Why does the groundwater level in the north drop?

The main reason is drought. Drought causes people to over-exploit groundwater, which will decline if it is not replenished.

Since the end of 2003, Xuwen has suffered from a once-in-a-century drought, and10.5 million villagers have difficulty drinking water, and a bumper harvest has been achieved by digging wells to control the drought. However, more than10,000 small mechanical wells have caused the groundwater level to drop significantly.

Since the end of 2003, xuwen county, which is located in Leizhou Peninsula, has suffered from a once-in-a-century drought.

At present, 6.5438+0.5 million people in more than 20 villages are seriously short of water, and some cultivated land is abandoned; The living water storage capacity of county residents can only be barely maintained for 4 months.

Surprisingly, xuwen county got a bumper harvest in the drought year. In 2005, the balance ratio of urban and rural residents' savings deposits in the county increased by 1997/46.9%. In 2004, when the drought was the worst, xuwen county's four main economic indicators jumped to the top of five counties (cities) in Zhanjiang.

However, with the bumper harvest, the groundwater level dropped greatly. In order to fight drought, xuwen county has drilled more than 0.6 million motor wells/kloc-0, of which 99% are small-caliber motor wells for pumping shallow groundwater. In Aibo village, controlling drought by drilling wells and planting fruits and vegetables in dry years have achieved a bumper harvest, and the groundwater level has dropped the most. In February this year, the groundwater level decreased by11.3m compared with the same period of last year.

"pumping a lot of groundwater in Leizhou Peninsula is tantamount to exhausting resources and fishing." "There is no way to drill wells." According to the investigation, some wells have gradually dried up, and the groundwater in some coastal villages has become salty due to the decline of groundwater fresh water level and seawater intrusion, which will make the land unusable.

People concerned hope to transfer water from Nandu River to alleviate the drought in Xuwen, and the provincial finance will subsidize farmers' water prices.

Xu Wen: Ten years and nine droughts

Leizhou Peninsula is a region with frequent droughts in history, especially in xuwen county, where there are often nine droughts in ten years.

Experts believe that the drought in Leizhou Peninsula is mainly due to the uneven distribution of rainfall. Affected by tropical monsoon from May to June, there is abundant rainfall, but there is less rainfall in winter and spring, which is easy to form drought in winter and spring. In addition, due to the influence of topography, the peninsula lacks high mountains, so it is difficult to form a front and lacks the basic conditions for rainfall. The main reason for the severe drought in recent years is that there are few typhoons, and there is no rainstorm brought by typhoons, so that the rainfall in May is scarce-10.

According to the meteorological department, in recent years, the rainfall belt has moved northward, causing drought in Guangdong Province.

On March 7, 2006, the swamp near the pond, the water level over the waist became a distant myth. Children who have just left school are playing in the fields. They easily put their tender arms into the cracked holes in the ground. Tan Bo pointed to a piece of land in his home and said that all the seedlings planted last year died. This year, there are no seeds at all.

"June 5438+065438+1October 19, 2003", Tan Bo, who is in his fifties, always remembers this day, because there has never been a decent rain in Mumian Village since that day, and his crops have not been harvested for two years, including a paddy field that has not been sown for two years. Since the end of 2003, xuwen county, located at the southernmost tip of Chinese mainland, has experienced a once-in-a-century drought.

This is the worst drought in xuwen county in recorded history. Grandparents older than Tambo have only heard of the drought in 1902. According to xuwen county County Records, the 1902 drought lasted for 238 days, causing most residents in xuwen county to abandon their homes and flee.

From September 2, 2004 to May 3, 2005, there was no "soaking rain" in xuwen county for 248 consecutive days, breaking the highest drought days recorded in history, and this drought has not been alleviated so far. Since 2006, the rainfall in the county is only 8. 1 mm, which is 6 1% less than normal. Tan Bo's 90-year-old aunt said, "It's always dry here, but it never lasts so long."

Encounter a severe drought

Xuwen10.5 million people have difficulty drinking water.

The sadness caused by drought is written on the faces of villagers in kapok village.

"Clear springs come and go, and there is no ancient and modern water moon." After more than 300 years, the Xiatang (the name of the pond) in Mumian Village was rich, and the pond on which the whole village relied for drinking water finally spit out the last sip of water in 2004 and dried up completely. In order to find memories, the old people in the village set up such a stone tablet by the dry pond.

"Because of the drought, the village abandoned more than 400 mu of paddy fields, 1000 mu of sloping land." Village head Tan said to him. He said that there are only more than 2,000 acres of sloping land in the village, and half of them are abandoned.

For kapok village, abandoning farming is the second thing. The most important thing for them now is the drinking water problem of 1300 villagers. Like Tambo's family, after the pond dried up, every household relied on its own well to supply water for daily life. But after 2004, the wells gradually dried up, and now there is no water. Tan Bo said: "This is because the wells are more than 20 meters deep. Now the groundwater level has dropped, and there is no water for more than 20 meters. "

There are six or seven mechanical wells with a depth of about 100 meters about 2 kilometers east of the village, which is also the only water source that can pump water in the village. Originally it was specially used to irrigate the hillside, but now it has become the only source of domestic water for the villagers.

At the entrance of the village, a mature villager is standing on an agricultural vehicle and scooping water from a big black plastic bucket into a basin with a spoon. He held an inclined bucket in one hand and a ladle in the other, and his whole arm went deep into the bottom of the bucket, which was exaggerated. Tan Bo said, "You see, that's how the water we use for cooking comes from."

Because the water source is far away, it is troublesome and time-consuming. Tan Bo pointed to his clothes and said that he didn't remember how long it was. A group of young people around the village smiled and said to the reporter, "I finally know how to save it."

Village head Tan didn't expect the drought to last so long. He always thought that the drought would pass early. Until the beginning of the year, he finally couldn't wait. He submitted a report on drilling wells to the town government. He said: "Our whole village is waiting to solve the drinking water first!"

The difficulty of drinking water is only manifested in "long water source, long time consumption and poor water quality" for the time being. A person in charge of the village said that solving drinking water is the most urgent problem in Mumian Village, but in deeper places, the villagers are more worried about the irrigation of cultivated land. Although there is basically no gain in the past two years, you can persist because of the accumulated capital, but the capital will always be eaten up.

I heard that the reporter came to report on the drought. Tan Bo and more than 30 villagers led reporters to introduce inside and outside the village, and some people came by motorcycle. Many people didn't say anything to reporters, just followed silently, and their eyes were full of melancholy.

The local people think that xuwen county is "drought-free" (there is no drought on the surface), but the reporter walked in the countryside, between young crops and forest belts, and found that there are not a few villages that are seriously short of water, such as Kapok Village. Hou Deyao, deputy secretary of the county party committee, said that about 20 such villages have the most difficulty in drinking water.

Hou Deyao introduced that there are more than 280 villages with drinking water difficulties in the county so far, and about10.5 million people in the county have drinking water difficulties; Abandoning 20,000 mu; 586,000 mu of affected farmland (2.4 million mu of total cultivated land); So far, 1.3 million mu has no water to plant seedlings in the field, and 1.2 million mu of sloping land lacks water. No one can calculate the extent of the damage caused by the drought.

More seriously, the storage capacity of the reservoir is only 47.978 million cubic meters, which is far lower than the demand of 65.438+0.8 billion cubic meters in normal years. Agricultural production can only release 23.728 million cubic meters of water. The storage capacity of Shantang Reservoir is only 3 million cubic meters, 80% less than normal. 1 1 1 Small reservoirs are dry or have no culverts, and 47 mountain ponds are dry. Except for the reservoir in the Northern Song Dynasty, most of the six large reservoirs are below the dead capacity.

Get a bumper harvest

Digging wells to grow melons and vegetables has greatly increased income.

Because of nine droughts in ten years, xuwen county is the county with the worst drought in Leizhou Peninsula. Until the 1990s, there was a jingle: Leizhou is pulling weeds in dry land, Lianjiang has a look (meaning "things"), Wuchuan relies on individuals, Suixi is a sugarcane boy, and Xu Wen is poor and has ghosts.

However, the result of this drought was unexpected-in 2005, the income ratio of some villagers increased by more than 3,000 yuan 1997, and the balance ratio of savings deposits of urban and rural residents in the county increased by 1997/46.9%. In 2004, when the drought was the worst, xuwen county's four main economic indicators jumped to the top of five counties (cities) in Zhanjiang.

According to the data of xuwen county in 2005, during the winter planting period, the vegetable prices of Xuwen North Transfer Project are generally optimistic. The balance of residents' deposits in Qujie Town of Boluo Town was 320 million yuan, an increase of 62% compared with 654.38+97 billion yuan in the same period of 2004. In winter, there are many growers who earn hundreds of thousands of yuan in melons and vegetables; There are more than 20 households in Lingshangong Village, Nanshan Town, and the income from planting melons and vegetables in winter is 65,438+10,000 yuan ... The average income per mu of winter melons and vegetables in the county is 6,000 yuan.

In 2005, Xu Wen predicted that the total agricultural output value was 2.924 billion yuan, an increase of 86.9% compared with156.4 billion yuan in 1997. The per capita net income of farmers was 4,734 yuan, an increase of 89,438+0% compared with 2,503 yuan in 1997; The balance of savings deposits of urban and rural residents was 3.264 billion yuan, an increase of 65.438+0.46% compared with 65.438+322 billion yuan in197. Urban and rural savings deposits have increased by double digits for eight consecutive years.

Huang, secretary of the county party Committee, summed up the reasons for increasing farmers' income as follows: controlling water and drought, adjusting agricultural structure, introducing improved varieties and developing efficient agriculture. He Hui, director of the county agricultural bureau, added: Look for the seasonal differences of vegetables and fruits (planting and selling in the northern unproductive season) and develop the sales and circulation market. In the wholesale market of vegetables and fruits in xuwen county, only Huang, secretary of the county party committee, didn't see Taiwanese cars and Tibetan brands from other provinces-vegetables or fruits came.

"If it is before 1998, someone will definitely escape!" Fang, director of xuwen county Water Conservancy Bureau, said.

According to him, there are 6 towns in eastern xuwen county and 9 towns in central and western China. According to county records, in the year of drought, farmers from the central and western regions went to the east to beg for food every time, but this time the situation was completely different: in recent years, the income of farmers in the central and western regions increased by more than 3,000 yuan, and the income of farmers in the east increased rapidly, but it was not as good as that of villages in the central and western regions on the whole and was more affected by drought. He said that the kapok village in the east is the typical village that suffered the most, and the Bo 'ai village in the middle is the typical village for increasing farmers' income (Bo 'ai village is also the typical village with the worst actual drought).

Aibo village has more than 6500 mu of cultivated land, which belongs to Gaotaipo. Baked in the hot sun for many years, commonly known as "burning slope." Before 1998, the village mainly planted inefficient crops such as sugarcane and cow hair, and the annual output value per mu was only from 500 yuan to 700 yuan. Large areas of "burning slopes" have been abandoned for a long time, and villagers have flocked to the outside to work and do small businesses to make a living.

From 1998, when the "Water Improvement and Drought Relief" project was implemented in Guangdong Province, Boai Village, with the financial support of the government, drilled machine wells, and some "burned slopes" had water. The drought began in 2003, and even the best rice fields in the village could not find enough water for irrigation. The county government advocates the villagers in the county to plant drought-tolerant cash crops. Aibo village has planted a large area of green peppers and bananas. One year later, the output value of one mu of rice was only 2,000 yuan, and now the output value of green peppers and bananas is 7,000 yuan, which has exceeded 1 10,000 yuan this year.

From 65438 to 0998, the per capita income of Aibo Village was only 1800 yuan, which reached 4800 yuan in 2005, but this year, it has achieved an unprecedented bumper harvest. Wu Sheng, a 36-year-old villager in Bo 'ai Village, earned a net profit of more than 200,000 yuan from 28 mu of land this year. This is the first time he has obtained such benefits on the land. "Dahongpao Chili 4 yuan is a catty!" Wu Sheng couldn't hide his joy and kept repeating this unprecedented astronomical figure. "In the year of drought, the people did not flee, but became rich!" He Hui said seriously.

Dig a well

Income increases and water level decreases.

On March 8, 2006, at the request of a central media, the staff of the Ministry of Information of xuwen county were preparing related publicity materials for the new rural construction. He Hui, director of the Agricultural Bureau, said: "Our agricultural benefits rank first in the province." County Agriculture Bureau was identified by the Ministry of Agriculture as the third batch of national pilot units for comprehensive agricultural development, and xuwen county is also an advanced county for comprehensive agricultural development in the province.

Talking about the net income of more than 200,000 yuan in the first year, Wu Sheng of Boai Village said with a smile that he was only a middle-income person in the village.

He has just contracted another 20 acres of land. "If I have enough funds, I am willing to contract all the abandoned land in the next village." Wu Sheng said, "At least you won't lose money on crops!"

Wu Shengzheng is anxious about the newly contracted wells of more than 20 mu of land, which also makes him extremely anxious. He has been to the rural power station six times and has never got an accurate answer. The land he contracted has no wires. Without wires, it is impossible to drill wells and pump water. He calculated that if the diesel engine is used to pump water, the daily diesel cost will be at least higher than that of 50 yuan. For the unpredictable agricultural products market, it is a great adventure to replace electricity with diesel.

"Be sure to drill a well!" For Vu Thang today, nothing is more important than drilling wells. He is going to plant bananas on these newly contracted lands, but there are no wells, so he has to continue to leave these lands idle-although he has paid the contract fee for each mu of 400 yuan.

"The bumper harvest in these years depends on the well!" The deputy secretary of the Youth Village Branch of Aibo Village was expressionless when talking about this machine. Since Boai Village 1998, 534 large, medium and small diameter motor wells have been drilled. These mechanical wells are attached to this originally arid land like schistosomiasis, trying to suck up the blood of the earth.

This young man in his twenties is considering digging all the wells in the village again-because the previous wells have dried up, the groundwater can no longer be pumped, and a number of new wells have to be dug. According to the groundwater observation table at xuwen county 16, the groundwater level in Aibo Village in February 2006 was lower than that in February 200511.3m.

Aibo village is a village with the most serious water level decline, and the rapid increase of villagers' income is also typical of this county. With the rapid increase of villagers' income, groundwater is also decreasing at the same rate.

In 2005, more than 4,400 small and medium-sized motorized wells (including deepening) were newly drilled in xuwen county, and the number of motorized wells in the county reached 1.6 million.

"Xuwen's agricultural development mainly depends on wells," said Huang, secretary of the county party committee. "Nothing is more suitable for Xuwen's development than drilling wells."

"There is no way to drill a well." He Hui said: "People can't be allowed to beg any more!" Xuwen county has a total population of 680,000, and the agricultural population accounts for 80% of the total population.

worry

99% of pumping wells draw shallow groundwater.

"The drought is not terrible, and it is necessary to thoroughly control the deep water well." Huang thinks so.

According to the investigation of relevant departments, the groundwater in some coastal villages has become salty to varying degrees.

A department leader explained that fresh groundwater and seawater were originally in balance with each other, but now pumping groundwater makes the fresh water level drop, and seawater will flow backwards, making the land unusable.

"We now encourage drilling large-diameter wells, that is, wells over 200 meters." Huang said, "Shallow water can't be pumped more, which will have an impact on the surface ecology."

There are more than 6000 mobile wells/kloc-0 in xuwen county, of which only 146 are large-diameter deep wells, and the deepest part reaches 416m.

According to the survey, most of the villagers' wells are concentrated in small caliber. The depth of the small-caliber motor well is about 70-150m, and it does not penetrate the underground strata, so all the shallow groundwater is extracted.

A few years ago, the province subsidized 2,000 yuan for small-caliber motor wells and 60,000 yuan for large-caliber ones. Now that water improvement and drought relief are over, it is almost up to the villagers to dig wells. According to the introduction of xuwen county Water Conservancy Bureau, the cost of a large-caliber well with a depth of about 200 meters is about 200,000 yuan, which is not a small sum for farmers. Wu Sheng, a villager, said that he could not afford to drill such a deep well, but he still drilled a small-caliber mechanical well with a depth of about 100 meter.

In kapok village in the east of Xuwen, drinking water and irrigation are very difficult, and villagers expect government subsidies to drill wells. Village head Tan said that the report has been handed in, and the villagers rely on small-caliber wells for irrigation, hoping to have two large-caliber motor wells to meet the drinking water of the whole village.

According to the geological investigation of Hydrogeology Engineering Geology Brigade of Provincial Geological Survey, the annual recharge of groundwater in Leizhou Peninsula is 7.57 billion cubic meters. The exploitable resources amount to 4.9 billion cubic meters/year, which exceeds 65,438+00% of the total exploitable groundwater resources in the province. At present, its exploitation amount is about 700 million cubic meters per year, which is only 1/7 of the exploitable resources. The middle and deep groundwater has good water quality, is not easy to pollute, is convenient to mine and is less affected by climate. There are also abundant underground fresh water resources in the deep underground of the coastal islands of Leizhou Peninsula.

Therefore, Huang is not worried about the recovery of groundwater. He is considering setting up a well-drilling company (drilling large-caliber machine wells), and the government will give him corresponding financial subsidies to operate in a company, which will be responsible for drilling wells and selling water to villagers. It will not be established until the second half of the year at the earliest.

In 2005, the county financial investment in drought relief was 6.5438+0.8 million yuan, and this year it is expected to be 3 million yuan. In 2005, xuwen county's fiscal revenue was about 654.38+0.02 billion yuan.

There are also different understandings about exploiting fresh water in the middle and deep underground. Some people worry that if the pumping amount is greater than the recharge amount, the groundwater level in the middle and deep layers will still drop. If it continues, it is hard to say that it is harmless.

"pumping a large amount of groundwater in Leizhou Peninsula is tantamount to exhausting the river and fishing." Wu Dui, chief engineer of provincial weather modification office, thinks.

At present, there is no scientific evidence that Xuwen's massive exploitation of groundwater will definitely affect the water cycle and worsen the drought, and there is no evidence that groundwater is inexhaustible. This has also become the focus of the drought-resistant debate in Leizhou Peninsula.

However, as we all know, pumping shallow groundwater is definitely harmful. The current situation in xuwen county is that 99% of pumping wells are pumping shallow groundwater.

Rocket artillery

Artificial precipitation depends on weather and money.

In the middle and late March of 2006, according to satellite analysis, it is very likely that it will rain.

What Li needs is to wait. As early as February 28th, a successful artificial rainfall made Li have confidence in himself. As the director of Xuwen Meteorological Bureau, he was "impressed" by the rainfall for the first time. At 6: 30 the next morning, the deputy secretary of the county party Committee called to congratulate, followed by the county party secretary.

Although the rainfall range is only in five townships including the county seat, "my mobile phone was almost blown up that day!" "Still very excited to recall what happened that day. The director of Xia Qiao Sugar Factory said to him, "It's gold, not rain"-the sugar cane their factory needs is waiting for rain.

"Many people are calling for rain these days. I said that this is a matter of god's help and human efforts. No one can do anything without thick clouds and water vapor content. "

This is the first soaking rain this year. At least some villagers have planted seeds in the fields, and more rain is needed next.

"Since June 5438+065438+1October 19, 2003, the monthly rainfall has been less," Li said. There are still 6.5438+0.3 million mu of paddy fields that cannot be transplanted, and the drought-affected area is 586,000 mu.

Where is the rain? Everyone is nervous, including Li. Last year, they artificially increased rainfall 13 times and fired 80 shells, only twice. Many people laugh that "the shell almost shot down the plane, but the rain didn't come down" (over xuwen county, more than 400 planes pass by every day), and some people laugh that the shell that rained in xuwen county hit and the rain fell on Hainan Island.

People once questioned the feasibility of artificial precipitation enhancement, and this doubt has been maintained until today. This year, the county gave them 20,000 yuan for artificial precipitation enhancement, while Li's prediction was 65,438+10,000 yuan.

Li also has his own explanation. Last year, they received orders from the city leaders that they would rather waste shells than miss any possible opportunity. In cloudy weather, they threw 80 shells into the sky. Last year was also the first artificial rainfall in xuwen county, with 200,000 guns and shells, 50,000 enterprises and 50,000 governments.

The conditions for artificial precipitation enhancement are harsh. Although it can't completely solve the drought in xuwen county, it is a timely help to alleviate the drought.

hope

Financial subsidy for water transfer in Nandujiang River

"Due to the special situation in xuwen county, the Meteorological Bureau and the Water Resources Bureau are very important units." A government worker said. Just as Li was actively preparing for the second artificial precipitation enhancement this year, the director of the Water Resources Bureau was walking on thin ice.

"If it doesn't rain in June this year, my director will resign." Fang said very seriously.

He, director of the Water Resources Bureau, is worried about three things now.

If it doesn't rain in June, the domestic water consumption of county residents is the biggest problem. Dashuiqiao Reservoir is the only water supply reservoir in this county. Although the pumping irrigation of surrounding farmers has stopped, emergency channels have been built and water prices have increased, the current water storage capacity can only be barely maintained for four months.

Rural residents have difficulty drinking water. There are more than 20 villages that are seriously short of water, such as kapok village. To solve their problems, at least 3-4 million yuan is needed. The Water Conservancy Bureau hasn't heard from them. It seems that they are waiting for the rain supply.

If it does not rain in June, agriculture will be greatly affected this year.

He Hui, the county agricultural director, thought for a long time. He thinks it's time to consider regulating the water in Nandu River: "This may be a better way to solve the drought in xuwen county."

The information he got from the water conservancy department was that the water transfer from Nandujiang to Xuwen was nearly 100 kilometers, and it had to go through more than two levels of irrigation. It is preliminarily predicted that the capital will be more than 654.38+0 billion yuan.

Now more people are worried about the use of water after it is pumped. Due to the rising water price caused by irrigation, a cubic meter of water will reach a high price of several dollars. "Who can afford such a price?" Many local leaders questioned.

"We can consider provincial financial subsidies to reduce farmers' water prices. Our province can afford to subsidize this. He Hui said, "You can also consider solar irrigation. It is said that CUHK has successfully studied the use of solar energy for irrigation. "

He Hui deeply regrets that the water from Nandujiang flowed into the sea in vain. He also heard that the water level of the river has never dropped.