Ecology of main producing areas in the world and its wine types

Most of the producing areas at the northern foot of Tianshan Mountain are alluvial plains or flood plains, which gradually slope from south to north, flat and open, with small topographic relief and large slope, and the altitude is below 1200m. The soil-forming parent material is mainly alluvial material, containing gravel and sand. Fine soil particles, loose soil and strong water permeability are beneficial to the growth and development of grape roots. The soil belongs to brown desert soil, grey desert soil and fluvo-aquic soil, which is rich in calcium, with deep soil layer, organic matter content ranging from 0.2% to 0.8%, total nitrogen 1.3 mg/g, available phosphorus 5 mg/g, available potassium 348 mg/g, available boron 4.3 mg/g, available iron 3.34 mg/g and available molybdenum 0.3 mg/g.

2. Climatic conditions

(1) Temperature and light: It belongs to a typical arid desert climate in the middle temperate zone, with an annual average temperature of 6-8℃ and the lowest temperature below -25℃ in winter, so it is necessary to bury it in the ground for cold protection; Rich in heat resources, the active accumulated temperature (≥ 10℃) is above 3300℃, the daily temperature difference is above 20℃, the annual sunshine hours are above 2800 hours, the growth period from April to September is above 1600 hours, and the frost-free period is about 160 days. Longer sunshine time and sufficient heat play an important role in grape flower bud formation, yield and quality, especially in August-September, long sunshine, high heat and large temperature difference are beneficial to grape pigment formation and sugar accumulation, which makes berries darker in color and higher in sugar content.

⑵ Precipitation: The northern foot of Tianshan Mountain is located at the edge of the desert, with little rain. The annual precipitation is about 1.90mm, which requires artificial irrigation. Its adverse effect is to increase the production cost, but less precipitation reduces the field humidity, which is not conducive to the occurrence and spread of pests and diseases, reduces the frequency and dosage of drugs, and reduces pesticide pollution. It doesn't rain during the ripening period of grapes, which is beneficial to the harvest and processing of grapes. Artificial irrigation can also be adjusted freely according to the water demand of grape growth, so as to achieve the purpose of high quality, high yield and stable yield.

⑶ Hydrothermal coefficient and photothermal index: Davitaia, a scholar in the former Soviet Union, thought that the monthly precipitation in the first three months of grape berry ripening was less than 100mm, and the K value of hydro-thermal coefficient was less than 1.5, which was the same feature in the world famous wine producing areas; French scholar Branas pointed out that the cultivation quality of a certain variety in a certain area depends on its light and heat conditions. The minimum photo-thermal index I(Rt) required for grape growth is 2.6, 2.6-2.8 for early-maturing varieties and >: 4.5 for late-maturing varieties. According to the analysis, the hydrothermal coefficient of the northern foot of Tianshan Mountain in Xinjiang is less than 0.6, and the I(Rt) value is 5.85-6.09, which is an ideal producing area for producing high-quality grapes and wines in China.

(4) Wind damage: It is windy all the year round in the grape producing area at the northern foot of Tianshan Mountain in Xinjiang, but it is windy for few days, mostly before the grapes are unearthed in spring, which is basically harmless to grape growth; Breeze in the growing season can promote the exchange of air in vineyards, enhance transpiration, improve light conditions and photosynthesis, help grape pollination and fertilization, and reduce the harm of high temperature. At the same time, it can also reduce the humidity of the vineyard and reduce the harm of pests and diseases.

(5) Freezing injury and hail disaster: the northern foot of Tianshan Mountain in Xinjiang belongs to the buried cultivation area, and the suitable time for grape mining is in late April, and the final frost period is before May 1 (the guarantee rate is above 90%), when the grapes have not yet spread their leaves; The first frost period is after 10.05 (the guarantee rate is above 90%). At this time, the grapes have been basically harvested, but they have not been buried. Generally speaking, grapes in the northern foot of Tianshan Mountain are in danger of frost every year, and some areas are vulnerable to hail in some years. Preventing natural disasters is a more important task for vineyards. It is necessary to pay attention to the configuration of windbreak belts, plant varieties with strong adaptability, reasonably control the load, strengthen the management of water, fertilizer and trees, and at the same time improve the forecast and prevention of disaster weather and reduce losses.

3. Water resources

The grape producing area at the northern foot of Tianshan Mountain in Xinjiang, with annual precipitation 170-230mm and annual evaporation 1700-2200mm, belongs to oasis irrigated agricultural area. There are several rivers that originate in Tianshan Mountain, such as Toutun River, Manas River and Taxi River. Its irrigation water is pure Tianshan snow water or groundwater, which is pollution-free and has favorable conditions for producing green grape raw materials; According to the law of water demand for grape growth, artificial irrigation is less affected by natural precipitation, and it is easy to maintain high quality and stable yield of grapes.

4. Air quality

The grape producing areas at the northern foot of Tianshan Mountain in Xinjiang are far away from cities and industrial areas, and there are basically no industrial pollution sources around them, so the air quality is excellent.

5. Pests and diseases

High temperature and little rain in summer in the grape producing area at the northern foot of Tianshan Mountain in Xinjiang are not conducive to the occurrence and development of pests and diseases; Winter is cold and dry, and it is difficult for all kinds of pests and diseases to overwinter in the field environment, so the harm of pests and diseases is light, pesticides are rarely used, and the quality of grapes is excellent.

6. Main wine grape varieties

Red grape varieties: Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Mei Jia, Syrah, Farang, Black Pi Nuo and Late Red Honey;

White grape varieties: Chardonnay, Riesling, Guirenxiang, White Pi Nuo, Shiraz and Baiyuni;

Dyed grape variety: Yanqisan.