Take uncle Mo and uncle Sun as their surname.

Jiang: Because of Ji's surname. The son of Zhou Feng, Gan Boling, was Jiang (now northeast of Gushi County), who founded Jiang Guo and later took the country name as his surname.

Shen: Because of Ji's surname. His son was bribed to build a country in Shen (north of Pingyu County, Henan Province), and later took the country name as his surname.

H: Because of Ji's surname. Zhou Wuwang's youngest son was sealed in North Korea (northeast of Hejin County, Shanxi Province) and was destroyed by the State of Jin. Uncle Huan's son Wan was sealed in North Korea. Wan's descendants took the surname.

Qin: I won my last name. After Boyi, there is a winner. Zhou is not good at breeding good horses. Filial piety is a vassal state for its meritorious service in raising horses. Qin Zhong, the grandson of Fei Zi, was promoted to a vassal for his meritorious service. Qin unified the world and established the Qin Dynasty. After the demise of the Qin Dynasty, his grandson changed his surname to Qin Wei.

Xu: Because of Jiang's surname, he is a descendant of Shennong. Zhou Wuwang conferred the title of Uncle Seo Woo and established Guo Xu. Later, he took the country name as his surname.

Lu: Because of Jiang's surname, he is a descendant of Shennong. Being the master and the post-doctrine, he helped Dayu to control the water, and was sealed in Lu for his merits. Later, he took the country name as his surname.

Qi: His father was Doctor Wei, and his fief was in the northeast of Dongfeng, Ruyang County, Henan Province. Sun Lin's father's grandson takes the city name as his surname.

Xie: Xie (south of Tangxian County, Henan Province) was named Shen Hou, and one of Shen Hou's descendants took his fief as his surname.

Zou: Cao had a fief in Zhu in the Zhou Dynasty and was named Zou in the Warring States Period. One of his descendants took the country name as his surname.

Bai: Yes. Bai Zhao is the master of Emperor Yan, and the other is the master of Di Ku. His son and grandson took Bai (southeast of Wuyang County, Henan Province) as their surname, and later took the name of fief.

Zhang: Jiang's surname. Name the illegitimate child Guo (East of Dongping County, Shandong Province). The descendants of Qi Huangong's illegitimate child were sealed in the state of Yan and went to town as their surname.

Su: Fan, the youngest son of Zhuan Xu's descendants, was sealed in Kunwu, and Fan's illegitimate son was sealed in Su (wen county, Henan). Later, he took the country name as his surname.

Pam: My fifteenth son is named Gao. He was named Bi and Bi Gaogong. Hua was sealed in Pan, and later took the fief as his surname.

G: I can't win. Zhuan Xu was later sealed in Ge (northeast of Ningling County, Henan Province). Later, the fief was taken as the surname.

Fan: There was a doctor named Du Bo. His son Du was demoted to the State of Jin and was named Tai Wei. He takes the official name as his surname.

Peng: Qian keng, the third son of Zhuan Xu descendant Lv Zhong, was given the surname by Peng (a native of Xuzhou, Jiangsu), and later generations took Peng as their surname.

Lu: Because of Ji's surname. Zhou Gongdan's Er Gambo bird was sealed in Lu State (Qufu, Shandong Province) and established Lu State. Children who are afraid of eating take the country name as their surname.

W: From Levi's. Xia lived in the southeast of hua county, Henan, and was a vassal all the way, also known as the founding of the People's Republic of China. Wei Jun's descendants take the country as their surname.

Miao: The King of Chu ordered Yin to confront the pursuit of Jin. The blocked Miao Yi (southwest of Jiyuan City, Henan Province). Huang Wenbin, also known as Miao Huang Wenbin,

Later generations took Miao as their surname.

Ren: Out of Xiong's house. The son of the Yellow Emperor was appointed as the surname.

Liu: The son of the public is exhibiting, and the grandson of the son's exhibition is fearless in the name of his grandfather. Zhan Wu's son is an exhibitor. The fief of the exhibition bird is Liu Xia. After his death, he won the honor. Therefore, they were all called Liu Xiahui, and their descendants took the first word "Liu Xia" as their surname.

Fourth, take occupation or official position as the surname.

Situ: In ancient times, it was said that the official name had been established in the Yao and Shun period and lasted until the Qin and Han Dynasties. Anyone who takes this official position as the surname is the compound surname "Situ".

Sikong: It is said that this is an official post established in ancient times, which is responsible for the construction of water conservancy projects worldwide. Dayu's official position was common during the reign of Emperor Yao. Among the descendants of Dayu, some people take this as their surname.

Sima: The official post established in ancient times was a military commander. Once a descendant of the official Sima, some took this official as their surname.

Fifth, take the name of mountains and rivers as the surname.

Joe: Because of the bear family. After the death of the Yellow Emperor, he was buried in Qiao Shan. Among the descendants of the Yellow Emperor, there are those who guard the mausoleum, so the name of Lingshan is "Bridge", and later generations take wood as "Joe".

Jiang: It belongs to Shennong. Emperor Yan Shennong lived in Jiang Shui, a tributary of Weihe River, so he took Weihe River as his surname. During the Spring and Autumn Period, the feudal countries such as Qi, Shen, Lu and Xu all took Jiang as their surname.

Sixth, take the residence as the surname.

Dong Guo: Because of Jiang's surname. Guo, the city wall built by ancient people on the outskirts of the city, Dongguo, is close to the east wall of the outer city. Some descendants of Qi Huangong lived on the east and west sides of Linzi City, and were called Doctor Dongguo. Later generations took Dong as their surname.

East gate: Chu Ji's surname. Luzhuang is owned by Childe Sui, whose name is Xiang Zhong. He lives next to the East Gate of Qufu City, and is called the East Gate Xiang Zhong. After that, take Dongmen as the surname.

Simon: During the Spring and Autumn Period, both the State of Qi and the State of Zheng had public doctors who lived near the west gate of the capital, and some descendants took Simon as their surname.

Seventh, take the tribal name as the surname.

Huyan: During the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Huyan Department of Xiongnu entered the Central Plains; Later, his descendants in China took Huyan, the name of the original tribe, as their surname.

Murong: During the Three Kingdoms period, Mo, the leader of Xianbei nationality, led his troops to move to western Liaoning and then to the north (Changli County, Hebei Province). After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), Mohubao took Murong as his family name. People in the post-Murong tribe take Murong as their surname.

Yuwen: Xianbei people call heaven "Yu", and Yuwen means "Tianzi". Yuwen is a Xianbei tribe. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Wen Zi tribes entered the Central Plains and took Yuwen as their surname.

Wei Chi: Wei Chi Department is also a tribe of Xianbei nationality, and people in Wei Chi Department later took the tribe name as their surname.

Wanxian: Wanxian was originally the name of Xianbei tribe. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Wan Yi tribes entered the Central Plains and were named after them.

Eighth. Take the eyesight at birth as the surname.

Wu: When Zhou's son was born, his palm print was "Wu". Therefore, the word is named Wu Wei.

Ninth, take posthumous title as the surname.

The so-called "new moon" is the title given to emperors, nobles and ministers after their death according to their deeds before their death.

Mu: Last name. In the Spring and Autumn Period, there was Duke Mu of Song Dynasty, and later generations took his posthumous title "Mu" as their surname.

A man named Ji. The leader of the Zhou clan died later. After Lu Ji cried, he was called Xibo. After his death, Sibusi succeeded to the throne in Zhou Wuwang, completing the great cause of destroying the Shang Dynasty and establishing the Zhou Dynasty. King Wu claimed that his father was Zhou Wenwang. Posthumous title is the common surname of Wang Wen. A surname. Qi Weiwang's grandson, Tian Wen, was named Meng Changjun. After that, he fled to Wei, and after his death, he entered posthumous title.

Kang: Zhou Gonghe's younger brother, uncle, was named Fei after his death, so he was also called Wei Kangshu. Wei Kang used to take posthumous title as his surname.

Tenth, change the surname because of avoiding disaster, hatred, taboo and suspicion.

G: Out of Yang's house. There were four sons in the Han Dynasty. When the family fortune fell, the four sons fled, and one of them took refuge in Youzhou. Change the surname to Gui.

Tian: My son has a fake surname. In the Spring and Autumn Period, Chen Wan, the son of Chen Li, fled. He didn't want to take the country name as his surname and change his surname to "Tian". Judy, the prince of Yan in the Ming Dynasty, rose up in the name of begging Huang Yucheng and overthrew Wen Jian. Huang Yucheng's descendants changed their surnames to Tian for avoiding disaster.

Eleventh, the emperor gave the surname.

Jin: Those who are honored as the "Western Emperor" are called "Jin" because the West belongs to Jin in the Five Elements Theory. Later generations took Jin as their surname. During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Xiongnu King Hugh Dun surrendered to the Han Dynasty. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty gave him the surname Jin and named him Jinrishan.

Liu: I left home. After Yao, Liu Lei became Tang Dou's surname of Zhou Dynasty. She Ji was an official in the state of Jin: a scholar, that is, the Shi family, and later changed from the Shang family to the Liu family. Because Liu Bang founded the Han Dynasty, Liu became the most popular name in China. Emperor Gaozu named Xiang Bo Liu because Xiang Bo had helped him in the past.

Zheng: Because of Ji's surname. Zhou Liwang's youngest son is named JUNG WOO, and some of his descendants take the country as their surname. Ma, the eunuch of the Ming Dynasty, was given the surname Zheng by Emperor Yongle, so Ma changed his surname to "Zheng He".

Twelfth, take quantifiers, ranking order and heavenly stems and earthly branches as surnames.

Wan surnamed Ji. Gao, his son, was later called Bi Wan, and some descendants of Bi Wan took the word "Wan" in their ancestors' names as their surnames.

C: I wrote Tai again. During the Spring and Autumn Period, the doctor of the State of Jin was sent to Yu Tai (east of Chengwu, Henan); Later, he took Tai (c) as his surname.

Thirteenth, ethnic minorities change their surnames.

Yuan: During the Spring and Autumn Period, after Yuan Gen, the doctor of Weiguo took Yuan as his surname. In addition, Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty promoted the sinicization of Xianbei people and made them Xianbei.

The clan changed their eyes to Chinese, spoke Chinese, and changed "Tuoba" to "Yuanshi County".

Among the ethnic minorities of the Han nationality, there are also famous Li Keyong and Li. Li Keyong, the son of the leader of Shatuo clan, led Shatuo to help Tang break Chang 'an in Huang Chao, appointed me as the ambassador to Hedong, and made him King of Jin. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, his surname was Li, and he set out to establish the post-Tang Dynasty.

Fourteenth, Han people changed their surnames to ethnic minorities.

During the Liao, Xia, Jin and Yuan Dynasties, many Han people also became ethnic minorities.

Fifthly, the surnames of some ethnic minorities.

There is a Mukun organization in Manchu, which was born in the surname society and is the basic blood organization that constitutes Manchu society. Mukun is made up of one or several families. Tongmukun has only one surname; Several Mu Kun of the same clan were given several Han surnames. For example, Wu Mukun in Wu Yashi takes Wu, Mu, Bao, Huang and Shao as surnames respectively; Four Mukun of Ningguta family took Liu and Ning as surnames; Tu is the surname of a branch of the Xitala family (now Yongling Town, Xinbin County), and Zhu is the surname of Mu Kun who lives in Shengjing.

The lineage of Zhuang nationality is calculated according to the paternal line, and the children take the father's surname. The daughter must add a double surname after taking the photo, that is, the husband's surname comes first and the father's surname comes last. For example, if the husband's surname is Mo and the father's surname is Luo, it is called "Mo Roche". This is the same as the old customs of the Han nationality (Zhang, Li, etc. ).

Sixteenth, it is easy to pronounce the wrong surname.

Because there are many polyphonic characters and archaic sounds in Chinese characters, some surnames are easily mispronounced by us. For example, Wan Yi's pronunciation is Mochi, which is often misunderstood as "longevity".

Qu, pronounced ou, is often pronounced Qu.

Black is pronounced as He (he) and is often misunderstood as "black".

Gai, pronounced Ge, is often pronounced Gai.

The original meaning of Cha is Cha Kao, which means reading chá, but as a surname, reading zhā. The real name of Mr. Jin Yong, a famous martial arts novelist, is Cha Liang Yong.

When teaching, you should send jiāo when you teach and teach, and Ji ao when you are surnamed.

The original meaning of Ren is trust, commitment and any meaning. As a surname, read é n, and the representative is Comrade Ren, a revolutionary of the older generation.

I used to say that I didn't mean to read Zeng before, but I should read Zeng when I was a surname. In ancient times, there were Ceng Gong, one of the "Eight Masters of Tang and Song Dynasties", Zeng Guofan, a famous minister in Qing Dynasty, and now there is Donald Tsang, the chief executive of Hong Kong.

Miao's original intention is to repair, for example, when it is used for "saving for a rainy day" and when it is used as a surname, it is pronounced miào, and the representative figure is Miao, a famous court female painter in the late Qing Dynasty.

Sheng means light, reading sheng, for example, there is a large enterprise Guangsheng Group in Guangdong Province. But pronounce chéng as a last name.

Pronunciation of Wanxian: Wanxian is a compound surname, which is often misunderstood by people (Wan Yi).