Traditional Culture Encyclopedia - Weather forecast - The main elements contained in petroleum
The main elements contained in petroleum
Basic information
Chinese name
petroleum
English name
Oil; Petroleum [1]
Another name
Crude oil [2]
spell
Xiyou
Main producing areas
Middle East, Europe and Eurasia, Africa, Central and South America, North America and Asia Pacific [2]
major constituent
Mainly carbon, hydrogen, sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen and so on. , in the form of alkanes, cycloalkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons [1]
Distribution area
Oil is stored in the upper crust [3], mostly distributed in lowlands and basins, such as intermountain basins, coastal and offshore continental shelves. [4]
Applied industry
Petroleum products are used as solvent oil, fuel oil and lubricating oil, and petrochemical products are used to synthesize plastics, synthetic fibers and rubber [5][4].
colour
There are red, gold, dark green, black, brownish red and even transparent [6]
transparency
Transparent to opaque [6]
water-solubility
Petroleum is insoluble in water, soluble in organic solvents such as benzene, ether and carbon tetrachloride, and partially soluble in alcohol. [ 1]
density
0.8 ~ 0.98g/cm3 [7]
Oil, known as the "blood of industry", is the most important energy source in the world today, the fossil fuel second only to coal, and the important raw material of modern organic chemical industry. [5] Petroleum is not only used as fuel, but also as solvent and lubricant to produce paraffin and asphalt. [5] The petrochemical industry can also produce thousands of chemical products, such as plastics, synthetic fibers, synthetic rubber, synthetic detergents, dyes, medicines, pesticides, explosives and fertilizers. [ 1]
major feature
mineral composition
Petroleum is a mixture of hydrocarbons containing 1~50 carbon atoms. Its main components are carbon (83%~87%) and hydrogen (1 1%~ 14%), and it also contains a small amount of sulfur (0.06%~0.8%). These elements exist in the form of hydrocarbons and their derivatives, including alkanes (such as methane and butane) and olefins (such as methane and butane). From the average composition of petroleum dissolved in natural gas, chain hydrocarbons account for about 53%, cyclic hydrocarbons account for about 3 1%, and aromatic hydrocarbons account for about 16%. Some oils may also contain trace nonmetallic elements such as chlorine, iodine, arsenic, phosphorus and silicon, trace metal elements such as iron, vanadium, nickel, copper, magnesium, titanium, cobalt and zinc, and insoluble water. [5][ 10][ 1][9]
Physical and chemical characteristics
Petroleum is usually a flowing or semi-flowing viscous liquid, which exists in liquid form when buried in underground reservoirs, and still exists in liquid or semi-solid form under the conditions of surface pressure and mixed state. [7][ 1] Because of different producing areas, even different producing layers in the same producing area, the properties of oil products such as color, density, viscosity and freezing point are quite different. [7][3] The main components of petroleum are: oiliness (which is its main component), colloid (a viscous semi-solid substance), asphaltene (dark brown or black brittle solid substance) and carbon. [3] Oil is very rich in color, including red, golden yellow, dark green, black, brownish red and even transparent. Its color is the content of its own gum and asphaltene, and the higher the content, the darker the color. [6] Petroleum generally has a special smell, and its relative density is generally 0.8 ~ 0.98. The freezing point of petroleum varies from 30℃ higher to -50℃ lower. [7] Its boiling point ranges from normal temperature to above 500℃. [9] Oil is insoluble in water, but it can form emulsion with water; Soluble in organic solvents, such as benzene, ether, carbon tetrachloride, etc. , partially soluble in alcohol. [1][3] The fundamental reason why the appearance and physical properties of petroleum are different is that their chemical compositions are not exactly the same. [9]
Petroleum is flammable [3], its standard fuel coefficient is 1.4286, and its average low calorific value is 4 1.87 MJ/kg. [ 1]
cause
The origin of oil is of great theoretical significance to the exploration of oil and gas resources, and people have been studying it. However, it is difficult to study the origin of oil because of its complex composition and fluidity. Human beings have put forward various hypotheses, which have been constantly tested, revised and perfected in practice. These hypotheses can be roughly divided into two schools: inorganic genesis and organic genesis. [ 10]
Organic genetic theory
According to the theory of petroleum organic genesis, most substances in petroleum are gradually transformed from organic matter (especially the remains of lower animals and plants) preserved in rocks through long-term and complex physical and chemical changes. [ 10]
Schematic diagram of petroleum formation process
In ancient times, a large amount of organic matter was carried by running water to low-lying lakes or basins. Due to gravity, organic matter sinks to the bottom of the water and is isolated from the air. A large amount of soil, sand and other minerals flowed into the land, which quickly buried the living things and formed a reducing environment. With the movement of the earth's crust, the pressure and temperature rise continuously, and at the same time, under the action of bacteria, pressure, temperature and other factors, the organic sludge in the reducing environment is compacted and solidified into sedimentary rocks, forming "source rocks". In the diagenetic stage, the organic matter in the sediments experienced complex biochemical and chemical changes, and gradually lost CO2, H2O, NH3, etc. Under the action of condensation and polymerization, the residual organic matter undergoes humification and humification to form kerogen [a], which is a pioneer in generating a large amount of oil and natural gas, so the organic origin theory of oil is also called kerogen theory. After kerogen is buried to a certain depth and temperature threshold, it changes from immature to mature, heteroatom bond breaks, and hydrocarbons and non-hydrocarbons begin to release. With the increasing buried depth, the source rocks are further mature, and the C-C bond of kerogen is broken, entering the peak of oil generation and gas generation. [10] These hydrocarbons are lighter than the rocks nearby. They penetrate upward into nearby rocks and then gather together to form oil fields. Geologists call the temperature range of oil formation "oil window". If the temperature is too low, oil cannot be formed; if the temperature is too high, natural gas will be formed. [3]
Because the organic genetic theory of petroleum fully considers the geological and geochemical conditions of petroleum generation and output, and deeply compares the composition characteristics of petroleum and sedimentary organic matter, it is more convincing and accepted by most petroleum geologists and petroleum geochemical workers. Oil companies all over the world also guide oil and gas exploration according to the organic origin theory of oil. [ 10]
Inorganic genetic theory
The theory of inorganic origin of petroleum is mainly represented by carbide theory and universe theory. Carbide theory holds that heavy metal carbides in the earth's core react with water seeping from the surface to generate hydrocarbons. According to cosmology, when the earth is in a molten state, hydrocarbons exist in its atmosphere. With the gradual condensation of the earth, hydrocarbons are absorbed by magma and oil is generated in the crust. Inorganic genetic theory holds that hydrocarbons can be generated in the deep underground, and periodically rise along the cracks, and gather in sedimentary rocks, magmatic rocks and porous volcanic rocks. In order to prove this theory, scientists successfully synthesized oil by simulating the conditions deep in the earth in the laboratory. In addition, substances similar to oil and combustible gases have also been found in inanimate space bodies, which provides a basis for the inorganic generation theory of oil. If this theory is verified, it means that oil and gas resources will not be exhausted in a short time. [10] Scientists generally use it to explain the oil inflow phenomenon in some oil fields. [3]
Distribution area
Oil is one of the main targets of geological exploration, and it is stored in the upper crust. [3] Oil is mostly distributed in lowlands and basins, such as intermountain basins, coastal and offshore continental shelves. [4]
The earth is rich in oil, which is estimated to be more than1000 billion tons, of which more than 70 billion tons are in the ocean. 1/4 of the proven oil resources on the earth and 45% of the final recoverable reserves are buried in the seabed. The center of gravity of the world's proven oil reserves will gradually shift from land to sea. [3] In 2008, the world's proven remaining recoverable oil reserves were 654.38+0708 million tons, of which the Middle East accounted for 60%, Europe and Eurasia accounted for 654.38+065.438+0.3%, Africa accounted for 654.38+00.0%, Central and South America accounted for 9.8%, North America accounted for 5.6%, and Asia Pacific (excluding China). [2]
Generally speaking, the distribution of oil is extremely unbalanced: from the eastern and western hemispheres, about 3/4 of the oil resources are concentrated in the eastern hemisphere, and the western hemisphere accounts for1/4; From the perspective of the northern and southern hemispheres, oil resources are mainly concentrated in the northern hemisphere; In terms of latitude distribution, petroleum resources are mainly concentrated in two latitudes: 20 ~ 40 and 50 ~ 70 north latitude. The oil fields in the Persian Gulf, the Gulf of Mexico and North Africa, the two major oil regions, are all within 20 ~ 40 north latitude, accounting for 5 1.3% of the world's oil reserves. There are famous Beihai Oilfield, Russian Volga Oilfield, Siberian Oilfield and gulf of alaska Oilfield in the zone of 50 ~ 70 north latitude. [3]
20 18 proven recoverable reserves of oil in some countries [1 1]
country
Proven recoverable reserves/billion barrels
country
Proven recoverable reserves/billion barrels
Venezuela
3033
The United Arab Emirates
978
Saudi Arabia
2977
United States of America
6 12
Canada
1678
Libya
484
Iran
1556
Nigeria
375
Iraq
1472
Republic of Kazakhstan
300
Russia
1062
China
259
Kuwait
10 15
Qatar
252
Source: BP World Energy Statistical Yearbook 20 19, 1 barrel =158.98l.
The distribution of oil resources in China is extremely uneven, mainly concentrated in the eastern, western and offshore areas. Its recoverable resources are 654.38+00.025 billion tons, 4.787 billion tons and 2.927 billion tons respectively, totaling 654.38+07.739 billion tons. In terms of basin distribution, oil resources are concentrated in Bohai Bay, Songliao, Tarim, Ordos, Junggar, Pearl River Mouth, Qaidam and great basin on the East China Sea shelf, with recoverable resources of182.438+billion tons, and the oil resources of large sedimentary basins account for 97% of the national petroleum geological resources. After the founding of New China, petroleum geologists in China discovered more than 100 oilfields, including Daqing Oilfield, Shengli Oilfield, Liaohe Oilfield and Karamay Oilfield. By the end of 20 17, the accumulated proven geological reserves of China petroleum were 38.965 billion tons, the remaining technical recoverable reserves were 3.542 billion tons and the remaining economic recoverable reserves were 2.533 billion tons. The proven petroleum resources in China are low, and many basins and continental shelves may be rich in oil and gas resources. [ 1 1][5]
application area
Oil, known as the "blood of industry", is the most important energy source in the world today, the fossil fuel second only to coal, and the important raw material of modern organic chemical industry. [5]
oil products
Petroleum products can be divided into 14 categories according to their uses and characteristics, namely solvent oil, fuel oil, lubricating oil, electrical oil, hydraulic oil, vacuum grease, antirust grease, process oil, lubricating grease, wax and its products, asphalt, petroleum coke, petroleum additives and petrochemical products. [5]
(1) solvent oil. According to the purpose, it can be divided into petroleum ether, rubber solvent oil and fragrant flower solvent oil. It can be used as solvent, diluent and extractant in rubber, paint, grease, perfume, medicine and other industries. Used as detergent in wool spinning industry. [5]
(2) fuel oil. It can be divided into liquefied petroleum gas, gasoline, kerosene, diesel oil and heavy fuel oil. Liquefied petroleum gas can be used to manufacture synthetic ammonia, methanol, ethylene and propylene. Gasoline is divided into automobile gasoline and aviation gasoline, which are used for automobiles and propeller planes respectively; Aviation kerosene in kerosene is used for jet planes and kerosene is used for lighting. It can also be used as detergent and agricultural pesticide solvent. Light diesel oil in diesel oil is used for high-speed diesel engines, and heavy diesel oil is used for low-speed diesel engines. [5] Petroleum has many advantages as fuel. Such as easy mining, small size and easy transportation; Good flammability and high calorific value; Easy to burn, fully burned, leaving no ashes after burning. Therefore, oil is not only used for sea, land and air transportation, the production process of factories, but also used as fuel for new weapons, supersonic aircraft, missiles and rockets in modern national defense. [4]
(3) Lubricating oil. There are many kinds of lubricating oils, mainly including gasoline and diesel engine oil, mechanical oil, compressor oil, turbine oil, refrigeration engine oil and cylinder oil, hydraulic oil and electrical oil. [5]
(4) grease. Grease is made by adding thickener to lubricating oil, and is used for equipment that is inconvenient to be lubricated by lubricating oil, such as machinery that works at low speed, heavy load and high temperature, and machinery that works in humid, water, dust and is difficult to seal. [5]
(5) Paraffin wax and ceresin. Paraffin wax and ceresin are polymer solid hydrocarbons with different structures. Paraffin wax can be divided into white wax, white wax, yellow wax and edible wax, which can be used in matches, candles, wax paper, electrical insulation materials, rubber, food packaging, pharmaceutical industry and so on. [5]
(6) asphalt. Asphalt can be divided into road asphalt, building asphalt, paint asphalt, rubber asphalt, special asphalt and other types, which are mainly used in waterproof, paving, coating, plastics, rubber and other industries. [5]
(7) petroleum coke. Petroleum coke is an excellent carbon-containing material, which can be used to manufacture electrodes, and can also be used as reducing agent and fuel in metallurgical process. [5]
petrochemical
Petrochemical products are by-products such as petroleum gas and aromatic hydrocarbons obtained in the process of petroleum refining, and are also basic raw materials or intermediates of organic synthesis. Some petrochemical products can be used directly. [9] Triene, triphenyl, acetylene and naphthalene produced by further processing of petroleum, as chemical raw materials or intermediates, are directly related to people's food, clothing, housing and transportation, and are basic organic chemical raw materials. [9] Hundreds of useful substances can be extracted from petroleum, and their economic value far exceeds the economic significance of burning as fuel. The petrochemical industry can produce thousands of chemical products, such as plastics, synthetic fibers, synthetic rubber, synthetic detergents, dyes, drugs, pesticides, explosives and fertilizers. [4][ 1]
Mineral development
World oil production is mainly concentrated in the Middle East. The crude oil output of the countries of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries accounts for more than 40% of the world's output, and it is the main region of China's oil import. At the same time, China also imports oil from major oil-producing areas such as West Africa and South America. In 20 17, China's oil import by sea accounted for 29% of the global turnover, with an average transportation distance of about 7 800 nautical miles (1 nautical mile = 1.852 km). With the diversification of imported oil sources, this data will continue to grow. [ 1 1]
Oilfield development includes oil exploration, drilling (completion) wells and oilfield exploitation. Petroleum exploration is the most important basic link in petroleum development, including oil field search, discovery and evaluation. [1 1] Oil exploration has huge investment and rapid development, and the theory of petroleum geology is becoming more and more mature and the exploration means are more advanced. In addition to seismic exploration, advanced technologies such as geochemical exploration, remote sensing, telemetry, and resource satellites have also been introduced into petroleum exploration, greatly improving the exploration efficiency and success rate. [5] Drilling is to open a tunnel leading to oil and gas reservoirs from the ground to obtain geological data and oil and gas energy. [5] At first, oil was concentrated in oil wells by underground natural pressure; When the oil pressure drops, it is necessary to use oil pump or deep well pump, or inject water or gas into underground reservoir to maintain its pressure; Sometimes, steam or chemical solvents are added to heat or dilute oil before exploitation. When the production cost is too high, the oil well should be shut down. [5]
Oil and gas gathering and transportation project is to establish a complete set of oil and gas collection, separation, treatment, metering, storage and transportation technology in the oilfield, so that the mixed fluids such as oil, gas and water produced in the well can be separated and preliminarily treated in the mine to obtain as many oil and gas products as possible. Water can be reinjected or used to prevent environmental pollution and reduce invalid losses. [3]
Oil is a non-renewable resource. Although scientific investigation shows that this kind of energy is still generated on the earth, the speed of its generation should be calculated by geological age. [4] It is estimated that there are about 654.38+03.7 billion tons of oil reserves on the earth. According to the current production level, 3 billion tons of oil is mined every year in the world, and the oil on the earth can be exploited by human beings for 40 to 50 years. [4]
history
Man has a long history of discovering and utilizing oil. In 3000 BC, people in the Euphrates River basin began to use asphalt as building materials. [5] Before 10 century BC, ancient Egypt, Babylon, ancient India and other countries collected natural asphalt for construction, anticorrosion, bonding, decoration and pharmacy. The ancient Egyptians could even estimate the amount of oil oozing from oil seedlings. There are also records in cuneiform about collecting natural oil along the Dead Sea. [3] In the 5th century BC, an artificially dug oil well appeared near Susa, the capital of the Achemane Dynasty (the first Persian Empire). [3] In the 7th century, the Byzantines used oil for war and called it "the fire of Greece". [3] [5]13rd century, Myanmar Ren 'an Oilfield began to be exploited. /kloc-In the 6th century, Sumatrans used oil to make fireballs and burned Portuguese sailboats. [5] Baku region of Azerbaijan is rich in oil seedlings and gas seedlings. Residents here have long collected oil from oil seedlings as fuel and used it to treat camel skin diseases. In 1837, there were 52 oil pits dug manually, and in 1827, the number increased to 82, but the output was very small. [3] In modern wars, such as World War II, there are examples of oil slick on the sea that burned other warships. [12]1854, people invented kerosene lamps and learned to extract kerosene from petroleum. [3]
China is also one of the earliest countries in the world to discover and utilize oil. [3] As early as 3,000 years ago, China's Book of Changes recorded oil in writing. [5] The Geography of Hanshu written by Ban Gu in the Eastern Han Dynasty records that there is a kind of combustible water in Gaonu County (now Yanchang area in northern Shaanxi) in China. The Book of the Later Han Dynasty also records that there is a kind of spring water in the south of Yanshou County, Jiuquan County (now southeast of Yumen, Gansu Province), which is as fat as gravy and burns brightly, but it can't be eaten. Locals call it stone paint. [12] [3] From the Jin Dynasty to the Ming Dynasty, oil was not only used as fuel for lighting, but also as lubricating oil for machinery. Some people use it to paint cowhide waterproof, and there is another saying that it can cure tinea sores. Li Jifu mentioned in Yuanhe County Records in the Tang Dynasty that oil has been used in national defense and war. In the Song Dynasty, oil was also used to burn the enemy. [12] Shen Kuo in the Song Dynasty mentioned in "Talk about Meng Xi" that the long-term oil burning in northern Shaanxi produced thick black smoke. Using this ash as ink, it was as bright as paint, even better than Song Yanmo. The name petroleum, which we commonly use now, was first used in Shenzhou. From 12 to 1 1 century, the first batch of oil wells were drilled in China, and crude oil products such as "fire oil", paraffin wax and asphalt were extracted. [5] Yuan Dynasty's Yuan Yi Tongzhi recorded that there was manual well drilling for oil production in northern Shaanxi at that time, and its use had been expanded to treat livestock skin diseases, and it was officially purchased and put into storage. [3]
In ancient times, oil was mainly used for lighting, lubrication, medicine, military and ink making. Generally speaking, the development of petroleum technology is extremely slow. People's exploitation and utilization of oil is limited to the exploitation and utilization of ready-made crude oil, and the source and geological conditions of oil have not been studied. [ 1 1]
China ancient drilling map
1859, the first oil well was successfully drilled in Pennsylvania, USA, and then the Russians began to produce oil wells, and the modern oil industry really began. [5] 1859, Europe produced 36,000 barrels of crude oil, mainly from Galicia and Romania. [3] 186 1 year, Baku in Transcaucasia established the first oil refinery in the world. Baku produced 90% of the world's oil at that time. Later, Stalingrad (now Volgograd) was launched to defend the war and capture the Caucasus oil region. [3] Since the 1950s, the petrochemical industry with oil and natural gas as raw materials has advanced by leaps and bounds, and the consumption of petroleum products has increased rapidly. World oil consumption was 400,000 barrels per day in 1900, 220,000 barrels per day in 1920, 850,000 barrels per day in 1940, 3.4 million barrels per day in 1960, and1960. [5]/kloc-in the 0/9th century, the petroleum industry developed slowly, and refined oil was mainly used as fuel for oil lamps. At the beginning of the 20th century, with the invention of the internal combustion engine, the situation suddenly changed, and oil is still the most important fuel of the internal combustion engine. In particular, the discovery of oil fields in Texas, Oklahoma and California in the United States set off a "gold rush." [3] 19 10, new oil fields were discovered in Canada (especially Alberta), Dutch East India (Indonesia), Persia (Iran), Peru, Venezuela and Mexico. All these oil fields have been industrialized. [3] In the 20th century, the world's oil production increased at a high speed. 192 1 annual oil production exceeded 1 100 million tons for the first time, 1950 exceeded 500 million tons, and 1979 reached a record high of 317 billion tons, reaching 200 million tons. [4] In the century before the 1960s, the United States has been the largest oil production center in the world, accounting for about two-thirds of the world's output, so-called "oil empire". [4] Then the status of emerging oil-producing areas in the Middle East is increasing day by day. From 65438 to 0973, the oil production in the Persian Gulf accounted for 38% of the world's total output. Since 1980s, it has declined due to human factors, but it still accounts for nearly 30% of the world's total output. [4] At the beginning of the 20th century, despite the rapid development of nuclear energy and renewable energy, oil still accounted for 30% of energy consumption in Europe, 40% in North America, 465,438+0% in Africa, 44% in Central and South America and 53% in the Near East. [ 13]
China's modern petroleum industry sprouted in the middle of19th century, and its foundation was extremely weak. By 1949, China's oil production was only120,000 tons. With the development of Karamay Oilfield, Daqing Oilfield and Shengli Oilfield, China petroleum industry has developed rapidly. 1978 The national oil output exceeded 65438+ 1 100 million tons, making it a world oil producer. 20 18 China is the seventh largest oil producer, the second largest oil consumer and the largest oil importer in the world. [1 1] According to the data released by China Petroleum and Chemical Industry Federation, by 2022, there will be 32 refineries with a total refining capacity of 920 million tons/year in China, ranking first in the world for the first time. [ 14]
In 2023, the American Oil and Gas magazine published an annual assessment based on the latest official reports of various countries. The latest oil and gas reserves report released by various countries is 65438+1 October1as of June 2023, and the total proven oil reserves in the world are175.7 billion barrels. According to China Mineral Resources Report (2022), by the end of 20021,the proven remaining oil reserves in China were 3.69 billion tons. By the end of 2022, the oil reserves of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries accounted for 7 1% of the world's total oil reserves. [ 15]
classify
Classification according to the nature of crude oil
According to the current industry standard Reservoir Classification (SY/T 6 169-202 1), the properties of crude oil and heavy oil are classified as follows. [ 16]
Properties of crude oil
trait
Low viscosity oil
The viscosity of crude oil is less than or equal to ≤ 5 MPa s under reservoir conditions.
Medium viscosity oil
Under reservoir conditions, the viscosity of crude oil is 5 ~ 20 MPa s.
heavy oil
Under reservoir conditions, the viscosity of crude oil is 20 ~ 50 MPa s.
stand oil
Viscosity of crude oil under reservoir conditions >: 50m pa·s, relative density >; 0.920
condensate oil
Gaseous hydrocarbons between critical temperature and precipitation temperature under formation conditions. When the formation pressure drops to the dew point pressure, the light liquid oil is condensed and separated, and the general relative density is
naphtha
The fluid system is located in the transitional zone between oil and gas, and its characteristics belong to the bubble point system in the reservoir, which is in liquid state and close to the critical point in phase state. In the process of development, it has strong volatility and high shrinkage rate. Note: The surface gas-oil ratio of volatile oil is generally between 265,438+100 m3/m3 and 1200 m3/m3, and the relative density is generally < 0.825, and the volume coefficient is > 1.75.
High pour point oil
Is the freezing point >; Light crude oil with high wax content at 40℃
Heavy oil classification
leading indicators
Auxiliary index
name
grade
Viscosity mPa·s
relative density
Ordinary heavy oil
I
I 1
& gt50[b] ~ 150[b]
& gt0.92
I-2
& gt 150[b] ~ 1000[b]
& gt0.92
I-3
& gt 1000[b] ~ 10000
& gt0.92
Overweight oil
two
& gt 10000 ~ 50000
& gt0.95
Overweight oil
Roman numeral 3
& gt50000~ 100000
& gt0.98
Overweight oil
Intravenously injected
& gt 100000
& gt 1.0
Classify according to the proportion of hydrocarbons contained.
(1) Alkyl petroleum (also called paraffin-based petroleum): The main component is straight-chain alkane, with the content above 50%, and naphthenes and aromatics are less. It is characterized by low density, high wax content, high pour point and less sulfur, gum and asphaltene. The straight-run gasoline produced by it has low octane number and high cetane number of diesel oil. Lubricating oil with high viscosity index can be obtained when processing paraffin-based petroleum. Daqing oilfield in China belongs to this type. [ 10][9]
② Naphthenic petroleum (also called asphalt-based petroleum): the main component is naphthene. It is characterized by high density, low freezing point and high content of sulfur, gum and asphaltene. The straight-run gasoline produced by this kind of petroleum has high octane number, but its output is not high and its oxidation stability is not good, which is beneficial to refining diesel oil and lubricating oil. This heavy residue of crude oil can produce high-grade asphalt. Karamay Oilfield in China belongs to this type. [ 10][9]
③ Aromatic petroleum: The main components are monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and condensed aromatic hydrocarbons. This kind of petroleum component contains double bonds, so it is chemically active, prone to hydrogenation and substitution reactions, and converted into other products. Many oil fields in Taiwan Province province of China belong to this type. [ 10]
④ Mixed base oil: containing similar quantities of alkanes, cycloalkanes and aromatics. China Shengli Oilfield belongs to this type. [ 10][9]
Other classification methods
According to the density from small to large, crude oil is divided into light crude oil (density
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