What does "Siberia" mean?

A large area of North Asia in Russia. It starts from the Ural Mountains in the west, east to the Pacific Ocean, north to the Arctic Ocean, southwest to the mountainous areas in central and northern Kazakhstan, and south to China, Mongolia and North Korea, covering an area of 6,543,802,760 square kilometers, all of which are in Russian territory except the southwest end. Some people regard the watershed between the Arctic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean as its eastern boundary (the East is called the Far East). It is about 7,000 kilometers long from east to west and 3,500 kilometers wide from north to south, covering an area of about 1 10 million square kilometers.

Siberia has a vast territory, with plains in the west, mountains and plateaus in the middle and east. According to natural conditions, it can be divided into three main areas: the western Siberian plain, between the Urals and the Yenisei River, with low terrain and wide swamp, with an average elevation of120m, and the main rivers are ob river and Yenisei River; The central part is the Central Siberian Plateau, which starts from Putolana Mountain in the northwest corner of Yenisei River in the west and reaches the Dalina River basin in the east, with an average elevation of 300-500 meters. The surface of the plateau is broken. Mountain areas in the south and northeast, including Cerschi Mountain, Yangshask Mountain, Baikal Mountain, East-West Sayan Mountain, Altai Mountain (northwest section), etc. Siberia is located in the middle and high latitudes, with a cold climate, and the two "cold poles" in the northern hemisphere (Yongsk and Oymyakon) are here. The continental climate is remarkable, increasing gradually from west to east, with long cold winters and mild and short summers. The annual average temperature is below 0℃. The absolute low temperature in Yakutia in the northeast is -70℃. The temporal and spatial differences of precipitation are obvious. The annual precipitation along the Arctic Ocean is 100 ~ 250 mm, the coniferous forest belt is 500 ~ 600 mm, and the Altai Mountain reaches 1000 ~ 2000 mm. 75% ~ 80% of the precipitation is mainly concentrated in summer. Vegetation includes tundra, forest swamp, coniferous forest, forest grassland and treeless grassland. From north to south, there are tundra, forest tundra, forest, forest grassland and grassland belt in turn. Most rivers flow into the Arctic Ocean, such as ob river, Yenisei River and Lena River. Lake Baikal is the largest and deepest freshwater lake in the world. Permafrost and frozen soil are widely distributed. Coniferous forests account for 60-70% of the whole mountainous area. Siberia is rich in natural resources, including oil, natural gas, coal, gold and diamonds. All kinds of resources are concentrated and there are many large-scale deposits. The reserves of hydropower resources account for more than half of Russia.

Siberia is the habitat of nomadic people. From the second half of the16th century, Russia crossed the Urals and expanded to Siberia, where it ceded a large territory that originally belonged to China. 1895 ~ 1905 after the construction of the trans-Siberian railway, large-scale development began in this area, and a large number of people, mainly Russians, migrated eastward. During the first five-year plan period of the former Soviet Union (1928 ~ 1932), Kuznetsk coalfield and industries along trans-siberian railway developed greatly. Angara-Yenisei River was developed in 1950s. Since the mid-1960s, large oil and gas fields in western Siberia have been developed. In the mid-1970s, the construction of the second trans-siberian railway with a total length of 4275km was started, namely the Baikal-Amur Railway (the port of Schet-Soviet Union), which was opened to traffic in June1984+065438+1October. Siberia is an important energy and raw material base. On this basis, petrochemical, coal chemical, non-ferrous metal mining and metallurgical industries have also been developed. The iron and steel industry has begun to take shape, and the machinery industry has developed, but it is still very weak. Agriculture is more developed in southern Siberia, with wheat and dairy products and meat animal husbandry as the main sectors.

The population is about 40 million. Russians account for more than 80%, Ukrainians and Belarusians account for about 5%, and others include Komi, Yakutia and Tuva. The population is distributed along the railway. The main cities in Siberia are Novosibirsk and Krasnoyarsk.

Siberia is not so much a geographical term as an image of a regional scope. East of the Urals and north of the Asian continent, many people, especially foreigners, are usually called Siberia. People who have never been here have a prejudice against this vast area-cities, forests, oceans, rivers, lakes and swamps, and always associate it with snowy areas, cold, emptiness and barbarism.

In fact, Siberia is diverse. According to some conditions, it can be divided into some regions: western and northern Siberia, Altai, Tuwa, Hakka, Sayan and Outer Baikal, Yakutia, and even the northernmost part can be included in Siberia. 7,000 kilometers from east to west, 3,500 kilometers from north to south,10,000 square kilometers, which is almost equivalent to the area of 20 France-this is Siberia!

This is a rich and undeveloped land. Three centuries ago, Russian scientist and educator Mikhail lomonosov predicted that "Siberia will promote Russia's strength". It is rich in natural gas, oil, gold, diamonds, wood, fur, wildlife, fish and clean fresh water, and has built the world's largest power station on many rivers. Generally speaking, everything in Siberia is large-scale: ob river, Irtysh River, Yenisei River and Altai Mountain are particularly attractive. The symbol of this area is Lake Dan Coe in Terez. Local residents call it Jinhu. This area is very popular with hikers, water sports enthusiasts, skiers, climbers and horseback riders. Along the Gadong River, Bashikos River, Qiu Ya River and Chumeishi River, there are complex waterways that can test tenacity and courage. Climbing Mount Beruhe (4,056 meters), the highest peak of Altai Mountain, is considered to be something to be proud of. Alpine ski trails are laid on the Shaoria Mountain not far from Maizhdulechensk.

Hidden in the vast virgin forest is the mysterious Putorana Plateau, which is the highest part of the Central Siberian Plateau. "Putuolan" means "steep shore lake kingdom" in the language of Ewenki, a local resident. The valleys as deep as 1000 meters cut off the plateau and formed lakes. Standing at the highest point-Mount Carmen, you can get a panoramic view of Fiona Fang for hundreds of kilometers. Water poured down from the steep valley wall, forming a series of waterfalls. Of course, there is no road here. Tourists fly hundreds of kilometers by helicopter to come here.

Deer are always the most precious property for the northern aborigines. You can ride a deer or put it on a sleigh, sew clothes and shoes with deerskin, or set up tents-the houses of local residents. Deer meat has been the main food of northerners for hundreds of years.

In southern Siberia, along the Yenisei River, there are some ethnic minorities-Hakka, Angara River, Lena River, Altai Mountain and Sayan Mountain, and the pearl of eastern Siberia-Lake Baikal. Lake Baikal is the deepest and possibly oldest lake in the world with a history of 25 million years. It contains almost a quarter of the world's fresh water reserves and is very clear and transparent. A white disc with a diameter of 30 cm can still be seen 40 meters under the water of Lake Baikal. Lake Baikal is about 500 meters above sea level. Lake Baikal is home to 1850 species of animals and 850 species of plants, many of which are endemic here.

Siberia itself is also famous for its cold. Sometimes it's as cold as MINUS 40 degrees Celsius, 50 degrees Celsius. And MINUS 25-30 degrees can't attract the attention of local residents at all, which is a common temperature in winter. Summer in southern Siberia is very hot, reaching 30 degrees. You can swim, although the water is often a little cold: even in July, the water temperature can only reach 17- 18 degrees. There are many man-made "seas"-reservoirs of countless hydropower stations. There are some big cities in southern Siberia-omsk, Novosibirsk, Krasnoyarsk and Irkutsk.

The main scenic spot in krasnoyarskiy kray is Sayan Shizhu Group, which is a unique nature reserve in the East Sayan Mountains. The rising rocks formed 80 groups of cliffs as high as 100 meters. Some cliffs have names consistent with their own shapes: old man, peasant woman, golden eagle, feather, castle and so on. This is the favorite place for mountain climbers and rock climbers. The fascinating waterway tour starts from Krasnoyarsk, goes down the Yenisei River, goes to the far north, and reaches Dujinka and Dixon.

Tuva, Yakutia, Buryat. For example, there are only 80,000 Hakkas and less than 200,000 Tuwa. People of these ethnic groups have a unique art of ventriloquism. Performers don't sing, they just use their voices, sometimes they sound like bands, sometimes they sound like hooves, and sometimes they sound like the howling of hundreds of wild animals. They have been learning this art since childhood, but it is far from everyone's ability. Interestingly, only men can perform ventriloquism.

Buryat, located in the southeast of Lake Baikal, is the center of Buddhism in Russia. There are more than 30 Buddhist temples here-Lama Temple. Like all grassland nomads, Buryats always worship horses. The owner of the herd can always remember the "appearance" of each horse. Horses like friends are the protagonists in many legends and stories. The medicinal value of mare's milk-mare's milk wine is highly appraised.

In the center of Asia, it is marked by the adjacent Tuwa and National Monument. The roads here are few and difficult to walk, but the magical natural environment attracts tourists.

Not long ago, another way of traveling far away-Arctic tourism-rose in Russia. Take a helicopter from Moscow to Spitsbergen Islands, and then take a helicopter to the ice tent camp near the North Pole. Tourists will stay here for a few days, but they will not be lonely: riding a dog sledge, skiing, hiking along the ice floes, and floating on the white and silent land by balloon. There are even polar saunas and entertainment facilities in the camp. As long as there is suitable weather, the helicopter will sprint to the geographical pole with the coordinates of 90'00'' 00'00''. Happy tourists can call their relatives and friends through satellite phones and take photos happily in the northernmost part of the earth.

Siberian tiger

The Siberian tiger is the largest feline in the world, native to Northeast Asia and once spread all over Siberia, Russia and South Korea. With a history of 3 million years, it is also called the Northeast Tiger in China. Despite its huge size and amazing strength, the wild Siberian tiger is still on the verge of extinction, and the life and death of this rare species is only a line.

The adult Siberian tiger is more than 1.6 meters long, the longest is 3.9 meters, the weight is 320 kilograms, the limbs are stout and powerful, and the tail is 1 meter long. Its coat color is gorgeous, its back and sides are light yellow, its abdomen is white and its whole body is covered with black stripes. The black stripes on its forehead are slightly hooked in the middle, which looks like the word "king". In summer, due to the long sunshine time, the coat will become shorter and darker. In winter, the hair is long, pale and yellowish.