How are the six historical truths of the Yuan Dynasty recorded in the history books?

For many modern people who lack knowledge and have no intention to read history, the Yuan Dynasty can be described as looking at flowers in the fog and looking at the moon in the water. After the Ming dynasty, it was blackened countless times, and it was difficult for future generations to see clearly. In the impression of many people, the dark, autocratic and cruel emperors, cruel ministers and corrupt people in the Yuan Dynasty are divided into four categories ... It seems that this dynasty has no justice and can still rule the Han people all over the world for so many years. It is really the ancestral grave of the golden family. But is this really the case? Let's understand the real Great Yuan Dynasty through the six historical truths of the Yuan Dynasty.

First, it is difficult for generations to be lenient with others and cautious with self-discipline.

The biggest feature of criminal law in Yuan Dynasty is lenient punishment and cautious law.

At the beginning of Yuan Shizu's reign, Kublai Khan publicly declared to his subordinates: Life is a matter of concern, and I really regret it. It is emphasized that lenient punishment and prudent law should be put forward as the guiding ideology of criminal law in Yuan Dynasty: I rule the world and cherish human life. Anyone who is guilty will be punished repeatedly, and then punished after the consequences. Compared with the Tang and Song Dynasties, the criminal law in Yuan Dynasty was much looser, which was a great progress in the legal history of China. There are only five ways to punish crimes, namely, flogging, rattan, apprenticeship, exile and death penalty, and the judicial organs are particularly cautious in implementing these five ways of punishment. The evaluation of yuan dynasty history is that the ancient builders used ink, bang, beheading, palace memorial and monarch as the five punishments, while later generations prepared for beating, beating, imprisonment, exile and death penalty. Because of yuan, the light code is reused, and the cover is also benevolent. Jack Vettsel Ford, an American scholar, also commented: Kublai Khan established a more stable criminal law system in an all-round way, and was gentler and more humane than the Song Dynasty. Out of humanitarianism, the central government of the Yuan Dynasty strongly prohibited torture. There is a special provision in yuan's second department of punishment that prison equipment is customized by itself, and people have been brutally tortured to extract confessions since last year. The uninvited guest knelt on the broken porcelain tile, which was painful and should not be missed. Whether there is a crime or not, why not! The rest of the law will be miserable, and that's not all. It seems that this dysprosium problem will be miserable in the future. There is no traffic from inside to outside. If you violate the official and commit new crimes, it seems that you hope the emperor will show mercy and get rid of the sequelae of cruel officials. Judging from this provision, it is worth pondering by future generations. In the Yuan Dynasty, some methods of excessively torturing lower-level state officials were strongly prohibited by the Yuan government, but in the spirit of humanitarianism, irrelevant issues were raised, which was far from the Ming government's public advocacy of severe punishment to intimidate people all over the world.

Second, advanced technology is unparalleled in the world.

The Yuan Dynasty was not only the last golden age of mathematics in China, but also the peak of the development of ancient astronomy in China.

Mathematician Zhu Shijie's four-yuan jade sword fully represents the highest level of mathematics in Song and Yuan Dynasties! In his famous Introduction to the History of Science, George Sarton, an American historian of science, thinks that Meeting Philip Burkart is the most important mathematical work of China and one of the most outstanding mathematical works in the Middle Ages. Luo Shilin, a mathematician in Qing Dynasty, commented on Zhu Shijie's mathematical achievements: It can be said that he is equivalent to Qin He in Song and Yuan Dynasties. Gu Dao's advantages and disadvantages, Ren Qing Tianyuan, as a product, have existed from ancient times to the present, while Han Qing has everything. The fuller and clearer they are, especially outside Qin Li! It means that Zhu Shijie's achievements in mathematics are rare throughout the ages, especially surpassing the mathematicians of Song and Qin Dynasties and the late Jin and early Yuan Dynasties.

Guo Shoujing, an astronomer from Yuan Shizu to Yuan Dynasty, was hundreds of years ahead of the West in compiling calendars, making simple instruments and leaking light in Daming Hall. Xu Guangqi, a native of the Ming Dynasty, praised Guo Shoujing's great achievements in the astronomical calendar of the Yuan Dynasty, saying: It is the law of observing respect. For 300 years, the world has been pushing back, thinking that it has surpassed the previous generation. At the same time, Xu Guangqi also realized the sad reality of the decline of mathematics in Ming Dynasty, so he criticized this situation: the study of arithmetic has been neglected for hundreds of years in modern times. Li Zhizao, a good friend of Xu Guangqi, commented on the astronomical officials of the Ming Dynasty: I don't know what the inspector, dust-sealing, star-breaking and burial hall plans in Taiwan Province Province mean? How pathetic!

There is also a living fact that reflects the evaluation of Xu Guangqi and Li Zhizao. When Matteo Ricci, an Italian missionary, came to China and saw the astronomical instruments made by Guo Shoujing, who was transported to Nanjing from the Yuan Dynasty in the early Ming Dynasty, he could not help sighing that their scale and exquisite design far exceeded any such instruments that Europe had ever seen or known. Although these instruments have withstood the test of rain and snow weather changes for 250 years, they have not lost their original glory at all. However, due to the different geographical latitudes between Nanjing and Beijing, the instruments of Yuan Dadu are not suitable for use in Nanjing without adjustment. Matteo Ricci therefore very sharply ridiculed the Ming people, saying: As for the sundial, they knew that it got its name from the equator, but they didn't learn how to straighten it according to the change of latitude.

Third, live a well-off life, support the economy and have a hospital.

Now many history books say that the dark people in the Yuan Dynasty were miserable, so the people got up. Indeed, the biggest natural disaster in the history of the late Yuan Dynasty led to refugees all over the country, and Bailian Sect took the opportunity to incite them to revolt. However, we should see that for most of the Yuan Dynasty, people basically lived a happy well-off life. At the end of the Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, it was recorded in "Vegetation" that after the mixed ancestors at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, the people in the world were peaceful for 60 or 70 years, and the punishment was light and the soldiers were few. The living provide for them, the dead are buried, and they travel thousands of miles in peace. As the saying goes, prosperity is embarrassing! Yuan Huimin has a bureau, a hospital to support the economy, a prisoner to eat, and a benevolent government!

Li Kaixian, an Amin, in his Preface to a Spring Tour in the West tells the real reason why the people of Yuan lived a rich life: Yuan didn't guard the border, paid taxes lightly, and had no worries about food and clothing, but at the same time he sang.

Even Zhu Chongba, who opposed the Yuan Dynasty and seized power, had to admit that if the donor's parents were born in the early Yuan Dynasty, the laws at that time were harsh, which made him ignorant, afraid of Wei Huaide, strong but not bullying, and the people were not violent. Among the people, father and son, husband and wife and daughter-in-law live in harmony and benefit a lot. Yuan ruled in China for nearly a hundred years. At the beginning, his monarch and ministers were very simple, simple in politics, happy with the people, and well-fed.

If someone thinks that Yuan people sell melons in Huang Po, it's all wet. When Ibn Beitutai, a great Moroccan traveler, came to China, what he saw and heard was no different from what Yuan people remembered. He was walking along the coast of China, and all he left in his travel notes was an exclamation. For example, no one in the world is richer and stronger than China! As we all know, the craftsmanship of China people is the highest among all ethnic groups! For business travelers, China is the safest and most beautiful area! Single travelers, although carrying a lot of personal belongings, can rest assured after traveling for nine months.

Even after the Yuan Dynasty, there were still many places in the south of the Yangtze River with high living standards. For example, Gu Ying in Kunshan, with its abundant financial resources, romantic and generous personality and brilliant talents, has been playing around the Sao altar for 20 years, rejuvenating its elegance and holding the Art Forest Festival, Yushan Gathering Elegance. Among them, there are more than 200 literati traveling to and from Yushan Pavilion, and there are more than 3,000 existing poems, which can be called the last glory in the cultural history of Yuan Dynasty. Unfortunately, after the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, Gu Ying was confiscated by the real estate owner and sent to Fengyang to die, and the love of Yushan vanished. Who did this? Don't tell me, you know.

Fourth, all ethnic groups came to Korea, a state of etiquette.

Undoubtedly, among all the dynasties in China, only the Yuan Dynasty had the highest international status.

Ming Taizu recorded Zhu Chongba's admiration for the arrival of the Great Yuan Dynasty and the prosperity of Korea: Yuan Taizu was born in Mobei, and Dada and Uighur kings were peaceful. Mao's grandson, famous for his benevolence, is the sai-jo emperor. After mixing all over the world, the nine barbarians and eight barbarians unified overseas. For a hundred years, his grace has not been envied, so he is not afraid. At that time, the quartet was innocent and the people were well-off. Zhu Yuanzhang's kindness is admirable and awe-inspiring, which embodies the clarity of the legal system of the Yuan government and the good social order. The people's well-off and affluence embodies the characteristics of high international status, good people's life and rich social material wealth in the Yuan Dynasty.

Today, the quality of China people is still the focus of discussion. Is the quality of China people always so poor? Actually, not at all, at least not in the Yuan Dynasty. Many people unilaterally believe that the social atmosphere of the prosperous new century in China's history is the rule of Han and Tang Dynasties. In fact, the social atmosphere in the Han and Tang Dynasties was not as good as that in the Yuan Dynasty. Dai Liang, a great poet at the end of Yuan Dynasty, recorded in Huang Yuanfeng's Preface to Elegance that the ancestors cultivated the world for 50 or 60 years with profound benevolence. In Dai Bai's later years, a child who valued pride cheered and encouraged in the alley, which was incomparable to Han, Tang and Song Dynasties.

In his travel notes, Kyle Poirot mentioned his impression of urban residents in the Yuan Dynasty: they ran their own businesses completely justly and loyally. They live in harmony, and men and women living in the same street are like a family because of their neighborhood.

However, the French priest Rubucci's memory of the social atmosphere in the Yuan Dynasty is more detailed and true: an unexpected situation is intimacy in courtesy, elegance and respect, which is their social characteristic. The quarrels, fights and bloodshed that are common in Europe will not happen here, even if you are drunk. Loyalty is a quality that can be seen everywhere. Their cars and other belongings need neither locking nor guarding, and no one will steal them. If their livestock is lost, everyone will help find it and return it to its owner soon.

After the Pope's messenger Odorik came to China, he gave the most admirable sigh to the Yuan society in his Odorik Crusade: In my opinion, it is a miracle in the world that so many people of different races can live safely under the management of the only power.

The prosperity of culture and education is the envy of neighboring countries.

In the Yuan Dynasty, 24,400 official schools at all levels were established, which enabled every 2,600 people in the country to complete their studies.

The Yuan Dynasty also attached great importance to the cultural and educational organizations of China literati and supported them in many aspects. Moreover, Mongolia, Semu people, Han people and southerners joined the ranks of academy builders, creating a historical record of the establishment of academies and the failure of the Yuan Dynasty.

Moreover, the teaching of academy in Yuan Dynasty was further expanded, and it was no longer limited to the traditional content of spreading Neo-Confucianism and seeking imperial examinations. For example, Yuanlishan Academy is the first ancient academy discovered in China and the only one offering medical teaching and outpatient service, which has special research value. Another example is the West Lake Academy in Yuan Dynasty, which is not only the national publishing center in Yuan Dynasty, but also has an important historical position in the whole publishing history of China.

The grand occasion of education in the Yuan Dynasty surprised Koreans on the Korean Peninsula. For example, Jin Dongyang once praised: Today, I am a magnificent emperor, and I began to rule the world with martial arts. Today, I use art and science to negotiate the ocean, and I will establish it as a balance. Those who abandon grass and talk about morality don't know its geometry!

6. It has a vast territory and strong military strength.

/kloc-the great empire in the 0/3rd century is like the British empire in the 0/9th century, and it is the only superpower in the United States today.

In the Yuan Dynasty, Yuan Shizu ordered people to revise the national map. The minister and supervisor who presided over the matter said: Now the sun is everywhere! Later, China's "Zuo Zhuan Youren Xu" proudly declared in the preface of "Da Yuan Yi Tong Zhi": I am far away from the four poles of the Yuan Dynasty, and I have never heard of it in the book. It doesn't belong to gu. It's all mixed up in one. Not only court officials are full of lofty sentiments, but so are ordinary folk Yuanqu writers. For example, Wu Hongdao sang in Songyuan Diao Dou Quail: Take Dali first, then Korea. They all accepted a small country that favored the country and unified the country.

Sadly, few people in modern China know the historical truth. When the Yuan Dynasty invaded the Yunnan border of Burgundy Dynasty in Myanmar, the Yunnan people closely United around the Dayuan central government headed by Kublai Khan and the Yunnan local government headed by Saidianchi, which effectively dealt a blow to the invading Burmese invaders. 740,000, only one person died, creating a miracle in the history of Asian wars! What would have happened without this self-defense counterattack against Myanmar? It is hard for us to imagine! Perhaps, in the era of Zhu Ming, the Burmese army of the Wu Dong dynasty in Myanmar parted ways, leaving behind a few counties and a piece of white bones and green phosphorus, so that a few years later, people still gnashed their teeth, and Dali, Heqing, Huameng, Yao 'an and Chuxiong all left their homes, and the Yunnan tragedy of the Ming Dynasty was staged in advance!

After reading these six historical truths, I can't help thinking that it was once brilliant, and it should go further in the next greater dynasty. Unfortunately, the historical trend ends here, and those short-sighted rulers and slave literati in the Ming Dynasty don't like it. In fact, from the perspective of the short-sighted rulers and slave literati successors of the Ming Dynasty, all the statements about the darkness, corruption and cruelty of the Yuan Dynasty are objective and correct; All descriptions of its glory are debatable and need to be discussed again. All records related to the retrogression of civilization in Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties need to be strictly prohibited or deleted. All the folk remarks that influenced the rule of the Ming Dynasty needed strong supervision and control.