What are the characteristics and distribution areas of all climate types in the world?

Also known as "equatorial rainy climate". Distributed between 5 ~ 10 on both sides of the equator. It is hot and rainy all year round, with an average monthly temperature of 25 ~ 28℃ and an annual precipitation of more than 2000 mm. The seasons are evenly distributed, and there is no dry season. It mainly appears in Amazon Plain in South America, Congo Basin and Gulf of Guinea in Africa, most parts of Malay Archipelago in Asia and southern Malay Peninsula. They are mainly distributed in Amazon river basin in South America, Congo river basin in Africa, Gulf of Guinea, southwest coast of Indian Peninsula in Asia, Malay Peninsula, west coast of Indochina Peninsula, Philippine Islands and Irian Island, and Oceania extends from Sumatra Island to New Guinea.

Mainly because of latitude factors:

1. solar radiation: the amount of solar radiation is within the range of100-180 kcal/cm * year. It's hot all year round. Areas with stronger solar radiation will become deserts.

2. Atmospheric circulation: located in the equatorial low-pressure area, the trade winds gather and converge and rise near the equator, and the water vapor contained in it is easy to form clouds and cause rainfall.

3. Land and sea influence. Tropical rainforests are located at the seaside or in large river basins, which makes them abundant in rainfall and small in temperature difference. Low terrain, suitable for rainforest growth.

4. Vegetation has a great influence on the transpiration of trees, which makes the environment more humid.

Second, the tropical grassland climate

Also known as tropical dry and wet season climate, prairie climate, tropical savanna climate, tropical sparse grassland climate. It is generally distributed between latitude 10 and the tropic of cancer, with most parts of Central Africa and South America and northern and eastern Brazil and Australia as typical examples. This kind of distribution area is located in the alternating control area of equatorial low pressure area and trade wind area. The annual temperature is high, and the annual average temperature is about 25℃. During the control period of equatorial low pressure zone, equatorial air mass prevails and precipitation is concentrated. During the trade wind control period, it is controlled by the tropical continental air mass, with little rain. The annual precipitation is generally 700- 1000 mm, and the dry season is obviously longer. Natural vegetation is tropical sparse grassland.

The characteristics of the tropical grassland climate are: when controlled by the equatorial low pressure zone, the rainy season is formed; When controlled by the trade winds, the dry season is formed. Its distribution law is between north and south latitudes 10 and the tropic of cancer. Students will have questions about this: "The moving range of equatorial low pressure belt is within latitude 10. How does it control the savanna climate? " Through analysis, we can summarize the reasons for this climate as follows:

? I. Monsoon types

In midsummer, in low latitudes (especially on the mainland), an equatorial westerly circulation is often inserted in the trade winds of the northern and southern hemispheres. Its formation, on the one hand, is due to the seasonal movement of the planetary wind belt; On the other hand, due to the heating effect of the mainland, the equatorial trough is strengthened on the mainland when it moves.

In the summer of the northern hemisphere (July), the southeast trade winds in the southern hemisphere deflect northward and cross the equator to the right, forming a southwest monsoon; In summer in the southern hemisphere (65438+ 10), the northeast trade winds in the northern hemisphere deflect southward and cross the equator to the left, forming the northwest monsoon. This phenomenon is most obvious in areas from Africa to the western Pacific via the Indian Ocean.

1, 10 N to 20 N are in Africa and southern North America.

? In summer, the two places were controlled by the warm and humid southwest monsoon, crossed the warm current and were lifted by the terrain. Moreover, due to the intersection of southwest monsoon and northeast trade wind, there is much convective rainfall and abundant precipitation, forming a wet season. In winter, the dry season is formed under the control of a single dry northeast trade wind.

2. Africa 10 south latitude to 20 south latitude and northern Australia.

? In summer, the two places are controlled by the warm and humid northwest monsoon. Due to the intersection of the northwest monsoon and the southeast trade wind, there is much convective rainfall and abundant precipitation, forming a wet season. In winter, dry season is formed under the control of a single dry southeast wind.

Second, the tropical front type.

In summer, in the eastern part of the vast tropical Pacific Ocean, the equatorial westerly wind is not obvious, and the warm and humid monsoon from the Pacific Ocean has little influence on the climate zone of the South American savanna because of the blocking of the tall Andes. The southwest monsoon and northwest monsoon from the land merge with the northeast trade wind and southeast trade wind from the tropical Atlantic Ocean and pass through the warm current, respectively, forming a tropical front, with more convective rainfall and humid climate.

The Guiana Plateau north of the equator, the Orinoco River basin and northern Colombia are wet and rainy from June to 10; In the interior of the Brazilian Plateau south of the equator, there is abundant precipitation from June 5438+00 to March of the following year, forming a rainy season. In winter, the two places are controlled by a single northeast trade wind and southeast trade wind respectively, which is dry and little rainy, forming a dry season.

Third, subtropical high type.

1, south of the South African Plateau (20-30 degrees south latitude)

June+10 in 5438 was the summer in the southern hemisphere, and a large-scale thermal depression was formed on the mainland. The warm and humid southeast trade winds blow across the warm current to the mainland, bringing more precipitation to the South African Plateau and forming a wet season.

It is winter in the southern hemisphere in July, and the average elevation of the South African Plateau is above 1 1,000 m.. Due to the high terrain and low temperature, a high pressure is formed in the southern part of the mainland, which is connected with the ocean high pressure in the east. Controlled by the subtropical high, downdraft prevails. Coupled with the existence of land high pressure, the influence of trade winds from the ocean is reduced, forming a dry season.

2. Southern Australia (30-32 degrees south latitude)

Due to the seasonal movement of the global pressure belt and wind belt, in summer (65438+ 10), the area was controlled by the southward subtropical high, and the downward flow prevailed, which made it dry and rainy, forming a dry season. Winter (July) is controlled by the humid west wind moving northward, forming a wet season.

Four. Vertical zonality type

Near the equator of the East African Plateau

The altitude of this area is over 3000 meters. Because of the high terrain, the temperature and precipitation conditions here have changed, and the climate is warm, so it is impossible to form a tropical rainforest climate. In summer, affected by the warm and humid southeast trade winds from the Indian Ocean and passing through the warm current, there is more precipitation, forming a wet season. In winter, controlled by a single dry trade wind, there is less precipitation and strong ground evaporation, forming a dry season.

5. Leeward slope type

Great watershed in western Australia and western Madagascar.

Because the two places are located on the leeward slope of the southeast trade wind and controlled by the subtropical high, the precipitation is less, but the dry and wet seasons are obvious, forming a tropical grassland climate.

To sum up, in summer, the tropical grassland climate zone between latitude 10 and tropic of Capricorn is affected by the equatorial convergence zone to some extent, and the location of this zone is generally the location of the equatorial low pressure zone, so it can also be said that it is controlled by the equatorial low pressure zone.

Third, the tropical desert climate

The tropical desert climate is mainly distributed in the inland areas where the Tropic of Cancer passes and the west coast of the mainland, with the Sahara desert in northern Africa being the most extensive.

1. The precipitation is small and the variability is large: Yasvin in the Sahara Desert of North Africa has a record of no rain for many years; In Allica, a desert in northern Chile, South America, there have been only three showers that can measure rainfall in a row 17 years, and the total amount of the three showers is only 0.5 1 cm, so the precipitation is very small. Iquiji, also located in the desert of northern Chile, has no rain for four consecutive years, but in the fifth year, a shower dropped by 65,438+05 cm, and in the second year, a shower record reached 63.5cm, showing great variability. Rainfall in tropical deserts is mostly explosive showers, which often cause serious soil erosion.

2. High temperature and large temperature difference: Due to less clouds, strong sunshine, insufficient vegetation coverage and low air humidity, the temperature rises extremely rapidly during the day. It is recorded that the temperature in North Africa is as high as 58℃. Generally, the average monthly temperature in summer is between 30℃ and 35℃, and the high temperature lasts for a long time. For example, in Aden, Arabian Peninsula, the monthly average temperature is above 30℃ for five months in a year. The desert is cooler at night, because there is no cloud all night, and the ground radiation is strong and the heat dissipation is fast. The lowest temperature at night is usually between 7℃ and 12℃, and there are also days of thin frost. The annual temperature difference is generally around 10℃~20℃, and the daily temperature difference is even larger, between 15℃~30℃. At a weather station south of Tripoli, North Africa, 1978,1February 25th, 978, it was recorded that the highest temperature in Jedaias was 37.2℃ during the day, but it dropped to the lowest temperature of -0.6℃ at night, and the daily temperature difference reached 37.8℃, which was really "wearing a fur coat in the morning and wearing yarn in the afternoon".

3. Strong evaporation and low relative humidity: Tropical desert climate has strong evaporation due to frequent cloudless, windy, strong sunshine, high temperature and low relative humidity. The possible evapotranspiration is 20 times or even about 100 times of precipitation. The relative humidity in the air is very small, and it often appears at about 2% in the Sahara desert of Egypt.

Tropical monsoon climate

The tropical monsoon climate is only found in South Asia, and there is no tropical monsoon climate in the southern hemisphere.

Features: high temperature all year round, divided into dry season and rainy season.

Causes: The summer monsoon is formed by the seasonal movement of the pressure belt and the wind belt-the southeast trade wind in the southern hemisphere crosses the equator and enters the northern hemisphere, and is deflected to the right by the geostrophic deflector to become the southwest monsoon. Therefore, the tropical monsoon climate is alternately controlled by southwest monsoon and northeast trade wind.

Winter is mainly caused by the temperature difference between land and sea.

The average temperature of tropical monsoon climate is Leng Yue > 15℃, the annual precipitation is between 1500 ~ 2000 mm, and the seasonal distribution is summer rain type.

Four. Subtropical climate type

Subtropical Mediterranean climate

Subtropical and temperate climate types. Named after the most typical Mediterranean coastal area. The most typical reason why the Mediterranean climate is distributed along the Mediterranean coast is that the Mediterranean climate is formed by the alternating control of westerly belts and subtropical high belts. Summer in the Mediterranean is controlled by the subtropical high, and the water temperature in the Mediterranean is lower than that on land, resulting in high pressure, which increases the influence of the subtropical high. In winter, the water temperature in the Mediterranean Sea is high, forming a low pressure, attracting the west wind, which greatly strengthens the influence of the west wind. It is distributed between 30 degrees and 40 degrees north latitude. It is also widely distributed, and it is the only climate type that exists in all continents except Antarctica.

Climatic characteristics:

Summer is hot and dry, with high temperature and little rain, and winter is mild and humid. The temperature is 5 ~ 10℃ in winter and 2 1 ~ 27℃ in summer. The annual precipitation is about 350 ~ 900 mm, which is concentrated in winter. Summer precipitation only accounts for 20 ~ 40% of the annual precipitation, and the maximum monthly precipitation is more than 3 times of the minimum monthly precipitation.

Reason:

In summer, controlled by subtropical high, the airflow sinks and there is little rain. In winter, the subtropical high moves to the low latitude, and the westerlies in this climate area have frequent cyclone activities and abundant precipitation. At the same time, the climate is mild and humid because the west wind blows from the warmer ocean in winter (the difference in thermal properties between land and ocean).

Subtropical monsoon humid climate

The subtropical monsoon humid climate is distributed on the east coast of the mainland at 25 ~ 35 north latitude, which is a zone where tropical marine air masses and polar continental air masses alternately control and compete with each other. 5438+ 10, the average temperature in June is generally above 0℃, and the average temperature in July is generally around 25℃, and the direction of Xia Feng changes obviously in winter. The annual precipitation is generally above 1000 mm, mainly in summer. This kind of climate is called subtropical monsoon climate in East Asia, and it is called subtropical monsoon humid climate in other areas because of more precipitation.

Subtropical grassland and desert climate

Subtropical grassland and desert climate are mainly distributed in the western part of the mainland and inland areas with latitude of 25 ~ 35. Their basic characteristics are similar to the tropical desert climate, which is dry all year round and hot in summer, but the temperature in winter is lower than that in tropical desert climate because of the slightly higher latitude.

Five, temperate climate types

Mid-latitude monsoon climate

The temperate monsoon climate appears on the east coast of Eurasia near 35 ~ 55 north latitude, including North China and Northeast China, most of Korea, northern Japan and parts of the Russian Far East. In winter, affected by the northerly winds in high latitudes inland, polar continental air masses prevail, which are cold and dry; In summer, influenced by polar ocean air mass or denatured tropical ocean air mass, southeast wind and southeast wind prevail, with warm, hot and rainy seasons. The annual precipitation is about 1 000mm, of which about two thirds is concentrated in summer (hot and rainy in summer and cold and dry in winter). There are four distinct seasons throughout the year and the weather is changeable. With the increase of latitude, the temperature amplitude in winter and summer increases correspondingly, while the precipitation decreases gradually.

Temperate continental climate

It is mainly distributed in the inland areas of Asia and Europe, North America and southern South America at 40 ~ 60 north latitude. Because it is far away from the ocean, the humid climate is difficult to reach, so it is dry and rainy, and the climate is very continental. The annual and monthly temperature differences are the highest among all climate types. Moreover, the closer to the center of the mainland, the drier it is, the greater the annual and daily temperature difference, and the transition of vegetation from forest to grassland and desert.

The temperate continental climate is located in the inland and the east coast of the mainland between 40 and 60-65 north latitude. Winter is controlled by continental climate, with the average temperature below 0℃ in Leng Yue in the south and close to -40℃ in the north. In the hottest month, the average temperature in the south is 26-27℃, and it is close to 20℃ in the north. The growing season is about 200 days in the south and only 50-70 days in the north. Belonging to this climate zone are: Northeast China, most parts of Siberia, most parts of Alaska and Canada, and the vicinity of the Great Lakes in the United States.

The generalized temperate continental climate includes temperate desert climate, temperate grassland climate and sub-frigid coniferous forest climate. The narrow concept will exclude the latter. It is very cold in winter, controlled by high pressure, and the lowest temperature reaches-73℃; In summer, the average temperature in July in the south reaches 26 ~ 27℃, and the highest temperature is 33℃, which is close to 20℃ in the north. The maximum annual change range is 62.3℃. Controlled by continental air masses throughout the year, precipitation increases from south to north (from west to east in North America), with annual precipitation below 200mm to about 400mm and 300-600 mm in the north. Natural vegetation from south to north, from temperate desert and temperate grassland, transits to subafrigid coniferous forest.

Temperate maritime climate

Located on the west coast of the mainland, 40 north latitude ~ 60 south latitude. Being in the westerlies all the year round, it is deeply influenced by the ocean air mass, and there is a warm current passing along the coast. There is no cold in winter and no heat in summer. The average temperature in Leng Yue is above 0℃, the hottest month is below 22℃, and the annual and daily temperature difference is small. There is precipitation all year round, especially in autumn and winter. The annual precipitation is above 1000mm, and the windward slope in mountainous areas can reach above 2000 ~ 3000 mm. This kind of climate is the most typical in western Europe, with the largest distribution area, and it is also distributed in the west coast of the American continent, Tasmania in Oceania and the corresponding latitudes of New Zealand.

Six, cold climate types

A cold tundra climate

It is distributed in the northern margin of North America and Eurasia (the south is connected with the continental climate of the sub-cold zone by the hottest month 10℃ isotherm), part of the coast of Greenland and several islands in the Arctic Ocean. In the southern hemisphere, it is distributed in Malvinas Islands, south shetland islands and South Orkney Islands. Its characteristics are: it is winter all year round, the average monthly temperature in a year is between 0 ~1~ April, and the winter is cold and long; The annual precipitation is about 200 ~ 300 mm, mainly snowfall; There is a layer of permafrost on the ground, only lichens, mosses and other low-level plants.

Cold zone ice sheet climate

It is distributed in and around the polar regions, including Greenland, several islands in the Arctic Ocean and the ice sheet plateau of the Antarctic continent. This is the birthplace of the ice ocean air mass and the Antarctic air mass. It stays in a state of long night all winter. Although summer is like spring all the year round, the sunshine is oblique and the heat gained is weak, so the climate is cold all the year round, and the temperature in each month is below 0℃. The Antarctic continent has an average annual temperature of -25℃, which is the coldest continent in the world. 1967, the absolute minimum temperature measured by Norwegians was -94.5℃, which was called the "cold pole" in the world. Most of the ground is covered with thick ice and snow, and there are many cold storms, which make it difficult for plants to grow.

Alpine plateau climate

The alpine plateau climate is distributed in the alpine plateau areas of all continents, mainly including the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and its surrounding mountains (Karakorum, Himalayas, Hengduan Mountains, etc. ), Pamirs and its surrounding areas, Alps in Europe, Andes in South America and Kilimanjaro in East Africa. The temperature decreases with the increase of height, and the vertical change is significant. From bottom to top, there are tropical zone, subtropical zone, temperate zone, sub-frigid zone and permanent snow zone, which reflects a complete spectrum of climatic zones.