A summary of the third elective course of geography in senior high school (tourism geography) ~ ~ ~

High school geography compulsory examination website.

Unit 1 Theme Map

Homologous longitude of 1: east longitude increases to east longitude, and west longitude increases to west longitude.

Latitude gradient: the degree of increasing to high latitudes in the northern hemisphere and increasing to southern latitudes.

Latitude shape and length: parallel circles, the equator is the longest latitude circle, thus gradually shortening the magnetic pole.

Meridians of four shapes and lengths: all the meridians pass through the semi-circles of the north and south poles with the same length.

Five judgments: the rotation direction of east longitude increases and the east longitude decreases.

6。 Judgment of north and south latitudes: the degree of rising, north latitude, rising to south latitude.

Division of labor between eastern and western hemispheres: 20 W to160 E to the east is the eastern hemisphere, and 20 W to160 E to the west is the western hemisphere.

East-west direction judgment: downward arc method (such as 80 E to1E to170 E to the west)

9。 The larger the scale, the smaller the scale and the larger the scale.

The direction determined on the map: under normal circumstances, up north and down south, left west and right east "; Lighthouse map, pointing arrow pointing to the northern theme;

On the map of latitude and longitude network, longitude indicates the north-south direction and latitude indicates the east-west direction.

1 1。 The denser the contour lines with the same density, the steeper the slope and the denser the isobar. The denser the isotherm, the greater the temperature difference.

12。 Raised topographic outline: a prominent valley and a prominent low ridge at the top of the outline.

13。 The flow of a river has a convex contour, which is opposite to the contour of the river.

14。 Convex direction of isotherm and water flow: the isotherm is projected to flow in the same direction.

The theme of earth movement unit 2

1, categories of celestial bodies: nebulae, stars, meteors, comets, planets, satellites, gas and dust in interstellar space, etc.

2. Horizontal celestial body system: total galaxy-Milky Way (galaxy other than Milky Way)-solar system-earth-moon system.

3. Planets are similar to the Earth's planets (water, gold, fire), giant planets, the earth, and distant planets (sky and sea).

Moon: (1) The moon in front is always facing the earth, changing day and night.

(2) There is no atmosphere, so the moon has several days and nights. The temperature difference on the surface of the crater is silent and there is no wind.

(3) the surface of the moon, mountains, plains (moon sea), volcanoes.

There are five reasons for life on the earth: stable lighting conditions, safe cosmic environment, suitable atmosphere and temperature, and liquid water.

6. The external structure of the sun and its corresponding solar activities: photosphere (sunspot), chromosphere (flare) and corona (solar wind).

7. Solar activity-the change of sunspot (sign), flare (strongest) and sunspot period 1 1 year.

The influence of solar activity: sunspot-flare affects climate-ionosphere-radio communication, charged particle flow-magnetic field-magnetic storm.

9. Influence of solar radiation: ① The surface temperature remains unchanged, which promotes the water activities and changes of the earth, atmosphere and living things.

(2) Solar energy is an energy source for our daily work and daily use.

10 rotation direction: from west to east, the plan above the North Pole is counterclockwise and the plan above the South Pole is clockwise.

Speed: ① Linear speed (decreasing from equator to pole to zero) ② Angular speed (except the two poles of zero, which are approximately equal).

Period: 1 sidereal day (actual period of 23h56m4s) (2) solar day (24 hours a week, changing day and night).

Significance: ① Alternating day and night ② Different longitudes ③ Horizontal movement of moving objects (north and south)

1 1, Twilight: a faint line along the rotation direction, which transitions to the daytime and morning lines at night, with transitions every night (the sun elevation angle on the twilight is 0 degrees).

12. Twilight meridian: Twilight city line coincides with meridian-the maximum inclination angle of dusk and meridian in spring and autumn-summer solstice, winter solstice.

13 time calculation: seek time = known time+area difference+mode time.

Area offset = 14, time zone = longitude/15 (non-time-sharing rounding) time zone difference.

15, universal time: prime meridian (0) standard, also known as Greenwich mean time, the time is 12 pm.

/kloc-division of 0/6 days: 0:00 at the east longitude and the winter solstice boundary (180) and the boundaries of "today" and "yesterday" on the earth from west to Sunday.

17 datum line: the date of crossing the international international date line from west to east (not completely crossing the 180 meridian) minus one day plus one day, and the date of crossing from east to west.

18, location of satellite launch base:

Natural factors (sunny weather is needed), the initial rotation speed of the earth depends on latitude and flat and open terrain, and weather conditions;

Human factors (vast territory and sparsely populated, convenient transportation, meeting the needs of national defense and national security).

① Taiyuan: Strong technical force; ② Jiuquan: continental climate with abundant sunshine; ③ Xichang's low latitude accelerated the launch at the beginning of the year;

④ Wenchang, Hainan: initial launch speed and traffic facilities at low latitude.

19, the rotation speed at the beginning of the month is fast-perihelion-slow at the beginning of July-apohelion;

Significance: change ② ① the length of day and night, the change of the height of the sun at noon ③ the turnover of the four seasons ④5. Forming.

20, revolution and rotation angle (23 26'):

1 the existence of the ecliptic angle-the movement of direct sunlight-the change of the height of the sun during the day and night and at noon-the length of the four seasons.

The inclination of the ecliptic plane-the movement of the direct point of the sun-the pressure season of the moving wind-the formation of the Mediterranean climate and the savanna climate.

②5. Tropic of Cancer Polar Circle Boundary: tropical south temperate zone between Tropic of Cancer, and between polar circle and north.

(3) such as red, yellow, ox horn, tropical cold zone, temperate zone, small red, yellow ox horn, tropical cold zone and temperate zone.

When the inclination angle is zero, the sun will always disappear directly at the equator, the global vernal equinox, the Mediterranean climate and the savanna climate.

2 1 On this day, the change of sun height at noon: ① It points to the north and decreases to the north and south.

② Calculation of noon sun height = 90-△ (latitude interval between direct points)

③ In the area north of the Tropic of Cancer, the annual maximum elevation angle of summer solstice in the southern hemisphere is at least one year;

South of the Tropic of Capricorn, the elevation angle at noon from winter to Sunday is the highest and lowest in the northern hemisphere this year.

(4) between tropical cancer and the South Pacific-there are two opportunities-directly twice the largest.

⑤ The higher the latitude, the smaller the solar altitude angle at noon and the larger the building spacing.

22. The distribution of the length of day and night:

(1) the point of direct sunlight in which hemisphere? The hemisphere is long and the night is short. In the northern hemisphere, in summer, the direct sunlight point is short during the day, in the northern hemisphere, and in the northern hemisphere at night.

In the northern hemisphere, the number of moving points of direct sunlight in the hemisphere increased in days, with the longest on June 22nd and the shortest on February 22nd, 65,438.

(3) Whether the height angle of the sun between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Cancer in the daytime and at noon appears on the same day, such as Haikou City.

23. Latitude distribution of the length of day and night:

Six months in summer in the northern hemisphere, day and night, the farther north the sky is (the earlier the sunrise, the later the sunset), such as Guangzhou, Beijing > Shanghai >;

Winter in the northern hemisphere lasts for half a year, with short days and long nights. The farther south the sun goes (the earlier the sunrise, the later the sunset). Haikou > Guangzhou > Shanghai

24 days = sunset time-sunrise time, and there are 24 hours in the whole night.

Sunrise time = 12:00- day length /2 (or 0:00+ night length/2); The sunrise time at the equator is 6 o'clock.

Sunset time = 12:00+ day length /2 (or 24:00- night length /2), and the time of sunset point on the equator is 18:00.

25, the earth is not light and opaque-day and night phenomenon.

The rotating sphere of the earth-the change of day and night (the change of temperature difference between day and night in the speed cycle)

The tilt revolutionary field of the earth-straight point movement, the change of the height of the sun at noon, the length of day and night-five consecutive seasons.

26. Typical seasonal phenomena

Geographical phenomena, time and season

? Northern Hemisphere Summer Half Year Northern Hemisphere Winter Half Year

The revolutionary earth is at the beginning of July, near perihelion, at the beginning of the month when the angular velocity and linear velocity of the earth are the slowest, and near perihelion, the angular velocity and linear velocity of the earth are the fastest.

At noon, the sun is about 22, the lowest in the northern part of the Tropic of Cancer is 65438+February 22, the highest in the equator and southern hemisphere, and the lowest in the southern part of the Tropic of Cancer.

The length of day and night is very short. In the Arctic Circle, the days are short and the nights are long.

The southern uplift of the land isotherm north of the isotherm is prominent, while the ocean is the opposite.

The pressure belt and the wind belt move northward and the sun points directly to the south.

The snow line goes up and the snow line goes down.

Influenced by the southwest monsoon and ocean current in the North Indian Ocean, the ocean current flows clockwise, while the northeast monsoon and ocean current flow counterclockwise.

Influence precipitation plum, Li Feng, more precipitation in winter, less precipitation.

Due to the influence of summer monsoon, most of the three parallel rivers in China are in flood season, the northeast region is divided into spring flood season, and most of the summer floods are in dry season. During the ice age, some rivers dried up, the Huaihe River in the south of the Yangtze River and the northern Qinling Mountains.

The summer monsoon in most parts of the country is influenced by the ocean, the temperature is high, and the rainfall is mostly affected by the cold and dry winter monsoon from the mainland.

In China's agricultural producing countries, the temperature is generally high, crops enter the growing period, and triple cropping gradually matures. From south to north, the three crops are one year and two years, and 1 crop overwinters for one year. In most parts of the north and tropical areas of the south, water and heat are enough to produce out-of-season vegetables and fruits.

Meteorological disasters, droughts and floods (spring drought in northern China and late summer in the Yangtze River), rainstorms, typhoons (strong winds, rainstorms and storm surges), low temperatures, sandstorms, droughts and blizzards.

Geological disasters, landslides, mudslides, more than one thing is better than less.

Unit 3 Theme of Atmosphere

1, the characteristics of troposphere: ① the temperature drops significantly with the increase of height; ② Atmospheric convection (12 km); ③ The weather is complicated and changeable.

2. Characteristics of stratosphere: ① Temperature increases with height; (2) The atmosphere is stable, and the main horizontal movement is conducive to high-altitude flight.

3. Thermal process of the atmosphere: solar radiation-ground warming-ground radiation-atmospheric warming-atmospheric (inverse) radiation-atmospheric insulation.

4. Weaken the atmospheric radiation to the sun: absorption, reflection and scattering.

5. Solar radiation (light) and weather and topography: sunny weather, high altitude, thin air and stronger light;

The highest solar energy is distributed in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Sichuan Basin in China, and the lowest is also available.

6. Heat insulation of the atmosphere: Long-wave radiation on the ground is transmitted back to the ground through the atmospheric reverse radiation heat and is strongly absorbed.

7. Temperature and weather: Today it is cloudy during the day, the temperature is not high (cloud reflection), and it is cloudy at night, with the highest temperature (atmospheric inverse radiation).

8. Vertical distribution of temperature: Tropospheric temperature decreases with height.

9. Horizontal temperature distribution: ① Latitude distribution: The higher the latitude, the lower the temperature, and the area with the richest heat: Hainan Island.

(2) land and sea distribution >: sea, sea, land in winter and summer;

③ The high temperature isotherm is convex. On the other hand, at low temperature, the isotherm protrudes from low latitude to high latitude.

10, temperature annual range: (1) Influencing factors: thermal properties of land and sea; Water status of vegetation; How many clouds there are.

② change: inland coastal and continental climate > maritime climate, bare land > grassland > woodland > lake, sunny day > cloudy day.

The characteristics and properties of thermal cycle are shown in figure 1 1.

(1) Near the geothermal area-vertical flow rising-low pressure (cyclone)-rainy direction

(2) Where the ground is cool and sunny in the horizontal direction-vertical airflow sinks-high pressure (anticyclone)

(3) Vertical temperature and pressure distribution: Increase the height. Although the temperature decreases, the air becomes thinner and the pressure decreases.

(4) Air flow from low latitude-warm and wet; (5) Air flow from high latitude-cold and dry.

(6) Air flow from the ocean (7) Air flow from the mainland (land wind)-dry and wet.

(8) Two different air currents meet-frontal lobe-rainy season, wind.

On June 5438+02, the air pressure and temperature in the horizontal direction near the ground: the high-temperature air expanded and rose, and the ground formed a low pressure. On the contrary, when the temperature is low, the air near the ground contracts and sinks to form high pressure.

13 wind formation: the horizontal movement of the atmosphere is called wind. The direct cause of wind with dense horizontal pressure gradient force and wind isobar is that the greater the wind speed.

14 wind: (1) wind-wind;

(2) According to the distributed isobar wind: for example, to the right of point A of the wind film, its strength.

Route: (1) The determined horizontal pressure gradient force is perpendicular to isobar, low pressure point and high pressure point.

② The direction determined by Coriolis force: perpendicular to the wind direction, right deviation in the northern hemisphere and left deviation in the southern hemisphere.

(3) Due to the influence of friction near the ground, the wind direction deviates from the isobar (in the opposite direction).

15, the pressure gradient force and geostrophic deflection force of the wind direction in the upper atmosphere, and the wind direction is parallel to the isobar;

Wind pressure gradient force near the ground, geostrophic deflection force and friction force have the same influence, and the angle between wind direction and isobar is the same.

16 different weather (the quality level of cold and warm air meets during exercise)

① Rainfall, snowfall and cooling weather after the cold front and before the rain area. After crossing the border, the air pressure rises, the temperature drops and the weather turns fine;

② Before the warm cross rain, it was mostly continuous precipitation. Traffic, the temperature rises, the air pressure drops, and the weather turns fine.

The main weather affecting us on June 5438+07 is cold front: heavy rain in North China in summer, cold wave in winter and dusty weather in winter and spring.

18, weather sum of air pressure system (vertical movement of the same air quality):

(1) The vertical airflow of cyclone (low pressure) rises, and the weather is rainy. ② Anti-cyclone (high pressure) vertical airflow sinks and the weather is fine;

19, three-stage circulating air volume and wind pressure:

① Three periods (vertical distribution)

Drawing of right three-loop circuit diagram

(2) Pressure and wind area (horizontal distribution)

? Draw a wind direction map in the correct pressure area.

? ("North-South Writing Flick")

3. The red flag of the Great Wall Research Station floats to the northwest and southeast to avoid;

The red flag of the Yellow River Basin Research Station floats in the southwest window to avoid drifting to the northeast.

On the 20th, the pressure belt moves with the wind belt to avoid direct sunlight and moving points.

Direction of movement: In the northern hemisphere, it generally moves northward in summer and southward in winter.

2 1, monsoon circulation: land-sea thermal Asia, the center of the Pacific Ocean changes with the seasons;

Summer: the Pacific Ocean forms the Hawaiian high, the Asian low, and the pressure of the Asian continent;

Winter: The Asia Aleutian Low in the Pacific Ocean forms a high pressure on the Asian continent.

22. Monsoon circulation in East Asia and South Asia: (right)

East Asia: The four seasons are distinct, and the climate is pleasant. In winter, there are southerly winds and northwest winds, mainly due to the difference in thermal properties between land and sea.

South Asia: the seasonal movement of southwest wind in summer, the homogeneity of northeast wind zone and pressure zone in winter and the thermal difference between land and sea.

There is a close relationship between drought and flood on the 23rd, and the intensity of subtropical high moves with the rain belt.

① Rain belt movement

In late spring (May), the rain belt is in the south (Pearl River Basin) (drought in the north and spring flood in the northeast).

? In early summer (June-July), the rain belt moves to the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River-rainy season (quasi-static front).

? From July to August, the rain belt moves to the northeast and north China, and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River are "late summer" (anticyclone).

? In September, the subtropical high retreated to the south, the rainy season in the north ended, and the south entered the second rainy season.

② The rainy season in the north starts in the evening, and the rainy season is shorter; The rainy season in the south begins at night and ends early. The rainy season is very long.

③ The speed is also relatively fast, with droughts and floods and subtropical high going northward (monsoon) and drought in the north and south.

The subtropical high moves slowly northward (the summer monsoon is weak), which leads to waterlogging in the south and drought in the north.

The root causes of flood and drought disasters in China are summer monsoon intensity and advance and retreat sooner or later.

Climate forming factors: solar radiation, atmospheric circulation, underlying surface and human activities.

25 steps to determine the climate type: determine the southern hemisphere and the northern hemisphere, (2) determine the heat and (3) judge the rain type.

(1) Four tropical climate types: monthly temperature above 15 degrees, precipitation, totally different climate types.

Tropical rain forest climate (affected by equatorial depression all the year round, with high temperature and rain, all year round)

Tropical desert climate (perennial subtropical high-pressure trade winds from dry and hot land)

South subtropical monsoon climate (northeast wind prevails in winter, which is a dry season, southwest monsoon blows in summer, and rainy season is from June to September)

Tropical grassland climate (equatorial low pressure turns to rainy season, trade winds turn to dry season, agricultural activities are sown in rainy season and harvested in dry season)

② Subtropical climate type: The coldest month in winter is above 0 degrees, and there are only two climate types in the world:

Mediterranean climate: Except Antarctica, other continents are located in the west coast, westerly belt and subtropical high between north and south latitudes, with mild and rainy winters and hot and dry summers.

It belongs to subtropical monsoon climate: winter-northerly wind-low temperature and dry summer-Xia Feng-hot and rainy.

③ Temperate climate type: Except maritime climate, the average temperature in Leng Yue in winter is below 0℃.

Temperate maritime climate: It is distributed on the west coast of the mainland at 40-60 north latitude (Mediterranean climate, one side of high latitude area), controlled by the west wind all year round, and it is mild and rainy all year round.

It belongs to temperate monsoon climate: it is distributed in the high-latitude area along the eastern coast of the mainland with 35-55 north latitude, belonging to subtropical monsoon (side), with cold wind in winter, cold and dry summer monsoon, high temperature and rainy.

Temperate continental climate: diurnal variation controlled by continental air mass throughout the year and within the year, with scarce precipitation, and precipitation in summer.

26 different characteristics of continental and maritime climate, (analyzed in the northern hemisphere):

Within the range of continental climate, daily variation and annual variation of temperature, the highest temperature appears in July, and the lowest temperature appears in 65438+ 10. The annual precipitation is small.

The marine climate is poor and the annual variation range is small. In the hottest August and coldest February, there is a lot of annual precipitation.

The main meteorological disaster on March 27th was the direct result of the disaster, which was influenced by factors such as rainstorm, flood and drought, typhoon, low temperature, strong wind and dust (fog), high temperature and low temperature.

? Typhoon, drought, flood and cold wave

Most of them occur in late spring in summer and autumn, winter in summer and autumn and early spring.

Tropical ocean surface or subtropical ocean Mongolia, the birthplace of Siberia

The eastern coastal areas of China are affected, but in vast areas of China, Qinghai, Tibet, Yunnan, Guizhou, and desert areas in the west of Hainan.

Weather change and gale, rainstorm, storm surge, rainstorm, heavy rainstorm or extremely heavy rainstorm, gale, rain, snow and freezing rain.

On 28th, major atmospheric environmental problems: global warming (greenhouse effect CO2), ozone layer depletion, fluorocarbon (CFCs consume O3) and acid rain (SO2, NO2).

29. Greenhouse effect

(1) Burning fossil fuels-increasing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere-strengthening atmospheric reverse radiation

(2) Deforestation-weakening of photosynthesis, relative increase of CO2-enhancement of atmospheric inverse radiation.

(3) The distribution of enhanced atmospheric inverse radiation-the greenhouse effect-the change of temperature rise-global heat-the adjustment of economic structure (the adjustment of agricultural economic structure will damage the middle latitude and benefit the high latitude, so the suitable geographical scope of agricultural production is narrow and food production. )

? ④ The polar icebergs melt, the sea level rises, and the groundwater quality in coastal areas deteriorates.

30, the benefits of environmental protection:

(1) balance to maintain O2 and CO2 in the atmosphere through photosynthesis and purify the air;

② Green plants and shelterbelts can regulate climate, conserve water, protect soil and water, prevent wind and fix sand.

(3) Urban green space, the role of smoking dust in filtering air, reducing pollution, reducing noise and beautifying the environment.

Unit 4 Water Environment

1, water cycle: ① area? Its occurrence can be divided into sea-land circulation, inland circulation and offshore internal circulation.

Water ring: evaporation, water vapor, precipitation and runoff.

(3) Its significance lies in the continuous replenishment and renewal of fresh water resources, the regeneration of water resources and the maintenance of global water dynamic balance.

As shown in Figure 2, the relationship between water on the ground is:

① The change of runoff in Yuyu River is consistent with the change of precipitation: the river runoff dominated by Mediterranean climate is the largest, the river runoff dominated by B monsoon climate in winter is in summer, and the climate of C temperate marine tropical rain forest is smaller all year round;

(2) The change of runoff of major rivers provided by snow is closely related to temperature: Glacier meltwater supplies major rivers, and its flow is in summer.

(3) Runoff and storage function of river water, and recharge of river water and groundwater to lakes.

3. Our differences are as follows: ① Rivers replenished by precipitation in East China (rivers replenished by summer flood and spring snow melt water in Northeast China).

2. The main melting water of rivers in northwest China (cut off in summer flood season and winter)

4. Interpretation of seawater isotherm: (1) Determine the northern hemisphere and the southern hemisphere (the colder the northern hemisphere).

(2) Ocean current and sea water isotherm protrude in the same direction: high-temperature and low-temperature currents are warm and cold.

There are five factors that affect seawater temperature-solar radiation (income), evaporation (expenditure) and ocean current.

Formation of ocean current: Directional wind and wind on the earth are the forces that form ocean current, and the basic flow of wind is the most basic type.

7。 Current distribution (draw the correct current distribution map):

① The low latitude ocean current circle is clockwise in the northern hemisphere and counterclockwise in the southern hemisphere.

② Anti-clockwise circulation of mid-high latitude ocean currents in the northern hemisphere.

③ 40-60 degrees formed on the sea of west wind drift in the southern hemisphere.

④ The monsoon current formed in the North Indian Ocean rotates counterclockwise in winter and clockwise in summer.

8。 Impact of ocean current on geographical environment: (1) Impact of climate warming (warm current-humidifier, cold current-desuperheater, dehumidifier)

② Affect marine life-fishing grounds ③ Affect navigation ④ Affect marine pollution.

9. The world's major fishing grounds: Hokkaido, Beihai and Newfoundland-where the cold current meets; Peruvian fishing ground-upwelling

10 marine fisheries are concentrated on the continental shelf: ① sunlight is concentrated and biological photosynthesis is strong;

Plankton is rich in nutrition. (2) Rivers enter the sea, which are prosperous and rich in bait.

1 1。 Marine disasters, natural disasters originating from the ocean: tsunami and storm surge.

12。 Marine ecosystem damage caused by human activities to the marine environment: marine pollution, sea level rise and red tide.

Unit 5 Earth Environment

1, interior sphere: Moho surface of crust (surface), mantle (Moho surface-Gutenberg surface) and core (Gutenberg surface).

The crust covered by the lithosphere and the top of the upper mantle (asthenosphere mantle)

Genesis: (layered structural magmatic rocks (extrusive rocks and intrusive rocks), sedimentary rocks and paleontological fossils), metamorphic rocks.

Material circulation in the crust: solidified magma cooling → magmatic rocks → external force → deposition → metamorphism → metamorphic rocks → melting → magma.

Geological processes: ① internal forces (crustal movement, magmatic activity, earthquake, metamorphism)

② External forces (weathering, erosion, transportation, deposition, integration and diagenesis)

Geological structure types: fold (anticline, syncline) and fault (rising rock-horst-graben sinking rock)

7. The anticline becomes a valley and the syncline becomes a mountain: external erosion (before external erosion, the anticline becomes a mountain and the syncline becomes a valley)

The tension at the top of the anticline is easy to erode into the valley; Squeeze the slide and become a mountain with hard lithology and not easy to be eroded.

Horizons-Lushan and Taishan; Graben-East African Rift Valley, River Plain and Fenhe River Basin.

9. Influence of geological structure on human activities: anticline (oil storage) syncline (water storage) and site selection of large-scale projects should avoid failure.

10。 External forces and common landforms:

(1) Water erosion-gullies, canyons, waterfalls, gullies and valleys, as well as the surface and caves (karst) in the Loess Plateau.

Curved channel-concave bank erosion, convex bank deposition (port should be built on concave bank)

② Hydrodeposition-piedmont alluvial fan, river delta and river alluvial plain in the middle and lower reaches.

? (3) Wind erosion-wind erosion gullies erode depressions, mushrooms, wind erosion columns and wind erosion castles.

? ④ aeolian deposits-sand dunes, sand ridges, desert loess piles and the edge of loess plateau;

1 1, various elements of a complete earth environment (air, water, rocks, organisms, soil and landforms) are connected, mutually restricted and infiltrated, forming a complete earth environment. For example, the local environmental factors in northwest China reflect the characteristics of drought.

12, regional difference of land environment: ① regional difference from equator to poles (heat)-latitude zonality.

(2) Regional differentiation (humidity) from coastal to inland-longitude zonality.

③ Regional differentiation (hydrothermal) of vertical mountains-vertical zonality.

13。 The influencing factors of mountain vertical band spectrum are: ① mountain latitude; (2) Mountains above sea level; (3) sunny and shady; (4) windward and leeward.

Snow line is affected by 14 factor (snow has low altitude snow line).

? There are two main influencing factors: first, the isotherm at 0℃ altitude (sunny and shady slopes) and the magnitude of precipitation (windward and leeward slopes).

15 Non-zonal factors: land and sea distribution, topography and ocean current. Such as the northwest oasis in China.

16, major geological disasters: earthquake, volcanic eruption, landslide and debris flow.

① Two main seismic belts: the Pacific Rim and the Mediterranean-Himalayan belt. There are many reasons why the China earthquake was located in China.

② Prevention of geological disasters: seismic fortification intensity of buildings; Implement slope protection projects to prevent landslides and collapses, protect vegetation and improve the ecological environment;

Unit 6 seasonal knowledge theme of Ben

The key to learning seasonal knowledge: ① The seasons in the northern hemisphere and the southern hemisphere are opposite, at the same time in different seasons, the northern hemisphere and the southern hemisphere.

(2) The position and moving direction of direct sunlight; Relationship between longitude of twilight line and position of day and night; Changes in the length of a day;

③ Four solar terms, in the northern hemisphere: March 2 1 vernal equinox, summer solstice, June 22, September 23, autumnal equinox, winter solstice 65438+February 22.