Yuanxing weather

At that time, it was the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties. Due to the joint assistance of Li Zicheng and Wu Sangui, the Manchu people who entered the Central Plains were completely at a loss about how to rule this vast land, so they copied the works of the previous Zhu family. For example, in terms of administrative divisions, only Huguang and Nanzhili, two propaganda and deployment departments in Ming Dynasty 15, were divided into two (Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu and Anhui provinces respectively), and Gansu was separated from Shaanxi and set up 18 provinces, forming the familiar Han Dynasty 18 provinces.

After the victory of the Revolution of 1911, some brain-dead guys once claimed that China's future territory was eighteen provinces of the Han Dynasty, so they got an eighteen-star iron flag. Fortunately, it was not adopted. However, the Beiyang government, which is still unwilling, intends to use the 18-star flag of Iron Blood as a military flag. As a result, the representatives of the three northeastern provinces exploded on the spot and resolutely opposed it.

Everyone should oppose this matter-we are all from China, so why not take us to the Northeast? Moreover, we must also talk about qualifications and origins. On "since ancient times", this corner of Northeast China, let alone Heiji Province, is much more difficult than many so-called genuine Han provinces.

After all, the history of Liaoning's integration into the China family can be traced back to 4000 years ago:

The Yiwulu Mountain here is in Jinzhou today. According to legend, when it was divided into Kyushu, it was once named as a state town, and Yiwulu Mountain was the town mountain of Youzhou, which became the most powerful evidence in Liaoning since ancient times.

Then why does this land seem to be cut off from the Han people in people's impression and become a place where barbarians are rampant?

Although Liaoning has been squatting in a corner of China since Yu Fen Kyushu, it has always been an inseparable part of it.

Shang Tang destroyed Xia Hou, and once took the Mohs as the same clan in the solitary bamboo country, covering parts of western Liaoning and eastern Liaoning today. Moreover, this isolated bamboo country could survive until the thirteenth year of King Hui of Zhou (664 BC). At this time, it has been nearly 400 years since the cutting week.

So how did the solitary bamboo country disappear? The answer is unlucky-at that time, a mountain army repeatedly invaded Yan State, beating the shit out of Yan State, and even the capital was forced to move from (now Beijing) to Linyi (now Rongcheng, Hebei), only to be beaten. In desperation, Yan Zhuanggong had to ask c Qi Huangong for help. The latter, under the banner of respecting the king, naturally wants to protect Yan's little brother. So journey to the south, the Qi army, while beating Shan Rong out of the water, conveniently razed the remnants of the former power-the solitary bamboo country, and didn't recruit anyone and didn't provoke anyone.

Qi Huangong kept his word. After "resisting Rong Yan Yuan", he went to brush his clothes and gained fame. The territory of the solitary bamboo country and the branch country (the country built by Shan Rong) was cheap in vain. It is said that during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Yan State was the weakest chicken among the major vassal states, and whoever it fought with was basically looking for abuse. However, the losses inside the dike can be made up outside the dike, so the main direction of Yan State is to open up territory in today's northeast region, and finally even the Korean Peninsula accounts for more than half:

It is particularly worth mentioning that during Yan Zhaowang's administration, Qin Kai was sent to attack East Lake, expand thousands of miles to build Liaodong County, and build Xiangping City as the county seat-the former site of Xiangping is today's Liaoyang City, and it is also the oldest city in Northeast China.

After Qin Shihuang destroyed the six countries, there were 36 counties in the world, including Liaodong and Liaoxi counties in Liaoning. In the famous Qin Chi Road, there is a northern avenue from Xianyang to Liaodong via western Liaoning. In the fifth year of Yuanfeng in the Western Han Dynasty (AD 106), Emperor Liu Che divided the world into thirteen states, and Liaoning was still a secluded state. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Xuantu County and Liaodong Territory were added here, with a total of 24 counties.

This situation changed fundamentally at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty.

Since ancient times, there have been many activities of ethnic minorities in this corner of Northeast China, such as Su Shen, Toulou, Shanrong, Donghu, etc. Huns, who are closely related to Qin Zhaohe and Han Dynasty, have also appeared in Northeast China from time to time. But by the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the situation became more complicated.

In the second year of Zhao Jian in the Western Han Dynasty (37 BC), Koguryo was established in Xinbin, Liaoning, and 40 years later, it moved its capital to the domestic city (now Ji 'an, Jilin). Since then, Goguryeo has become powerful by constantly conquering the surrounding tribes, especially in the late Eastern Han Dynasty, when the Central Plains was in a scuffle, it began to calculate the annexation of Liaodong. Almost at the same time, in the second year of Yongshou in the Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 156), Tan unified the ministries of Xianbei, some of which were located in, Shanggu and western Liaoning, and also coveted the fertile land of Liaodong.

At this critical moment, Gongsun Du and Gongsun Kang rose against the trend and became the mainstay of defending the motherland Liaodong.

Speaking of these two names, I think most people are not familiar with them. Even in the classic work Romance of the Three Kingdoms, which is well known to all women and children, the appearance frequency of Gongsun's father and son is probably the level of passers-by. Of course, in the "Three Kingdoms" series of games produced by the book next door, Gongsun Du's awareness may be higher-I like to start with Xiang Ping's power best. After all, the game is the end of the world, and the backyard is carefree. Just pile up the soldiers and push them all the way south.

But in reality there is no such thing as the end of the world in Liaodong. With the skill of Gongsun Du and his son, letting them participate in the Central Plains hegemony is tantamount to throwing eggs at stones. Whether Cao Cao or Yuan Shao, sticking out a little finger is thicker than the waist of the Gongsun family.

But that doesn't mean they have nothing to do.

It is said that during the Three Kingdoms period at the end of the Han Dynasty, although the intrigues of various governors emerged in an endless stream, they were powerful enough externally-the most powerful Cao Wei once beat up the Hu ethnic groups such as the Southern Xiongnu, Xianbei, Wuhuan, Di and Qiang, which had harmed the Central Plains for more than 300 years, until they knelt down and called their father. Sun Wu wiped out Shanyue, Yi Shan and Wu Ximan in China, and sent people to Yizhou with great interest. Shu Han even played with Meng Huo, abusing Southwest Yi and doubting his life experience.

By the end of the Han Dynasty, the Gongsun family, which could not be sold at all, was full of crooked melons and cracked dates, but they took Xianbei and Goguryeo, even though their skills were not refined, their territory was not wide, and they were surrounded by tigers and wolves.

How awesome is Gongsun's surname in Liaodong? At that time, Wang Bogu of Koguryo heard that Gongsun Du had ideas for himself, and he was too scared to kiss his ass. He took the initiative to send troops to help when the latter attacked the rich mountain thief, but what happened? Gongsun Du is still "cutting Goguryeo in the east, attacking Wuwan in the west, and going overseas." (The reflection, Volume 8, GongSunTao II, Four Biographies, Eighth).

After Gongsun Du's death, Gongsun Kang, who succeeded Liaodong Prefecture, was more aggressive than his father. In the 14th year of Jian 'an (AD 209), Gongsun Kang sent troops to attack Koguryo and trapped it in the capital. The son of Bo Gu led more than thirty thousand men to surrender.

Later, in the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Koguryo people swaggered for decades, repeatedly defeated the army of the Central Plains, and were almost killed by a last-rate warlord at the end of the Han Dynasty. However, Gongsun and his son monopolized the power for decades, and Liaodong became Alakazam, and Koguryo became the rival of the Central Plains Dynasty more than 300 years later. What happened?

The answer is simple-it's time to curse Sima Jin again.

Speaking of the most incompetent and spineless dynasty in history, it is easy to think of the Song Dynasty. However, I really want to make a case for the Zhao emperors. After all, even if they cook again, can they eat more than those surnamed Sima in the Jin Dynasty?

Counting the fifteen emperors in the Jin Dynasty, Sima Yan, the founding emperor of the Jin Dynasty, has been able to represent the highest-ranking emperor named Sima Jia. But among the founding kings of the unified dynasties, even if this product is willing to be a crane's tail, it still makes people feel unqualified. Sima Yao, the filial emperor, first acted as a puppet for the garlic queen of Chu, and then "horned" with his younger brother Sima Daozi. This virtue was also regarded as the most powerful emperor in the Eastern Jin Dynasty.

The rest are nothing but callousness and debauchery, or cowards or fools. Under the rule of these people, there was the Eight Kings Rebellion, followed by the Wuhu Rebellion, and then the great troubled times when the North and the South split for more than 300 years.

Before the Jin Dynasty, it was only a basic practice for Han men not to teach Hu people to spend Yin Mountain, and it was even more common to visit Hu people's homes. However, under the scourge of Sima and a bunch of people, let alone Yinshan, Hu Ma couldn't even make headlines when he set foot in the Central Plains.

Some people may say that the descendants of Sima's family are corrupt, but their ancestors are awesome. For example, Sima Zhong Da, who is portrayed in some TV dramas as a person who is interested in helping the world, is as good as Zhu Gekongming. What a hero.

But in fact, I really talked about Sima Jia's ancestral skill of inviting wolves into the room from Sima Yi. Moreover, Liaodong was forced to leave the Han land, and since then it has become a place where barbarians from all walks of life run wild, and he is the culprit.

This is about the Liaodong War that broke out in the second year of Jingchu (AD 238).

Cao Cao defeated Yuan Shao in the battle of Guandu, nominally becoming the overlord of the north, but in fact there is another shortcoming, that is, Gongsun Du still stands on its own feet in Liaodong. In this hinterland, Cao Cao did not intend to resort to fighting, so he adopted the method of wooing and wanted Gongsun Du to be the general of Wuwei and the head of Yongning. However, his family is rich, and Gongsun Du would rather be the head of a chicken than the tail of a phoenix. He replied, "I'm Wang Liaodong, He Yongning" (The History of the Three Kingdoms, Volume 8, Second Gongsun Tao, Fourth Biography, Eighth), but he refused to vote anyway.

But pride can only be built on strength. Later, because Liaodong harbored Yuan's remnants, our soldiers were besieged. Gongsun Kang had to hand over the heads of Yuan Shang and Yuan, and accepted the titles of Pinghou and General Zuo of Cao Cao.

After Gongsun Yuan became the Lord of Liaodong, he became restless again. Not only did he admit Sun Wu to the outside world, but he also called himself the Prince of Yan and changed his country, which touched Cao Wei's lamella. So Cao Cao sent Qiu Sima Yi to attack Yan, surrounded it smoothly, and captured Gongsun Yuan alive after breaking the city. Since then, Liaodong has been officially accepted by Cao Wei.

Gongsun Yuan died, Cao Wei central chaos, this is no problem. The problem is, after the fall of Sima Yi, the head coach of Jun, Xiang Ping, I don't know why the brain actually started a massacre:

In the history of China, it is not uncommon that tens of thousands or even hundreds of thousands of people were killed or injured in a battle. However, there are few examples that the post-war massacre still stands in Beijing. Even if there is, it is not an uncivilized barbarian, or a savage who lacks political mind and has no future, such as Xiang Yu, Huang Chao and Zhang. Those heroes who really aspire to the world are very restrained in this respect. After all, the ethics of the Han people are very exclusive and disgusted with such behavior. Of course, we should try our best to avoid such a disheartening stupid thing as slaughter, which is not worth the loss.

Even a lawless person like Cao Cao, after killing Xuzhou in the first place, must quickly find a name to avenge his father as a cover. But even so, he was scolded by history books for almost two thousand years.

Sima Yi had no intersection with the Gongsun family before, so there should be no personal vendetta. Of course, we can talk about national hatred, but in the process of Cao Wei's unification of the north, there were countless separatist forces and peaceful rebellions. Why do you want to create a tragedy in Liaodong?

If we have to find a reason for Sima Yi, it is probably that Liaodong is far away from the hinterland of the Central Plains, which is difficult to manage and easy to breed rebellion. So Sima Yi simply exterminated the grass and slaughtered Xiangping-you know, Xiangping is the capital of the pseudo-Yan State and the seat of Liaodong County. The residents in the city are either local officials, cremation or leaders of all walks of life. Anyway, they are all elites in a place. So although Sima killed about 10,000 people, it actually cut the foundation of Liaodong's future development.

However, Sima Yi was not satisfied with the root of Liaodong. He used a more ruthless trick, that is, moving the people:

As a result, less than 30 years later, in the first year of Taikang (AD 265), with the addition of Xuantu, Le Lang and Daifang counties in Liaodong County, there were only180,000 Han people, less than100,000 people (source: Book of Jin, Volume 14, Record 4). You know, since the end of the Han Dynasty, scholars in the Central Plains have fled to the relatively peaceful Liaodong in order to escape the war. Even after the defeat of large-scale wars such as Cao Wei's extermination of Yan, more than 300,000 Han people remained. If we can maintain this population size, even without the support of the mainland, the Han people in Liaodong can protect themselves in the coming troubled times.

But the fact is that after Sima Yi's disaster, none of the Han people in Liaodong were saved. When the place is empty, someone will naturally fill it. Now that the Han people have left, the barbarians will certainly come. From then on, until the Ming Dynasty for more than 1000 years, the Han people became a minority here, and a good Chinese homeland became Alakazam where barbarians were rampant.

Although Gongsun and his son are warlords, they also have their own selfishness and ambitions. But they actually defended the countryside and prospered Liaodong:

And all this was destroyed by Sima Yi.

One of the disgusting things that Sima Yi did was to collude with Murong Xianbei, Goguryeo, Wu Heng and others for foreign aid when he crusaded against Gongsun Yuan. I don't know what it's like for Gongsun Yuan to be surrounded by Xiang Ping, watching the defeated troops of his former father and stepmother throw their weight around at the gate.

After the downfall of the Gongsun family, the land of Liaodong soon became a paradise for Xianbei and Koguryo to do whatever they wanted. Goguryeo, in particular, took the land east of Liaohe River by the Wuhu Rebellion in the third year of Yuan Xing in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (AD 404). By the end of the Northern and Southern Dynasties, Koguryo people were even more salivating about western Liaoning, and sent troops to explore many times.

Yang Guang, Emperor of Yang Di in the Sui Dynasty, spared no expense in the three signs of Koguryo, which opened the prelude to the demise of the Sui Dynasty. Therefore, the unlucky emperor was scolded by later generations for thousands of years, accusing him of overjoyed and asking for more happiness.

Yang guang did die, but the reason why he insisted on fighting Koguryo people in the end was correct, and he should not be blamed-Liaodong was originally a Han land, and Lao Yang wanted to recover the old rivers and mountains. What's wrong?

How embarrassed were Koguryo people at that time? In the seventeenth year of Huang Kai (A.D. 597), these goods actually joined forces to attack Yingzhou in the Sui Dynasty-Yingzhou is today's Chaoyang City. If they were allowed to walk a few more steps, wouldn't Koguryo people go to Hebei?

Not bad. Why not?

Sui Wendi, Sui Wendi, of course, couldn't bear it, and immediately launched 300,000 troops to attack Goguryeo by land and water. As a result, it was unlucky to meet the flood first and then catch up with the wind disaster. Sui Jun collapsed before the war. But even so, Koguryo people were scared to death, and their king claimed to be "the minister of dirt in Liaodong" ("Zi Jian Juan 178 Sui Ji Er"), which was just the idea of Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty.

However, apparently stimulated by the prefix before "dung minister yuan", he was bent on killing these mice.

The so-called heroes think alike. After solving a series of troubles at home and abroad, Li Shimin, Emperor Taizong, also turned his attention to Koguryo people and launched a Crusade in the 19th year of Zhenguan (AD 645). There have always been different opinions about the success or failure of this war, and quite a few of them agree that Tang Jun was actually defeated-I think this is also a fact. After all, throughout Li's life, his failure in the war he personally participated in must be an indelible stain, so it is not an exaggeration to say that he failed.

But as far as Liaodong is concerned, this battle is of great significance. This is the first time that the Han army attacked the city here after more than 300 years, and it was very barbaric and out of the water. Twenty-three years later, in the first year of General Zhang (AD 668), Tang Jun destroyed Goguryeo in one fell swoop, Liaodong returned to China as a whole, and set up Yingzhou and Anton counties to exercise jurisdiction.

However, the administrative division of the Tang dynasty in the mainland was Daofu system, and the duty of the viceroy was to "appease the vassals and incorporate foreign enemies." To put it bluntly, it is martial law. Why can't Liaodong be managed by mainland standards? This is because, even though Li Shimin and Li Zhi took pains to get Koguryo people to the south of Jianghuai and took various measures to encourage mainlanders to go north to Liaodong, they still couldn't change the situation that there were more conference semifinals and fewer Han people here, so they had to suppress them by force.

So this is still Sima Yi's pot, which makes me want to write another article to curse it.

However, the rule of the Tang Dynasty in Liaodong did not last long. In the first year of Tian Tong (AD 696), the Khitan launched a rebellion and once attempted to seize Liaodong. Fortunately, Gao, then the commander-in-chief of Liaodong, stepped forward, "With hundreds of soldiers as the enemy of 20,000, more than ten battles were broken, and thousands of thieves were gained" ("The Collected Works of Chen, Volume 10, Jian 'an King and Liaodong"), and turned the corner.

Although the rebellion of the Khitans was quickly quelled, the remnants of the Khitans invaded western Liaoning many times after meeting with the post-Turks, forcing the governor of Yingzhou to move south to Yuyang (now Miyun, Beijing). This led to the interruption of land contact between Liaodong and the mainland, and once it could only be replenished by sea contact, which was costly.

So the public opinion of abandoning the capital Anton began to ferment, led by Di Renjie, a positive figure with heavy eyebrows in our impression. Not only that, the detective even thinks that even the four towns in Anxi are cumbersome and should be dumped:

Fortunately, Wu Zetian was clear-headed and resolutely rejected this suggestion. However, in the second year of Kaiyuan (AD 7 14), Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty moved Anton's amulet branch to Pingzhou (now Lulong, Hebei). As for the purpose, one is to save money, and the other is to win over Bohai to contain Qidan.

Of course, the elimination of governance does not mean that Liaodong has been abandoned. In the last four years of the Tang Dynasty (AD 850), we can still find the records of the activities of the buffer region in Liaodong at that time. However, Liaodong is a place of military control. If all the soldiers run away, how can the locals settle down here? So not only the Han people moved in, but even the Koguryo adherents who gradually became Chinese couldn't sit still. They found another way:

Everyone who sat on the ground ran away and finally took advantage. Naturally, he is a Khitan.

The Khitans later founded Liao country-since Liao country is the national title, it is clear at a glance who belongs to its core center. Among its five Beijing roads, Shangjing Road, Zhongjing Road and Tokyo Road are closely related to today's Liaoning. After Jin destroyed Liao, there were Shangjing Road, Xianping Road, Tokyo Road and Beijing Road. After the Yuan Dynasty unified the whole country, Liaodong was once again integrated with the Central Plains, and a province of Liaoyang was also set up, but I am afraid that only the Han people in Liaodong at that time understood this strange smell best.

Zhu Yuanzhang, the founder of the Ming Dynasty, expelled the Tatars and restored China. In the fourth year of Hongwu (A.D. 137 1), he set up Liao Dewey in Liaodong and Liaoyang Prefecture two years later. This is an absolutely remarkable move, which means that the Central Plains dynasty once again realized civil administration in Liaodong, just like mainland provinces.

However, the existence of Liaoyang Prefecture lasted only four years. In the tenth year of Hongwu (A.D. 1377), Liaoyang Prefecture was abandoned, leaving only the governor of Liaodong, which was subordinate to Minister Cheng Xuan of Shandong Province. This also means that the complexity of the political, military and ethnic situation in Liaodong is unexpected by Zhu Yuanzhang. In the end, he can only rely on military deterrence to continue to maintain his rule here.

Moreover, with the weakness of the Ming Dynasty and the decline of military strength, the Dusi of Liaodong lost the ability to move in the middle reaches of Liaohe River during the orthodox period (AD 1436~ 1449). With the rise of Manchu, the Ming army began to retreat from Liaodong in great strides in the first year of the apocalypse (A.D. 162 1), and in the fifteenth year of Chongzhen (A.D. 1642), except Shanhaiguan where Wu Sangui was stationed, Liaodong was completely annexed by Manchu.

I don't need to say anything after the Qing Dynasty.

Many people attribute the rough experience of Liaodong to the bad weather, which makes it impossible to farm and support the army and people, but this reason is not convincing.

After all, during the Han and Tang dynasties, the western regions could cultivate fields, but why not Liaodong (after all, near the sea) with almost the same latitude and better climatic conditions? In fact, for thousands of years, none of the major ethnic minorities originated in the northeast of China lived purely as nomads. They all liked fishing, hunting, farming and animal husbandry. Then why can't Han people who are better at farming live and work in Liaodong?

In fact, not only today, but also the northeast in history is a good place for food:

About the Dongyi referred to in the Book of the Later Han Dynasty, including Fuyuguo, Koguryo, Yilou, Woju and Sanhan, it is probably the three provinces of Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang today.

Farming can fill the stomach, and watching all kinds of savages emerge in endlessly like endless leeks on this land, it is obvious that the weather is not cold enough to freeze people to death.

In history, Liaodong has been isolated from the Central Plains for many times. I think there are three main reasons.

The first is the bad traffic conditions. Nowadays, the traffic artery in and out of Northeast China undoubtedly enters Shanhaiguan through Liaoxi Corridor. However, for most of the history, the western Liaoning corridor is low-lying and eroded by seawater, so roads are not only prone to water accumulation, but also cause pestilence, which often causes disasters to pedestrians, especially the army.

For example, the aforementioned Sui Wendi's battle against Koguryo was taken because of unbelief, which led to the annihilation of the whole army before the war:

Therefore, before the traffic conditions in the western Liaoning corridor improved, there were only two main routes from the Central Plains to Liaodong-one was to cross Yanshan Mountain along the Luanhe River in xifengkou today, and then turn to the Daling River to reach Lulong Road in Liaodong, and the other was to cross Gubeikou Road, where the Luanhe River, Pingquan and Lulong Road meet. Generally speaking, before Sui and Tang Dynasties, everyone took Lulong Road, and later they mainly took Gubei Road. After the yuan dynasty, the western Liaoning corridor became the mainstream traffic route.

How hard is Yanshan to walk? Su Shi, a great writer in the Northern Song Dynasty, once lamented that "Yanshan Mountain is like a long snake, and a thousand miles is limited to barbarians"-Yanshan Mountain is indeed an iron fence to defend the land of the Central Plains, but for Liaodong, which is isolated from the world, this mountain has become a noose around its neck.

In addition to the extremely powerful Han dynasty, this iron fence often leaks air and rain. For example, in the early Tang Dynasty, the Khitan Rebellion, the Yingzhou Dudufu was under pressure and retreated to Yuyang, which caused the land traffic between Liaodong and the mainland to be completely interrupted, so that De Renjie thought Liaodong was a big burden and simply lost it.

Liaodong in the heyday of the Tang Dynasty, not to mention other times.

The second reason is the poor geographical conditions in Liaodong and even Northeast China.

Topographically, Northeast China is an extremely closed area, surrounded by Daxinganling, Changbai Mountain and Yanshan Mountains, with Songliao Plain, the largest plain in China with an area of 350,000 square kilometers, in the middle. What does this mean? I'm afraid the army of the Central Plains Dynasty has gone through hardships and climbed over the Yanshan Mountains. Exhausted, it has to face the "warm welcome" of countless foreign cavalry on the endless Yuan Ye. How to fight this battle?

Especially at the junction of Daxing 'anling Mountains and Yanshan Mountains, which is now the Xilamulun River Basin, there is also a huge valley grassland that leads directly to the Mongolian Plateau. As a result, under extreme conditions, the Central Plains army in Liaodong is likely to face mixed doubles from nomadic people and fishing and hunting people. ...

It is said that in the era of cold weapons, large-scale cavalry units were almost invincible. In most cases, the Han army, which is mainly infantry and extremely dependent on logistics, can only rely on conditions such as cities and mountains to compete with it, while Liaodong region does not have these conditions, and it may also form a bad situation of "closing the door and beating dogs" as soon as it enters. Who can stand it?

However, in the late Liao and Jin Dynasties, the traffic conditions in the western Liaoning corridor gradually improved (Shanhaiguan was rebuilt in Xu Da in the 14th year of Hongwu). At least the difficulty of entering and leaving Liaodong in the Ming Dynasty was greatly reduced, and the logistics supply could also be guaranteed. But why is it still impossible to open up territory here, or even to gain a foothold in the end?

This involves the third reason we want to talk about, which is the population problem.

Speaking of population, of course, it is inevitable to curse Sima. After all, the loss of the dominant position of Han people in Liaodong began because of it, and even after thousands of years, there are still remnants. In addition, although the Tang and Ming dynasties made great efforts to encourage the Han people to move northward, the natural conditions and public security situation in Liaodong could not be compared with those in the mainland, so the results were minimal. Especially after there was no Central Plains Dynasty in Liaodong for a long time in the Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Five Dynasties and Song Dynasties, Liaodong became the birthplace or core essence area of Xianbei, Qidan, Nvzhen and other ethnic groups, and the influence of the Central Plains Dynasty was greatly reduced here, and Han people were still treated as ethnic minorities here.

Therefore, even if Zhu Yuanzhang, like Yang Guang and Li Shimin, was determined to recover Liao soil, his ultimate ideal could not match the reality, and he could only end in failure.

In other words, historically, the flow of the Han population has generally been a trend from north to south. For example, South China, Southwest China, and even East China used to be more barbaric than Liaodong, with more complicated population and ethnic composition. However, after more than a thousand years of population mobility, they all became out-and-out Han areas early. Liaodong, however, moved northward again and again in the Central Plains dynasty, and finally did not even mix the titles of the 18 provinces in the Han Dynasty, which became a paradise for exotic carnival.

This situation changed fundamentally in the late Qing Dynasty. In the early Qing Dynasty, Manchu implemented the policy of sealing off the Northeast in order to maintain the "land of Longxing". However, with the explosive population growth in the middle of the Qing Dynasty, a large number of Han people from Shandong and Hebei migrated to the northeast, forming a famous wave of going eastward, which finally forced the Qing court to abolish the ban on reclamation in the northeast in the twenty-third year of Guangxu (AD 1897).

As a result, the population of Northeast China finally ushered in explosive growth, reaching the scale of 20 million in the late Qing Dynasty and breaking through the 30 million mark in the 1930s.

This is also an important reason why the Northeast has been ravaged by Russian and Japanese devils for more than half a century, but it can still be recovered.