Breeze weather conditions

Some important records of 1662 flood disaster have been quoted in the two sections of rain and water conditions. Under such an unusual rainstorm and flood, the main tributaries of the middle reaches of the Yellow River, the main streams of the North Yellow River, the lower reaches of the Yellow River, and the vast areas on both sides of the lower reaches of the Yellow River, as well as the areas from Gaobao Lake south of Hongze Lake to He Lixia, Jiangsu Province, the main stream of the Huaihe River, have all suffered serious floods. Because there are only two river basins covered by heavy rain, there are also floods in Hanjiang River and Zhangwei River. Among them, the disaster in Hanjiang River is serious. Zhu, governor of the Yellow River, reported in Volume 14 of Flood Control and Drainage:

This year (the first year of Kangxi), Yang Hou (referring to the water god) raged. Since Xia Dong, Beizhi, Henan, Shandong, Jiangnan (now Jiangsu, Anhui) and other places have repeatedly reported that they are immersed in heaven and pregnant with acupuncture points. In the past few months, although I have been in the cocoon and missed four times, there is no such thing as a hundred rivers rising. Human resource management has been destroyed, and the Tianhe River has been flooded endlessly.

First of all, in the main rainstorm center in the middle reaches of the Yellow River, under the attack of long-lasting rainstorm and heavy rainstorm, disasters such as city walls, civil affairs departments, Buddhist temples (the strongest buildings in loess areas) and folk kilns have appeared and generally collapsed. In Shaanxi, Gansu and Shanxi, landslides and ground collapses occurred in many places, Jing Quan flooded, the ground was flooded, the wall houses and bridges were destroyed, and many people drowned. In this case, people either live in a ruined temple or flee at the same speed. Due to the injury of crops, the salt pond was killed (the price of bucket salt rose to one or two yuan), and it was really impossible to live.

Abnormal runoff and flood will inevitably occur under heavy rain. As a result, all the valleys were flooded, the mountains were flooded, the rivers were flooded, and the fertile soil became a huge immersion liquid. People's fields near rivers such as Jinghe River and Weihe River were flooded, villages were washed away and collapsed, and cross-strait traffic was cut off. Some rivers flow and migrate. Flooding disasters have occurred in Jinghe River, Weihe River and Beiluo River. Fenhe River, Qinhe River, Sushui River and Luo Yi River were also flooded. A large number of houses in Tianhe were flooded. In Xugou County, Shanxi Province (now the left side of Fenhe River in Qingxu County and the north of Taigu County), three rivers rise at the same time, and the water depth of the flat land exceeds Changyu, and the county is blocked by four doors. This serious disaster is an example.

In the 12th year of Shunzhi in Qing Dynasty (1655), the main stream of the Yellow River north swung eastward. In the fourth year of Qin Long (1570), the main stream of the Yellow River flooded, and the buildings on Fenyinsui in Ronghe County were damaged and repaired. Although the previous river changes have been eroded, the important buildings and shops are still there. By the autumn flood of the first year of Kangxi, these remaining buildings were completely washed away by the Yellow River. The former site of Ronghe County is located in Ronghe Town, Wanrong County, near the east bank of the Yellow River. Sui and Fenyin buildings no longer exist today.

The flood disaster in the main stream of the Yellow River is extremely serious and well documented. In the summer of the first year of Kangxi, there were many executions in the lower reaches. In autumn, the stone incense burner in Cao county and the Huanglian collection in Zhongmu have not been sealed. When the catastrophic flood came in August, on 17, Niushitun in Cao County burst its mouth, and the north dike burst eastward and flooded into Yutai County. As many government offices and houses collapsed, farmland along the way was flooded. On the 23rd, it was decided that Gaojiatang, Shuiwei County levee and Siye in Yanglan (now Lankao) were flooded. However, the breach of the Shixiang furnace in Cao County has expanded rapidly, and most of the floods have flooded. At the same time, the Qinhe River flooded, and Wuzhi, Wu Yuan, Wu Yang (now Yuanyang), Dongming and other places sailed on the flat land, and the houses in Tianhe were flooded. Bianshui flooded, the city walls of Kaifeng, Chenliu, Fugou and other counties were flooded, boating in the fields, and countless buildings in rural areas collapsed. The Yellow River flooded from north to south, and there was also a big flood in the Huaihe River basin. From Xihua and Shangshui in Henan Province to the east along Shahe River to Huaiyang area in Jiangsu Province, the Huanghuai River rose, making a Wang Yang. The houses drifted for a few days, and wheat and grain were not harvested and sown, which made the disaster worse.

The Hanjiang River was also flooded at the same time, and the disaster was very serious. In August, the flood in Gucheng reached outside the city gate. Zhongxiang Xujiadi, Caomiao, Zhenjun Temple and Jiukou all exploded in August. Qianjiang Niejiatan collapsed. Fan Linhuan and Nie Jiatan in Jingshan collapsed. Tianmen, Hanchuan River overflows, and Tianmen boat sails on the city (according to field survey, the highest water level of Tianmen 1662 is similar to that of 1935). Yicheng, Jingmen, Xingguo, Jiangling, Mianyang and other areas between Jianghan and Songzi on the other side suffered floods. On August 27th, there was also a large horizontal dike in Zhangwei River, north of the Yellow River.

Four. conclusion

According to a large number of historical data, combined with modern observation and field investigation, the background of rain, water regime, disaster situation, weather situation and climate change is comprehensively analyzed, and it is confirmed that an abnormal flood occurred in the Yellow River in the first year of Kangxi (1662) by verifying the situation of adjacent river basins and the measured data of modern hydrometeorology.

In the later period of the 60-day rainstorm in summer and autumn, this extraordinary flood was caused by a large-scale rainstorm from August 9 to 25 *** 17. Many important tributaries of the Yellow River, such as Weihe River, Jinghe River, Beiluohe River, Fenhe River, Qinhe River, Sushui River, Luo Yi River and the north main stream above Longmen, have all experienced major floods. A serious flood occurred in the Yellow River below Tongguan.

From August 17 to 27, there was also heavy rain in the lower reaches of the Yellow River. At present, the flood detention area of Beijindi is covered by rain, and the Jindi River has also been flooded. The flood in the main stream of the Yellow River reached Kaifeng, Henan Province on August 14 and Cao County, Shandong Province on August 15. The high water level lasted for fifteen or sixteen days and nights. Flooding from north to south has seriously affected vast areas of Henan, Shandong, Anhui, Jiangsu and other provinces.

A comprehensive analysis of rainfall area, rainfall area, rainfall duration, rainfall intensity, flood process and overflow shows that the total flood volume and total sediment transport volume of this flood may be larger than the catastrophic flood in the 23rd year of Qingdaoguang (1843) and the catastrophic flood in the 26th year of Qingganlong (17 1).

Excerpts from major documents

[1] In May of the first year of Kangxi, it rained heavily in Qin Zhou, and stopped in October, and all the crops were bad. On the seventh day in liangdang county, it thundered and rained heavily, and a landslide occurred (Volume 24 of Guangxu Qin Zhou Zhili New Records).

[2] From June 24th to August 28th of the first year of Kangxi, it rained heavily, and the city walls, government offices, Buddhist temples and folk kilns all fell down. Landslides and land subsidence are nothing more than this (Kangxi's "Yongshou County Records" Volume 6).

[3] In the first year of Kangxi, it rained heavily and the ground was several feet deep. In August, it rained for more than forty days, the Weihe River flooded and water gushed out of the ground. Jing Quan is full, people's fields are close to lacquer, and Wei Duo is not in the water (Yongzheng's Hou Zhi in Wugong County).

[4] It rained continuously from March to September in the first year of Kangxi, and the government offices, private houses, county towns and township castles all fell down, and the river flooded, and the fertile soil turned into a huge immersion. There were no military and civilian castles, and people and animals were drowned (Volume 14 of Ganlong Zhouzhi County Records).

[5] In the first year of Kangxi, it rained heavily in May, and the ground water depth was several feet. In August, it rained for more than forty days ("Ganlong Xianyang County Records", Volume 21).

[6] In the first year of Kangxi, it rained heavily in August, the houses fell down, the Jinghe River rose, and people and animals were gone. Those who cross the river for ten days (Qianlong's Jingyang County Records, Volume I).

[7] On June 60th, the first year of Kangxi, the Qingshui River rose and the valley overflowed (Volume 9 of Ganlong Sanyuan County Records).

[8] In the first year of Kangxi, it rained heavily in May, and the water depth was several feet. In August, it rained for more than 40 days, and the floods flooded. The Wei River washed away several villages on the south bank, and it took half a month (Kangxi's Lintong County Records, Volume 6, Yongzheng's Gaoling County Records, Volume 4).

[9] In the first year of Kangxi, it rained for more than 70 days (Kangxi's "Xianning County Records" Volume 7).

[10] In August, it rained heavily, and there were six days in ten days. Provinces, counties, cities, villages, castles and private houses will all be exhausted, but the city will not reach a certain height (Volume 8 of Gan Long Fuping County Records).

[1 1] In the first year of Kangxi, it rained day and night for forty days, and there was a leak in the house, and frogs were born at the bottom of the stove, which drove them away (Volume 5 of Xianfeng Chengcheng County Records).

[12] In June of the first year of Kangxi, heavy rain continued for 60 days, and the ground was flooded. No one counted it (Volume 15 of Weinan County Records of Yongzheng).

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[13] In June of the first year of Kangxi, heavy rain flooded the Weihe River (Vol. 4 of Huayin County Annals in Qianlong, Vol. 4 of Huazhou Annals in Guangxu).

[14] In June of the first year of Kangxi, it rained cats and dogs, and Luowei was flooded (The County Records of Daoguang Dali, Volume III).

[15] It rained heavily for 60 days in June of the first year of Kangxi (Volume 2 of Jiaqing's Central County Records).

[16] The heavy rain in June of the first year of Kangxi (Volume 1 of Jiaqing Luochuan County Records).

[17] In the first year of Kangxi, it rained heavily on June 60, and both Luo and Wei overflowed (Volume 8 of Kangxi Chaoyi County Records).

[18] (the first year of Kangxi) was exempted from the title of Yan' an satrap. Yanchang county fled, and the flood pushed the population to 6000 (Yongzheng's Shaanxi Tongzhi, Volume 83).

[19] In June of the first year of Kangxi, it rained continuously in Yan 'an (Zhao Erxun's Clear Draft).

[20] In the first year of Kangxi, it rained heavily for 60 days in June (Volume V of Jiaqing Lueyang County Records, Volume V of Guangxu Ningqiang County Records, Volume IX of Guangxu Fengxian County Records, Volume II of Kangxi Chenggu County Records and Volume XXIV of Guangxu Dingyuan Hall Records).

[2 1] On June 60, the first year of Kangxi, the valley overflowed (Volume 1 of the Records of the Ningshan Hall in Daoguang).

[22] Dashui in the first year of Kangxi (Volume I of Jiaqing Ankang County Annals, Volume XXIV of Ganlong Xing 'an County Annals, Volume XIV of Jiaqing Baihe County Annals).

[23] The lingering sound of the first year of Kangxi ("Zhen 'an County Records of the Republic of China" Volume 14).

[24] In the first year of Kangxi, it rained heavily in August, and it rained from mid-February to mid-September. Countless days, nothing (Qianlong's Zhili Shangzhou annals, Volume 14).

[25] Heavy rain on June 60, the first year of Kangxi (Kangxi's "Annals of Hannan County" disaster).

[26] In the first year of Kangxi, it rained from mid-February to mid-September, and there were countless mourning days (Qianlong's "Luonan County Records" Volume 10).

[27] In June of the first year of Kangxi, it rained heavily for 60 days, and the provinces were natural. Jingjing, Weihe and Luoluo rose, and all the valleys overflowed. The mountains are on land, and the water is surging on the flat ground. No one is allowed to drift, and all trips are absolute losses. Those who cross Jingxing and Weihe River are ten days (Kangxi's Shaanxi Tongzhi, Volume 30).

[28] In the autumn and July of the first year of Kangxi, after several months of heavy rain, many battlements of houses collapsed (Volume II of Records of Kangxi Jizhou).

[29] In the first year of Kangxi, the autumn rain lasted for more than ten days, and Lu Sheqing was ten to eighty-nine (Qianlong's Jishan County Records, Volume VII).

[30] In the first year of Kangxi, the rain stopped in July, and by the beginning of September, the city flooded, Pingquan flooded, and a large number of wall houses collapsed and destroyed ("Guangxu" Ronghe County Records "Volume 14).

[3 1] In the 12th year of Qing Shunzhi, the Yellow River invaded and the main hall of the building was buried. Without Hong Tao, there are few survivors, only the first floor of the autumn wind and a hall. Inscriptions in various languages point out that addiction and disability cannot be tested. In the autumn of the first year of Kangxi, the flood was serious, and everyone who did everything was covered up (Volume 22 of Ronghe County Records of the Republic of China).

[32] In the first year of Kangxi, it rained heavily in August. From the ninth day to the 25th day, it rained day and night, and the wall houses were exhausted (Yongzheng's Yi County Records, Volume 6).

[33] In August of the first year of Kangxi, there was heavy rain and moonlight ("Wenxi County Records of the Republic of China" Volume 24).

[34] In autumn and August of the first year of Kangxi, heavy rain lasted for half a month and lasted for ten days. The city walls and land houses are ten times as large, and the salt pond is killed, and the salt is 122 yuan (volume 12 of Kangxi's Xie Zhou Zhi).

[35] In August of the first year of Kangxi, it rained for half a month, and most of the houses with earth walls were solid, and many people lived in temples (Ganlong's Annals of Anyi County, Volume 11).

[36] In August and September of the first year of Kangxi, it rained like a note, the moonlight continued, the city walls were half-tilted, the bridges collapsed, the land houses were ten bad, and the people drowned ("Guangxu Yongji County Records" Volume 23).

[37] In the first year of Kangxi, during the rainy season, landslides migrated, and houses were bad ("Ganlong Pinglu County Records" Volume 11).

[38] In August of the first year of Kangxi, it rained for two days (Qianlong's "Ruicheng County Records" Volume 11).

[39] August of the first year of Kangxi was a rainy month (Kangxi's "Linjin County Records" Volume 6).

[40] In the autumn and August of the first year of Kangxi, the rain was heavy, the moon was full, the city walls were half-tilted, the bridge was recorded, and landslides occurred (Yongzheng's "Linfen County Records" Volume 5).

[4 1] In the autumn of the first year of Kangxi, on August 20th, there were numerous broken cities and houses (Volume II of History of Kangxi Walsh).

[42] In August of the first year of Kangxi, there was heavy rain in Quwo and Taiping (Qianlong's "Pingyang Fuzhi" Volume 34).

[43] In the first year of Kangxi, the Sanjiang River rose, and the water depth of the flat was more than ten feet, with four gates backwater (Volume I of Guangxu Xugou County Records).

[44] In August of the first year of Kangxi, it rained heavily and Fenshui flooded (Daoguang's "Yangqu County Records" Volume 16).

[45] In August of the first year of Kangxi, heavy rain hurt crops, and Kaifeng, Guide and Huaiqing belonged to them ("Tongzhi Henan Tongzhi" Volume 5).

[46] In the first year of Kangxi, the autumn rain fell to 30 ("Ganlong Lingbao County Records" Volume 6).

[47] In the autumn and July of the first year of Kangxi, on the 40th day of the rainy season, the Qinhe River sailed to Pingping and flooded into Tian He (Volume 10 of Qianlong's Original Wu County Records).

[48] In August of the first year of Kangxi, the Qinhe River burst and the south of the dike was flooded (Qianlong's "Wu Yang County Records" Volume 12).

[49] In the first year of Kangxi, it began to rain in autumn and August, and it rained for six days and nights. Qinshui overflowed, the canals expanded, and then dried up (Volume 7 of Dongming County Records of Kangxi).

[50] In the autumn and August of the first year of Kangxi, there was heavy rain and the river flooded ("Kangxi's Kaifeng Mansion Records" Volume 6).

[5 1] At the beginning of August of the first year of Kangxi, the Bianshui River flooded, the rain continued, the city walls were flooded for several feet, ships sailed in the four fields, and rural urban buildings collapsed (Kangxi's "Chenliu County Records" (Volume 38).

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[52] In the first year of Kangxi, the Yellow River flooded, boating in the wild, the autumn rain was tired for months, and the grain was seriously injured. It was not until the first month of the following year that wheat was planted (volume 12 of Fugou County Records by Daoguang).

[53] In the first year of Kangxi, there was heavy rain in Renyin (Volume 9 of Xiayi County Records of the Republic of China).

[54] In August of the first year of Kangxi, it rained for seven days and nights.

[55] In the autumn and August of the first year of Kangxi, it rained obscenity and poured people's houses, and it began to clear up after eight days and nights (Tongzhi's Qingfeng County Records, Volume II).

[56] In the first year of Kangxi, from August 19th to 25th, it rained for seven days and nights ("Kangxi Chaocheng County Records" Volume X).

[57] After August 14th of the first year of Kangxi, the rain came from a big river, and the water was flush with the Qixian levee. The governor of our hospital supervised the people, spared no effort, braved the wind and rain, and defended the builders for fifteen or sixteen days and nights (referring to the vicinity of Kaifeng, (Kang Xizhu's "River Prevention and Drainage", Volume 16).

[58] On August 15th of the first year of Kangxi, the river suddenly grew long, and it was rainy on 17th, 18th and 27th (referring to the vicinity of Cao County). The white waves of the great river are monstrous, and the wind is raging wildly. Its surging trend in the Wang Yang is several times that of the water that rose again in May (Volume 15 of Kangxi and Zhuzhihe Shushu).

[59] In August of the first year of Kangxi, it rained for ten days, and the house was half-tilted ("Ganlong Changzhi County Records" Volume 21).

[60] In May of the first year of Kangxi, as for autumn and September, Shahe definitely decided Xihua Hulu Bay and Shangshui Yangjia Bay, with a flat land of more than ten feet deep, few houses and no wheat (Xuan Tong's "Xiangcheng County Records" Volume 31).

[6 1] In August of the first year of Kangxi, the Yellow River flooded and flooded to the south, reaching the level of Shahe terrace. Xihua River must reach Hulu Bay, and Shangshui River must reach Yangjiawan. The two rivers intersect and there are countless floating houses. The city is not immersed in the third edition, and the river is definitely greater than this (Volume 10 of Gan Long Shangshui County Records).

[62] In the first year of Kangxi, there was a flood in summer and autumn, and the water overflowed in August ("Records of Huaiyang County in the Republic of China" Volume 8).

[63] (the first year of Kangxi) According to legend, the autumn rain continued, the Huanghuai River rose, the flood raged and burst its banks. ..... To the autumn flood, Huaiyang became Zeguo, looking at Wang Yang. Out of control (Kangxi Song Xi Zhi's "Prevention of River Dredging" Volume 16).

[64] In June of the first year of Kangxi, the Yellow River was fixed and Tianlu flooded. There is water in the north and south of the city on three sides, and it rained for more than a month, and the urban and rural areas collapsed (Volume I of Zhongmu County Records of the Republic of China).

[65] In July of the first year of Kangxi, it rained heavily, and Weishui was selfless. It was definitely 10 days when the water rose (Qianlong's Baoji County Records, Volume 16).

[66] (the first year of Kangxi) On the first day of May, the yellow water was steep at five feet and five inches, from Youshi to the second and third days of the month, and * * * was eight feet and five inches, so that the old time collapsed and the water entered the moon dike ... at the eastern end of Xindi, the boiling water was eighteen feet (referring to Shixiang Furnace in Cao Xian County) [Kangxi Zhu Xizhi]

[67] In May of the first year of Kangxi, Qin Huang was flooded, and Tianlu in the southeast had no livestock production (Volume XII of Daoguang's Wuzhi County Records).

[68] In June of the first year of Kangxi, the river decided to open the mouth of Huang Lian and flooded seven counties (Xiangfu, Zhongmou, Wu Yang, Qixian, Tongxu, Bian Wei and Fugou).

[69] In June of the first year of Kangxi, Yanhekou and Qinghe County were set by the river (Table 11 of Huai Chronology by Wu Tongju in the Republic of China).

[70] In June of the first year of Kangxi, he decided to go to Lizhai, Zhongmou and Wu Yang (Volume 6 of Guangxu Kaifeng County Records).

[7 1] In the first year of Kangxi, Wu, xiangfu, and Caoxian were settled in the river, and Shi Xiang Road Village was set as Jining Road and Xi 'an County, and the crevasses were made in Xiyanzhai, Danjiazhai, Shihe Post, Caijialou and Bianjialou in Henan (Biography of Song Dynasty Draft of Qing Dynasty).

[72] In July of the first year of Kangxi, Qinshui flooded into the Yu He River, flooding many people's fields ("Yu He River Continuation").

[73] In the autumn of the first year of Kangxi, the rain floated, the apricot tree mouth set the river, and the reed shed floated away ("Tongxu County Records").

[74] In the first year of Kangxi, Wuzhi Village was established ("Huai 'an Prefecture Records").

[75] In the first year of Kangxi, the Dragon Palace was set in a single county, and the Black Dragon Pool and Huanggang were also set ("Golden Mirror of Running Water").

[76] In the first year of Kangxi, the mouth of Mengjiawan in Suining entered the lake (Table 11 of Huai Chronology by Wu Tongju in the Republic of China).

[77] In the first year of Kangxi, the river overflowed Suqian, and the ancient city and Maoci Lake were silted up (Table 11 of Huai Nian Biao by Wu Tongju in the Republic of China).

[78] In August of the first year of Kangxi, the river flooded, and even after ten days of heavy rain, hundreds of hectares of autumn grain were flooded in the north of the embankment ("Kangxi's" Kaocheng County Records "Volume 4).

[79] On August 17, the first year of Kangxi, the river broke the mouth of the bull market, and the water was very large, and it collapsed into the city, the government and the house (the bull market was in Cao County) (Volume 3 of the "Yutai County Records" of Qianlong).

[80] In the first year of Kangxi, Ren Yin River was surrounded by dikes, and on August 23rd, Gaojiatang and Shuiwei County dikes were decided by the river (Kangxi's "Yanglan County Records" Volume III).

[8 1] In the first year of Kangxi, the river burst its banks and entered Hongze Lake. Wu Xu, a tributary of the South River, opened the Qiao Zhou Bridge at will, and the Yellow River flowed into Qingkou in reverse, breaking the dam, forming nine streams, the water of which was injected into Gaobao Lake, and the Gaoyou levee broke. After reading for seventeen years, I was treated again (Table 11 of Huai Nian Biao by Wu Tongju in the Republic of China).

[82] According to the original "Xiaotanxi on the South Bank of Wu", in the first year of Kangxi, the river was flooded and the river embankment was flush inside and outside. The breach of Xiaotanxi is four miles away from the river, but the river flows forward without sideways shooting, but the rolling beach water disturbs people (My Humble Opinion on River Management in Weiya Cui, Volume II).

[83] Wu Xiahe sealed the village, and Zhongmou Yellow River Yellow Practice set two places. Although the stopper is easy to apply, it must be worked day and night before the performance can be completed (when the flood occurred in August, the next seal and the yellow practice set were not sealed) (Kang Xizhu's "River Prevention and Drainage" Volume 14).

[84] After the autumnal equinox, the water rose sharply, and there were eight crevasses for ten people in the whole river (when there was a flood in August, the crevasse of Shixiang furnace was not blocked, and a lot of water ran away) (Kang Xizhu's "River Waterproofing and Drainage", Volume 15).

[85] After the autumn waters on both sides of the north and south banks were exhausted, resulting in disability, the river regime changed and new risks multiplied. ..... Near the south of the Yangtze River, peaches, lodging, Huai and Yang are all overflowing (volume 14 of Kang Xizhu's "Jiang Fang Shu").

[86] The Huaihe River and the Yellow River rise over the banks, and the west wind blows from time to time, and the roots are tender and even overflowing. ..... The water potential rose sharply, and diplomatic attacks were made on Nanbei Lake and Hanoi, but the earth embankment was suddenly stabbed, that is, the masonry cliff bank was not flooded. ..... Although all the spillway tunnels of the East Embankment have been opened, there are still six gaps except for the first time after falling into the water, and there is no long head and strong westerly wind passing along the embankment (Volume 16 of Kangxi Zhufang River Sparse).

[87] The autumn rain continued, the Huanghuai River rose, floods raged and burst its banks. ..... Qijiadi and other executions (Kang Xizhu's River Prevention and Dredging, Volume 16).

[88] This year (the first year of Kangxi), Yanghou was rampant. Since Xia Dong, the areas of Beizhi, Henan, Shandong and Jiangnan (now Jiangsu and Anhui) have been immersed in the sky all the time, and it has been reported repeatedly that they are pregnant with caves. For several months, although my lips are full, I missed four, and there is no such thing as a hundred rivers rising.

[89] In July of the first year of Kangxi, Qinshui River in Qixian County was flooded, and many people were immersed in the folk fields ("Tongzhi Henan Tongzhi" Volume 5).