Shandong Education Publishing House (Shandong Education Publishing House) midterm examination questions of Chinese, biology and geography in the first semester.

1. Weather is the atmospheric condition of a place in a short time, which is changeable. Climate is the average weather condition of a place for many years. The climate is relatively stable.

2. Describe the weather or climate respectively: the sun is shining and the breeze is blowing gently these days. The Sahara desert in Africa is hot and rainy all year round. (Climate) Clouds are hanging in the sky and rain is dripping on the ground. (Weather) Zaozhuang area is cold and dry in winter and hot and rainy in summer.

In satellite images, green is land, blue is ocean and white is cloud. The thicker the white, the thicker the clouds. The places with thick clouds are generally rainy areas.

4. Draw weather symbols. Hail, sandstorm, fog, frost, cloudy, cloudy, thunderstorm, moderate rain, heavy rain, light snow, blizzard, 6 southeast wind, 8 northwest wind, 8 west wind and 6 northeast wind (refer to page 48 of the textbook).

5. Many countries publish the monitoring results of atmospheric environment at the same time as the weather forecast, that is, publish the daily (weekly) report of air quality.

6. The air quality is excellent, good, lightly polluted, moderately polluted and heavily polluted. There are five grades of quality. The higher the pollution index, the worse the air quality.

7. The temperature has been changing. The diurnal variation of temperature is called the diurnal variation of temperature. Annual temperature change is called annual temperature change. Usually, a temperature chart is used to show the change of temperature with time.

8. Draw a temperature curve. (See page 5 1 in the textbook)

9. In a day, the highest temperature appears around 14, and the lowest temperature appears around sunrise.

10, among the three cold and warm zones, the tropical temperature is lower in annual range and higher in temperate zone and cold zone in annual range. From the temperature point of view, the tropics are hot all year round, and the temperate seasons change obviously. The frigid zone is very cold all year round.

1 1, the horizontal distribution of air temperature, usually expressed by isotherm diagram. An isotherm is a smooth curve connecting points with the same temperature on a map. On the same isotherm, the temperatures at all points are equal.

12, where the isotherm is sparse, the temperature difference is small. Where isotherms are dense, the temperature changes greatly. The isotherm is closed and the temperature in the center is low, indicating the low temperature center. The isotherm is closed and the center temperature is high, indicating the high temperature center.

13. There are three main factors that affect the temperature distribution, namely latitude, land and sea and topography.

14, the main factor affecting the temperature distribution is latitude. The basic law of world temperature distribution is that it gradually decreases from low latitude to high latitude.

15, land and sea factors: in the same latitude area, the land temperature is high and the ocean temperature is low in summer; In winter, the land temperature is low and the ocean temperature is high. Topographic factors: In mountainous areas, the temperature decreases with the elevation.

16, and the distribution of isotherm is roughly parallel to latitude. The annual average temperature in the south of the Tropic of Cancer is above 20℃, and that in the polar circle is below-10℃. Compared with the northern and southern hemispheres, the isotherm in the southern hemisphere is flatter.

17. The hottest place on the earth is Dalol, Ethiopia, Africa, which is called the hot pole on the earth. The coldest pole on the earth is Antarctica.

18, the temperature value is measured by a thermometer placed in the shutter. The setting of the shutter box: the door opens to the north, and the inside and outside are painted white. The thermometer is 1.5 meters from the ground. Temperature observation is generally carried out 3-4 times a day; Usually at 2: 00, 8: 00, 14: 00, 20: 00 Beijing time. The average daily temperature should average 3 or 4 times.

19, precipitation includes rain, snow, hail and other forms. The seasonal variation of precipitation in a place in a year is usually represented by the histogram of precipitation in each month.

20, draw the precipitation histogram. Read page 56.

2 1. Seasonal variation type of precipitation: Beijing-rainy in summer; Athens-rainy in winter; Singapore-rainy all year round; London is wet all year round; Bilma is rainy all year round.

22. The types of precipitation are convective rain, topographic precipitation and frontal rain. On the one hand, the formation condition of precipitation is the formation of saturated air, on the other hand, it is closely related to the upward movement of air.

23. There is more precipitation on windward slopes and less precipitation on leeward slopes in mountainous areas.

24. On the map, lines connecting points with the same precipitation are called isoprecipitation lines. Areas with annual precipitation exceeding 2000 mm are mainly concentrated near the equator. The annual precipitation near the poles is mostly below 200 mm.

25. Global annual precipitation distribution law: there is more precipitation near the equator and less precipitation in the polar regions; Near the tropic of cancer, there is more precipitation on the east coast of the mainland and less precipitation on the west coast of the mainland; In the mid-latitude zone, there is more precipitation along the coast and less precipitation in the inland.

26. The rainpole in the world is Kilapanchi in northeastern India, which is located at the southern foot of the Himalayas, and the precipitation type is mainly topographic precipitation. The dry pole of the world is the Atacama Desert in Chile on the east coast of the Pacific Ocean, because it is controlled by the steady downward airflow all the year round, and the prevailing wind blows from land to sea all the year round.

27. Temperature and precipitation are two components of climate. People divide the world climate into many types according to the differences of temperature and precipitation in different places.

28. Tropical areas are very hot all year round, but the precipitation varies greatly in different areas. Some places have more precipitation, while others have less precipitation and the climate is dry, forming four different climate types.

29. Tropical desert climate, with high temperature and little rain all year round; Tropical rainforest climate, hot and rainy all year round; Tropical monsoon climate is divided into dry season and rainy season, and the annual temperature is high; The tropical grassland climate is hot all year round, divided into dry season and rainy season.

30. The tropical rain forest climate is distributed near the equator (Amazon Plain, Congo Basin, Malay Archipelago); Tropical grassland climate, distributed in the north and south sides of the tropical rain forest (Africa is the widest, followed by America and Oceania); The tropical monsoon climate is distributed in southern Asia (Indian Peninsula and Indochina Peninsula). The tropical desert climate is distributed in the mainland inland near the west coast and the Tropic of Cancer.

There are six main climate types in temperate zone. The temperate maritime climate is mild and humid all year round. The Mediterranean climate is hot and dry in summer and mild and rainy in winter. Temperate monsoon climate, hot and rainy in summer and cold and dry in winter. Temperate continental climate, Leng Xia is hot in winter, with large temperature difference, and precipitation is less concentrated in summer. Subtropical monsoon and monsoon humid climate, hot and rainy in summer, mild and rainy in winter. The climate of coniferous forest in sub-frigid zone is cold and long in winter and mild and short in summer.

32. Temperate climate distribution: there is subtropical monsoon and monsoon humid climate on the east coast of subtropical continent; The west coast of the subtropical continent has a Mediterranean climate. The east coast of the mainland in the mid-latitude region has a temperate monsoon climate; The continental climate in mid-latitude area is temperate continental climate; The west coast of the mainland in the mid-latitude region belongs to temperate maritime climate. The middle and high latitudes near the Arctic Circle belong to the sub-frigid coniferous forest climate.

33. Cold zone climate is also called polar climate, including ice sheet climate and tundra climate. The climate of the ice sheet is distributed on the Antarctic continent and some islands in the Arctic Ocean. It is cold all the year round, and the ground is covered with thick ice and snow. The tundra climate is distributed in the northern edge of Eurasia and North America, with long winter and no summer, and low-grade plants such as moss and lichen grow on the ground. Alpine plateau areas in middle and low latitudes, such as Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Andes, have high altitude and low temperature all the year round, forming a plateau and mountain climate.

34. The natural factors affecting climate are latitude, land and sea, topography and so on.

35. Influenced by the shape of the earth, different latitudes receive different solar heat, which leads to obvious differences in temperature and precipitation between high and low latitudes.

36. Latitude factor: the temperature is high at low latitudes and low at high latitudes. There is more precipitation near the equator and less precipitation in the polar regions.

37. Influence of land and sea factors: At the same latitude, the land temperature is higher than that of the ocean in summer and lower than that of the ocean in winter. Generally, there is more precipitation in coastal areas that can be affected by wet air flow, and less precipitation in inland areas far from the ocean.

38. Topographic factors: The temperature decreases with the elevation. For every kilometer above sea level, the temperature drops by about 6℃. There is more precipitation on windward slope and less precipitation on leeward slope in mountainous area.

39. The land absorbs heat quickly and dissipates heat quickly. The ocean is the opposite.

40. Comparison between Xi 'an and Tokyo: Xi 'an is hot in winter in Leng Xia, with large temperature difference and little precipitation, and the climate has continental characteristics. Tokyo has mild winter, cool summer, small temperature difference, abundant precipitation and maritime climate.

4 1. The temperature curves of Eisen Port and Samianto are in the southern hemisphere, and the seasons are opposite to those in the northern hemisphere.

42. Climate affects people's food, clothing, housing and transportation. Inuit live along the coast of the Arctic Ocean. They ride sledges, live in igloos and mainly make a living by fishing. Daijiazhulou Village is located in the humid and rainy tropical area, and has formed a high-rise building style for the convenience of ventilation and moistureproof. In desert areas, camels are the main means of transportation, and they are called desert boats. In rivers and lakes, people usually go by boat instead of walking.

43. Climate has a great influence on agricultural production. Rice is suitable for growing in hot and humid conditions, while wheat is suitable for growing in warm and dry environment. Abnormal climate will bring harm to people's production and life.

44. Human activities will have an impact on the climate. On the one hand, human activities can improve the local climate conditions. For example, farmland shelterbelts can prevent wind and fix sand; Vegetable greenhouse can ensure the heat condition of vegetable growth. On the other hand, some human activities will lead to climate deterioration. Such as the use of refrigerators, air conditioners, etc. Emissions of harmful gases destroy the ozone layer, resulting in ozone holes over the polar regions. Burning a lot of coal, oil, etc., and destroying forests have increased the content of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, leading to global warming. Burning coal will release acid gases such as sulfur dioxide, form acid rain, corrode buildings and do harm to animals, plants and water bodies.

45. The world population is increasing. /kloc-before the 0/9th century, the world population grew very slowly; /kloc-After the 0/9th century, especially since the 1950s and 1960s, the speed has been greatly accelerated. At present, the world population is increasing by about 80 million every year.

46. Compared with the 20th century, the population growth rate will slow down slightly in the 2nd/kloc-0th century. The time taken to increase the world population by 654.38+0 billion is gradually shortened.

47. The speed of population growth is determined by the birth rate and death rate, and is usually measured by the natural population growth rate. The natural population growth rate is equal to the birth rate minus the death rate.

48. The speed of population growth is influenced by living standards, medical conditions and the cultural quality of the population.

49. The continents with slow population growth are Europe, North America and Oceania, while the continents with rapid population growth are Africa, South America and Asia. The continent with the highest natural population growth rate is Africa and the lowest is Europe.

50. The density of population distribution is usually expressed by population density, which refers to the average number of people living per square kilometer. The calculation method is the regional population divided by the total area of the region.

5 1. The distribution of the world population is very uneven. Middle and low latitude coastal plain areas such as eastern and southern Asia, Europe and eastern North and South America are densely populated. Extremely arid desert areas, too humid rainforest areas, high-latitude areas that are cold all the year round, and high-lying plateau mountainous areas are sparsely populated. The distribution of the world population is influenced by natural factors (topography, climate, water sources, etc.). ) and socio-economic factors.

52, human beings must control fertility, improve the quality of the population, make population growth adapt to social and economic development, and coordinate with the natural environment.

53. In some developed countries, the population problem is that the growth has stopped, or even negative growth has occurred, resulting in a shortage of labor and an increase in the elderly population. It is necessary to implement the policy of encouraging fertility.

54. The population problem in developing countries is that it is growing too fast and the number is too large, which seriously restricts the survival and development of mankind. A large number of rural people flock to cities, causing urban traffic congestion, housing difficulties, environmental pollution, employment difficulties, resource shortage and other problems. We should carry out the family planning policy.

55. A country with a population over 65 years old exceeding 7% has entered an aging society. It is called the white hair wave. France is the first country to be hit by the wave of white hair. In 2002, the elderly population in China accounted for 7.32% of the total population.

56. Ethnicity is a group of people divided according to human physical characteristics. The inhabitants of the world are mainly divided into yellow, white and black people. The formation of races is a natural evolutionary phenomenon, and there is no distinction between races.

57. White people are mainly distributed in Europe, Southwest Central Asia, North Africa, America and Oceania. Yellow people are mainly distributed in eastern and southeastern Asia, and there are Indians and Inuit in America. Black people are mainly distributed in south-central Africa, southern India, America and Oceania.

58. White people are mainly distributed in North Africa, West Asia and northern India.

59. The skin color of ethnic groups gradually lightens from the equator to the polar regions. This is closely related to the intensity of solar radiation.

60. With the migration of population, there has been a phenomenon of racial diffusion and blending. Such as the United States. Intermarriage occurs between different races, and their descendants are mixed-race people.

At present, there are thousands of languages in the world. Among them, Chinese, English, French, Russian, Spanish and Arabic are recognized as working languages by the United Nations.

62. Chinese are mainly distributed in China and Southeast Asia. Russian is mainly distributed in Russia and other countries. French is mainly distributed in France in Europe and some countries in Africa. Spanish is mainly distributed in many countries in Europe, Spain and Latin America. English is mainly distributed in Britain, Oceania, North America, India and some countries in Africa. Arabic is mainly distributed in many countries in West Asia and North Africa.

63. The three major religions in the world are Christianity, Islam and Buddhism.

64. Christianity originated in West Asia and has the largest number of followers in the world.

65. Islam originated in the Arabian Peninsula, and its followers are called Muslims. In China, Islam was once called Islam, Muslim, Puritanism and so on.

66. Buddhism is the third largest religion in the world. It originated in ancient India and then spread to other parts of Asia. In China, Tibetan Buddhism is also called Lamaism.

67. Christianity is mainly distributed in Europe, North America, South America and Oceania. Islam is mainly distributed in western and southeastern Asia and northern and eastern Africa. Buddhism is mainly distributed in East Asia and Southeast Asia.

68. St Paul's Cathedral in London, England is the representative building of Christianity. Damascus Mosque is a representative building of Islam. The Shwedagon Pagoda in Myanmar is a representative building of Buddhism.

69. The places where human beings live in concentration are called settlements. Generally divided into rural and urban. At present, about half of the people in the world live in cities. The most essential difference between rural areas and cities is that rural residents are mainly engaged in agricultural production, while urban residents are mainly engaged in non-agricultural production.

70. Affected by topographic factors, most settlements in plain areas exist in the form of groups, which are large in scale; Most residential areas in the valley area are strip-shaped and small in scale. Affected by water source factors, settlements in desert areas are mostly dotted or banded, concentrated in oases; Affected by traffic factors, Chongqing is located at the intersection of rivers and Shijiazhuang is located along the railway.

7 1. On the one hand, settlement culture has high academic research value, on the other hand, it can be used as a special tourism resource, so it is necessary to protect settlement culture, for example, to protect folk houses with national characteristics.

72. Old Town of Lijiang is located in the northwest of Yunnan Province, with an altitude of more than 2,400 meters. Also called Dayan Town. It is the only ancient city without walls among the famous historical and cultural cities in China.

There are more than 200 countries and regions in the world, which are distributed on all continents except Antarctica. All countries, regardless of size, population, political system and economic development, should be equal.

74. The largest country in the world is Russia, which spans Asia and Europe with a land area of 6,543,807,007 square kilometers. The smallest country in the world is the Vatican, with a total land area of 0.44 square kilometers.

75. The dividing line between a country and its neighbors (or the high seas) is the national border. The territory, internal water, territorial sea and airspace within the national boundaries are collectively referred to as territory. Territory is a space for a country to exercise its sovereignty, which is inviolable by other countries. There are still some colonies and territories in the world that have not gained independence and are called "regions".

76. Argentina and Chile are bounded by the Andes. Egypt, Libya and Sudan are bounded by longitude and latitude. The political map of the world is not static.

77. According to the level of economic development, countries can be divided into developed countries and developing countries. Most developed countries are located in North America, Europe and Oceania. Developing countries are mainly distributed in Asia, Africa and Latin America, and most of them are independent countries after the Second World War. China is the largest developing country.

78. The tertiary industry accounts for a significant proportion in developed countries, with high-tech industries leading the way. Agriculture is developed. Most people live in cities. The traffic is developed. Education is developed. The proportion of primary industry (agriculture) in developing countries is significant, and industries are mainly resource-based and resource-processing. Agriculture is backward. Most people live in the countryside. Traffic is backward. Education is backward.

79. The problems facing the world today are: population and poverty, resources and environment, and world trade inequality.

80. Trade inequality shows that the export products of developing countries are mainly oil, wood, ore and other raw materials and primary products, which are at a disadvantage in international trade with low processing degree and low price. The export products of developed countries are mainly finished products such as automobiles and airplanes, which have a high degree of processing and high added value and are in an advantageous position in international trade.

8 1. In terms of geographical distribution, developed countries are mainly distributed in the northern hemisphere, while developing countries are mainly distributed in the southern hemisphere and southern hemisphere. Therefore, the international economic development difference between developing countries and developed countries is called "North-South difference"; Call the negotiations between developing countries and developed countries "North-South dialogue"; The mutual cooperation among developing countries is called "South-South cooperation".

82. Important international organizations: NATO is headquartered in Brussels, Belgium. The headquarters of the United Nations is located in new york, USA. The headquarters of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization is located in Paris, France. Ioc headquarters is located in Lausanne. The headquarters of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries is located in Vienna, Austria. 1989165438+10 The Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) was formally established in Canberra, Australia. The European Union (EU) is called "EU" for short.

83. The United Nations was founded in 1945, and has done a lot in safeguarding world peace and promoting international cooperation and development. It is the largest and most influential international organization in the world. The five permanent members of the United Nations are China, Britain, France, the United States and Russia.

84. The World Trade Organization is a permanent global economic and trade organization. The Council of Ministers is the highest decision-making body. On February 20th, China formally joined the World Trade Organization.

Draw the icons of the International Red Cross and the International Olympic Committee.

86. Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN); The League of Arab States is referred to as "Arab League" or "Arab League" for short; The African Union is called AU for short.