People's Education Press Geography Review Outline for the 7th Grade Volume 1

Seventh Grade Geography Volume 1 Review Outline (Planet Edition)

Unit 1 Earth

Lesson 1 Shape and Size of the Earth

1. Human beings’ understanding of the earth: ① The theory of Gaitian in the Zhou Dynasty of my country that “the sky is round like a Zhang Gai, and the place is like a chess board”

② The “Huntian theory” proposed by Zhang Heng of the Eastern Han Dynasty in my country, which believes that “the sky is round and round like a chessboard” Covering the earth, like a shell covering the earth”

③In 1522, Magellan’s fleet successfully sailed around the world;

④In 1961, Soviet astronaut Gagarin became the first person in human history to see A person who sees that the earth is a sphere.

2. The true shape of the earth: an irregular sphere slightly bulged at the equator and slightly flattened at the poles.

3. The size of the Earth: the average radius is 6371 kilometers, the equatorial circumference is about 40,000 kilometers, and the surface area is about 510 million square kilometers.

Lesson 2: Understanding the graticule on the globe

1. ① The North Pole - the intersection between the northern end of the Earth's axis and the Earth's surface; ② The South Pole - the intersection between the southern end of the Earth's axis and the Earth's surface; ③ Earth's axis - the imaginary axis of rotation of the Earth; ④ Equator - the large circle on the Earth's surface that is equidistant from the North and South poles and perpendicular to the Earth's axis.

2. Longitude and latitude: On the globe, the circles parallel to the equator are called latitudes. The semicircle connecting the north and south poles and perpendicular to the equator is called a meridian. Latitude lines indicate east-west direction and longitude lines indicate north-south direction. There are countless lines of latitude and longitude that can be drawn on the globe.

3. North latitude: N; South latitude: S; East longitude: E; West longitude: W.

4. The equator is the starting point for dividing latitudes and is designated as the 0° latitude; internationally, the longitude passing through the former site of the Greenwich Observatory in London, England is the 0° longitude, also known as the prime meridian.

5. Latitude: Northern Hemisphere: 0° to 90°N, Southern Hemisphere: 0° to 90°S.

Longitude: Eastern Hemisphere: 0° east to 180°, Western Hemisphere: 0° west to 180°.

6. The equator divides the earth into southern and northern hemispheres. Internationally, it is customary to use the longitude circle composed of 20°W and 160°E to divide the earth into the eastern and western hemispheres.

Schematic diagram of longitude division and Eastern and Western hemisphere divisions:

Explanation: West longitudes with longitudes less than 20° are in the Eastern Hemisphere, east longitudes with longitudes less than 160° are also in the Eastern Hemisphere; the rest are in the Western Hemisphere. (Small is in the east, big is in the west)

7. 0°-30° is low latitude, 30°-60° is mid-latitude, and 60°-90° is high latitude.

8. Interpretation of ordinary graticules:

Lesson 3: The rotation of the earth

1. The rotation of the earth around its axis is called the rotation of the earth. The direction of rotation is from west to east (the Earth's rotation appears counterclockwise when viewed from above the North Pole, and clockwise when viewed from above the South Pole). The rotation period is 24 hours, which is what we usually call a day.

2. The reason for the day and night phenomenon is that the earth is an opaque sphere. The reason for the change of day and night is the rotation of the earth.

3. In the same latitude area, a location relatively eastward will see the sunrise earlier than a location relatively westward, so the time will be sooner or later. This kind of difference in the east-west direction due to Different moments formed by different longitudes are called local time.

4. The geographical significance of the earth’s rotation: the change of day and night, local time. < /p>

365 days.

2. When the Earth revolves, the Earth's axis is tilted, and the spatial direction of the Earth's axis remains unchanged, with its northern end always pointing near the North Star. The position of the earth in its orbit is different, and the exposure to sunlight is also different, resulting in the changes in the four seasons. The seasons in the northern hemisphere are opposite to those in the southern hemisphere.

3. Regarding the two solstices:

(1) Tropic of Tropic: The direct point of the sun moves back and forth regularly between 23.5° north and south latitude, so these two latitudes are called the Tropic of Tropic. 23.5°N is called the Tropic of Cancer, and 23.5°S is called the Tropic of Cancer. They are the northernmost and southernmost boundaries that the direct sun can reach. There is direct sunlight once a year, and the area between them has direct sunlight twice a year. Between them There is no direct sunlight in the outdoor area.

(2) Around March 21, the sun shines directly on the equator, and day and night are equinoxed around the world. After that, the direct point of the sun moves northward, and the days in the northern hemisphere become longer; around June 22, the sun shines directly on the Tropic of Cancer, and the days are longest and the nights are shortest in the northern hemisphere, and the polar day phenomenon occurs north of the Arctic Circle. After that, the sun's direct point moved southward, and the days in the northern hemisphere became shorter, but the days were still longer and the nights were shorter; around September 23, the sun once again hit the equator directly, and day and night were equinoxed again around the world. After that, the direct point of the sun continues to move southward, and the days in the northern hemisphere continue to become shorter; around December 22, the sun shines directly on the Tropic of Capricorn, and the days are the shortest and the nights are longest in the northern hemisphere, and polar night occurs north of the Arctic Circle. After that, the direct point of the sun moves northward, and the days in the northern hemisphere become longer, but the days are still shorter and the nights are longer; until the spring equinox of the following year, the direct point of the sun returns to the equator again, and day and night are equally divided around the world again. The Southern Hemisphere and the Northern Hemisphere have opposite day and night lengths, polar day and night conditions, and seasons.

(3) People in the northern hemisphere usually regard March, April and May as spring, June, July and August as summer, September, October and November as autumn, December and January and February of the following year. month as winter. Since the mid-latitude areas between the Tropic of Cancer and the Polar Circle have neither direct sunlight nor polar day and night phenomena, the changes in the four seasons are most obvious.

4. People divide the earth into five zones (northern frigid zone, southern frigid zone, north temperate zone, south temperate zone, and tropics) according to the amount of solar heat received at different latitudes. The ground in the tropics gets the most light and heat, is hot all year round, and has direct sunlight; the ground in the temperate zone gets less light and heat than the tropics, and more than the cold zone, and the four seasons change more obviously; the ground in the cold zone gets very little heat, and is cold all year round, with extreme daylight and extreme days. night phenomenon.

5. In summer in the northern hemisphere, the sun rises early and sets late in most areas. The days are long and the nights are short. The sun is high at noon. In winter, the opposite is true.

6. The geographical significance of the earth’s revolution: the changes of the four seasons and the formation of the five zones of the earth.

Unit 2 Maps

Lesson 1 Basic Elements of Maps

1. The three elements of a map: direction, scale, legend and annotation.

2. There are three ways to determine the direction on the map: ① Usually use "up north, down south, left west, right east" to determine the direction. ② On a map with beacons, use the beacons to determine the direction. ③On a map with a latitude and longitude grid, use the latitude and longitude grid to determine the direction.

3. Scale: line segment type, digital type, text type. Scale bar = distance on the map/actual distance (units must be unified).

4. Different sizes of scales indicate different actual ranges and different levels of detail. When the map sizes are the same, the larger the scale, the smaller the actual range represented by the map and the more detailed the content represented.

Lesson 2 Interpretation of Maps

1. Altitude is the vertical distance of a location above sea level, also called the absolute height. Relative height is the vertical distance one location is above another location.

2. The various shapes on the earth’s surface are collectively called terrain. Common terrains include plains, plateaus, mountains, hills and basins.

3. On a map, the lines connecting points with the same altitude are called contour lines, and a map that uses contour lines to represent the ups and downs is called a contour map. The line connecting points of equal depth in a body of water is called a contour.

4. Contour characteristics of different terrains:

Mountain peaks: high in the middle, low in the middle, closed contours.

Cliff: Contour lines overlap.

Saddle: The lowland between the two peaks is the saddle.

Ridge: high in the middle, low on both sides, with contour lines protruding toward the lower parts.

Valley: high on both sides, low in the middle, with contour lines protruding to higher places.

Gentle slope and steep slope: Where the slope is gentle, the contour lines are sparse; where the slope is steep, the contour lines are dense.

Lesson 3 Application of Maps

New members of the map family: image maps, electronic maps, etc.

Unit 3 Ocean and Land

Lesson 1 Distribution of Sea and Land

1. Land: 29%, ocean: 71%. Three parts land and seven parts ocean. No matter how it is divided, any two hemispheres with equal areas on the earth have ocean area greater than land area.

2. The land on the earth is surrounded and separated by oceans. The vast land is called a continent, and the smaller land is called an island. The continent and its nearby islands together are called a continent. The global landmass is divided into seven continents.

3. Asia, Africa, North and South America, Antarctica and the European Ocean. (The continents are arranged from large to small in area)

4. Asia and the European continent are connected into one, called the Eurasian continent.

The dividing line between continents: the Ural Mountains, the Ural River and the Greater Caucasus Mountains - the dividing line between Asia and Europe. The dividing line between Asia and Africa - the Suez Canal. The dividing line between North and South America - the Panama Canal. Strait of Gibraltar - the dividing line between Europe and Africa. Bering Strait - the dividing line between Asia and North America. Drake Passage - the dividing line between South America and Antarctica.

5. Four oceans: Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, and Arctic Ocean. (Ocean areas are arranged from large to small)

Lesson 2: The appearance of sea and land

1. The main characteristics of the terrain of each continent:

Asia: complex and diverse terrain , high in the middle and low on all sides, mainly plateaus and mountains.

Europe: The terrain is mainly plains.

Africa: The terrain is dominated by plateaus and is called the "plateau continent".

Oceania: The terrain is divided into three parts, the plateau in the west, the plains in the middle, and the Great Dividing Range in the east.

North and South America: Mountains in the west, plains and plateaus in the east.

2. The highest mountain - Mount Everest (Asia); the longest mountain range - the Andes (South America);

The largest plain - the Amazon Plain (South America) ); the largest plateau - the Brazilian Plateau (South America);

The largest basin - the Congo Basin (Africa); the highest plateau - the Tibetan Plateau (Asia).

3. The lowest point on Earth: the Mariana Trench on the west coast of the Pacific Ocean (-11,034 meters);

The highest point: Mount Everest (8,844.43 meters).

4. Types of submarine terrain: continental shelf, continental slope, ocean basin, ridge, trench.

Lesson 3 Changes of Sea and Land

1. One force that causes changes in the surface morphology comes from the interior of the earth, such as crustal movement, volcanic movement, earthquakes, etc.; the other comes from The outside of the earth, such as flowing water, wind, waves, etc.

Internal forces: crustal movement formed the Himalayas; volcanic eruptions formed Changbai Mountain Tianchi; volcanism formed Wudalianchi.

External forces: the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River formed by water erosion; the wind-eroded landform of the Tarim Basin formed by wind erosion.

2. The theory of continental drift proposed by German scientist Wegener: 200-300 million years ago, there was only one continent (United Continent) on the earth; after that, the continent gradually disintegrated, split, and drifted to its current position. Formed the current distribution pattern of sea and land.

3. The theory of plate tectonics was developed on the basis of the theory of continental drift. The theory of plate tectonics divides the world into six major plates. The interior of the plates is relatively stable, and the crustal movement at the junction of the plates is relatively active.

4. Six major plates: Eurasian plate, Indian Ocean plate, American plate, Pacific plate, African plate, and Antarctic plate. Among them, the Pacific plate is dominated by oceans.

5. Plate movement manifests as rupture in some places and compression in other places. Tension - forming rift valleys and oceans; compression - forming mountains, island arc chains or trenches.

6. Use the theory of plate tectonics to explain the following phenomena: the Red Sea continues to expand (at the rift boundary between the African plate and the Indian Ocean plate), and the Himalayas continue to grow taller (at the squeeze of the Eurasian and Indian Ocean plates) boundary), the Mediterranean Sea is shrinking (at the compression boundary of the Eurasian and African plates), and the Atlantic Ocean is expanding (at the rupture boundary of the American and African plates).

7. More than 90% of the world’s earthquakes and volcanoes are distributed in the Pacific Rim and the Mediterranean-Himalayan zones. The world's volcanoes and seismic zones are mainly located at plate boundaries.

Unit 4 Weather and Climate

Lesson 1 Weather and Climate

1. Weather refers to short-term changes in a place, and it is changeable. , we often use words such as cloudy and sunny, temperature and altitude, wind strength, etc. to describe weather conditions.

2. Climate refers to the average weather conditions in a place for many years. The climate is stable. Temperature and precipitation are the two basic elements of climate, so the climate is described by temperature and precipitation.

Lesson 2 Changes and Distribution of Temperature

1. The temperature change with a one-day cycle is called the diurnal temperature change; the temperature change with a one-year cycle is called the annual temperature change. . The magnitude of temperature changes is measured by temperature differences, including daily range and annual range; temperature curves are used to represent temperature changes.

2. The highest temperature of the day generally occurs at 2 o'clock in the afternoon, and the lowest temperature occurs before sunrise. The difference between the highest and lowest temperature in a day is the diurnal temperature range.

3. The annual changes in temperature are small in the tropics, but large in the temperate and cold zones.

4. An isotherm is a smooth curve connecting points with equal temperatures on a map. On the same isotherm line, the temperatures at each point are equal. Where isotherms are sparse, the temperature difference is small. Where isotherms are densely packed, the temperature difference is large. The isotherms are in a closed state, and the place where the central temperature is low indicates that it is a low temperature center. The isotherms are closed and the central temperature is high, indicating that this is a high temperature center.

5. Main factors affecting temperature distribution:

Latitude position: The world's temperature gradually decreases from low latitudes to high latitudes.

Sea and land distribution: In the same latitude area, the land temperature is high and the ocean temperature is low in summer; the land temperature is low and the ocean temperature is high in winter. Topographic factors: Temperature decreases with increasing altitude.

6. On the world annual average temperature distribution map, the distribution of isotherms is roughly parallel to the latitude lines; compared with the southern and northern hemispheres, the southern hemisphere isotherms are flatter. This is because the southern hemisphere is relatively simple in nature and has less ocean area. It is vast, and the distribution of sea and land in the northern hemisphere causes the isotherms in the northern hemisphere to be more curved than in the southern hemisphere.

Lesson 3 Distribution and Change of Precipitation

1. Precipitation includes various forms such as rain, snow, hail, etc. The seasonal changes of precipitation are represented by precipitation histograms.

2. The line connecting points with equal precipitation on the map is called the equal precipitation line.

3. It is rainy at the equator; little rain at the poles; near the Tropic of Cancer, the east coast of the continent has more precipitation and the west coast has less precipitation; in mid-latitudes, the coastal areas have more rain and the inland has less rain.

4. Cherrapunji in northeastern India is known as the world’s “rain pole”; Chile’s Atacama Desert on the east coast of the Pacific is known as the world’s “dry pole”.

6. The basic instrument for measuring precipitation is the rain gauge. The unit of precipitation is millimeters.

Lesson 4 World Climate Types

1. Temperature and precipitation are two important factors of climate.

2. Tropical climate types: Tropical areas have high temperatures throughout the year, but regional differences in precipitation are large, forming four different climate types: tropical rainforest climate, savannah climate, tropical monsoon climate, and tropical desert climate.

3. Temperate climate type: In subtropical areas with lower temperate latitudes, the east coast of the continent has a subtropical monsoon and humid monsoon climate, and the west coast has a Mediterranean climate; in mid-latitude areas, the west coast of the continent has a temperate maritime climate. The east coast has a temperate monsoon climate, the interior of the continent has a vast temperate continental climate, and the higher latitude areas have a subarctic coniferous forest climate.

4. Cold zone climate: Cold zone climate is also called polar climate, including ice sheet climate and tundra climate. The ice sheet climate is distributed on the Antarctic continent and some islands in the Arctic Ocean, and the ground is covered with thick ice and snow; the tundra climate is distributed on the northern edge of the Eurasian continent and the North American continent, and mosses, lichens and other lower plants grow on the ground in the tundra climate.

5. Plateau mountain climate: In the alpine plateau areas of middle and low latitudes, due to the high altitude and low temperatures all year round, a plateau mountain climate is formed.

Lesson 5 Factors affecting climate

1. The natural factors that affect climate mainly include latitude factors, land and sea factors, topographic factors, etc.

2. Latitude factor: Affected by the shape of the earth, different latitudes receive different amounts of solar heat, resulting in significant differences in temperature and precipitation between high latitudes.

3. Sea and land factors: Water vapor on land mainly comes from the ocean. Therefore, areas that are close to the ocean and can be affected by ocean moistening airflow generally have more precipitation; while areas far away from the ocean generally have more precipitation. few. In addition, due to the different thermal properties of sea and land, the conditions of heat absorption and heat dissipation are also different. Land absorbs heat quickly and dissipates heat quickly; the opposite is true for the ocean. Therefore, at the same latitude, the temperature in summer is higher than that of the ocean; in winter, the temperature of the ocean is higher than that of the land.

4. Topographic factors: The temperature decreases with the increase of altitude. Generally, for every 1000 meters of increase in altitude, the temperature drops by about 6℃. There is more precipitation on the windward slope and less precipitation on the leeward slope.

Lesson 6 Human Activities and Climate

1. Climate has a great impact on human production and life. For example, rice is suitable for growing in hot and humid conditions, and wheat is suitable for growing in warm, cool and dry conditions. environment.

2. Human activities also have an impact on climate, and this impact is growing. On the one hand, human activities can improve local climate conditions; on the other hand, certain human activities can cause climate deterioration, thereby affecting human production and life.

Unit 5: Inhabitants of the World

Lesson 1: Population of the World

1. Natural population growth rate = birth rate - death rate. At present, the population growth in Europe, North America, and Oceania is slow, while the population growth in Africa, South America, and Asia is rapid.

2. The density of population distribution is usually explained by population density. Population density = total population/total area.

3. The world’s population is very unevenly distributed. Plain areas near the middle and low latitudes of eastern Asia, southern Asia, Europe, and eastern North America are densely populated areas. Extremely arid desert areas, overly humid rainforest areas, high latitude areas with year-round severe cold, and high plateau and mountainous areas are sparsely populated.

4. Population problems in developed countries: population growth is slow or even negative, leading to population aging, labor shortages and other problems; population problems in developing countries: excessive population growth and excessive population have led to a series of social problems question.

5. Human beings must control fertility, improve the quality of the population, and adapt population growth to social and economic development and coordinate with the natural environment.

Lesson 2 Race, Language and Religion in the World

1. The world’s inhabitants are mainly divided into yellow, white and black races. Main distribution areas of white people: northern Africa, Europe, Oceania, North America, western and southern Asia; main distribution areas of yellow people: eastern, southeastern, northern Asia, and northern America; main distribution areas of black people: central and southern Africa, Northwest Oceania, America.

2. Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism are the three major religions in the world. Christianity originated in West Asia and is the religion with the most believers in the world. Islam originated in the Arabian Peninsula, and its followers are called Muslims. Buddhism was founded in ancient India and later spread to other parts of Asia. In China, Tibetan Buddhism is called Lamaism.

3. Religious distribution: Christianity is distributed in Europe, North America, South America and Oceania; Islam is distributed in western and southeastern Asia and northern and eastern Africa; Buddhism is distributed in eastern and southeastern Asia.

4. Chinese, English, French, Russian, Spanish, Arabic.

These 6 languages ??are recognized as working languages ??by the United Nations. Chinese is the most widely spoken language in the world, and English is the most widely spoken language in the world.

Lesson 3 Human settlements

1. Places where humans live together become settlements. Settlement is generally divided into two types: urban and rural.

2. Densely settled areas: plain areas in the middle and lower reaches of rivers (flat terrain, fertile soil, sufficient water sources, convenient transportation, and rich natural resources).

Unit 6 Regional Development and International Cooperation

Lesson 1: Regional Development Differences

1. There are more than 200 countries and regions in the world, except Antarctica. other continents.

2. Russia is the largest country in the world, and the Vatican is the smallest country in the world.

3. The dividing line between a country and its neighboring countries (or the high seas) is the national boundary. The territorial land, internal waters, territorial waters and airspace within national boundaries are collectively referred to as territory.

4. There are still more than 30 immigration areas and territories in the world that have not gained independence, called regions.

5. According to the level of economic development, countries in the world can usually be divided into developed countries and developing countries. Most developed countries are located in North America, Europe, and Oceania, mainly including the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, Sweden, Norway, Japan, Australia, New Zealand and other countries. Most developing countries are located in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. China is the largest developing country in the world.

Lesson 2 World Cooperation and International Organizations

1. The world today faces many problems, such as population and poverty, resources and environment, inequality in world trade, etc.

3. "North-South Relations": The country refers to the difference in economic development between developing countries and developed countries as "North-South Differences"; it refers to the differences between developing countries and developed countries in economic, political and other aspects. Negotiations on issues are called "North-South dialogue"; mutual cooperation among developing countries is called "South-South cooperation."

4. The United Nations is the largest and most influential international organization in the world. The five permanent members of the United Nations: China, the United Kingdom, France, the United States, and Russia.

5. The World Trade Organization is a permanent, global economic and trade organization. Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. China officially joined the World Trade Organization in 2001.