List 6 scientific and technological achievements in my country from the Qin Dynasty to the Southern and Northern Dynasties

1. Achievements in meteorological science

Xia Dynasty (22nd century BC - 17th century BC):

In the early Xia Dynasty, there are Dongyi stone carvings and rock paintings on Jiangjun Cliff in Lianyungang. The due north-south line related to Sheshi can be inferred from this that it divides into two. Make use of celestial phenomena and phenology to carry out agricultural activities.

Shang Dynasty (17th century BC to 11th century BC):

Attach great importance to the impact of weather on human activities. At that time, oracle bone inscriptions were used to describe weather phenomena such as wind, clouds, rainbows, rain, snow, thunder, etc. Divinations were also used to predict weather information (which could last up to ten days), including concepts such as seasons and eight directions.

Western Zhou Dynasty (11th century BC - 8th century BC):

Able to use earthenware to determine the direction, and know whether it is rainy, sunny, hot or cold. Whether the five types of meteorological conditions (", wind") are abnormal are closely related to agricultural and animal husbandry production. In "The Book of Songs, Youfeng, July", there are records of phenological phenomena and knowledge of each month of the year, as well as weather proverbs and climate proverbs. An article titled "Xia Xiaozheng" written by Zhou Chu is the earliest monograph on phenology in my country.

Spring and Autumn Period (770 BC - 476 BC):

The book "Spring and Autumn" began to list abnormal weather as one of the important contents of historical records. Medical doctors of the Qin State regarded abnormalities in the six weather conditions (yin, yang, wind, rain, darkness, and brightness) as external causes of disease. Zeng Shen (505 BC to 435 BC) used the Yin and Yang theory to explain the causes of weather phenomena such as wind, thunder, fog, rain, dew, and graupel. Guan Zhong not only recognized the relationship between the types of plant growth and the height of the terrain and the depth of groundwater, but also proposed the division of the thirty solar terms of Qi. "Sun Tzu's Art of War" regards the weather ("yin and yang, cold and heat, and time") as one of the five important factors in military victory. "Book of Changes? Shuo Gua Chuan" proposes that the "Heaven and Earth, Water, Fire, Wind, Thunder, Mountain and Ze" Eight Diagrams represent natural objects.

Warring States (475 BC - 222 BC):

Military meteorology developed. It is advocated to use meteorological conditions to defeat it. Zhuangzhou (369 BC to 286 BC) pointed out that wind is the flow of air, and mentioned that sunlight and wind can quietly evaporate water. "Huang Di Nei Jing? Su Wen" explains the relationship between seasons, climate, weather and health preservation, diseases, causes, and treatments, and proposes concepts such as climate, air, time, age, etc., which involves some human pathology issues related to meteorological causes.

The Qin Dynasty (221 BC - 206 BC):

This is the period of great unification of our country. It has stipulated the legal system that all localities need to report rain conditions to the central government ("Qin Qin Shi" Eight kinds of fields?"). It is stipulated that all regions must promptly report in writing the area of ??fields affected by rains and benefited from rain (rain, earing) and disasters (drought, waterlogging, wind, rain). "Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals" divides clouds into four categories: "mountain clouds, water clouds, dry clouds, and rain clouds" and makes a simple classification of clouds.

Han Dynasty (206 BC - 219 AD):

In "Huainanzi Tianwen Xun", for the first time, the names of the twenty-four solar terms that are the same as the modern names are listed. He also mentioned three instruments for measuring wind direction: "伧, Bronze Phoenix, and Feng Bongniao" and a "balance-type soil and dust moisture meter". Dong Zhongshu pointed out in "Dong Jiaoxi Collection of Rain and Hail" that the size and density of raindrops are related to the degree of wind impact and the density of raindrops. In "Lunheng", Wang Chong refuted the superstitious views on the formation of thunder and lightning at that time, pointing out that the formation of thunder and lightning was related to the heat of the sun and the season, and that thunder was caused by explosions. Yingshao of the Later Han Dynasty proposed names such as Meiyu and Trade Wind in "Customs and Customs". Cai Yong pointed out the formation of the rainbow in "Yue Ling Zhang Ju" that it is "the energy of the intersection of yin and yang, which is determined by the form and color. It is often seen in the clouds and is seen in the daytime when the sun is opposed. It is not seen without clouds."

Three Kingdoms Period (AD 220-AD 280):

Zhao Junqing annotated "Zhou Bi Suan Jing", introduced the "Seven Balances and Six Rooms", and theoretically explained the two The relationship between the fourteen solar terms and the movement of the sun.

Jin Dynasty (281 AD - 419 AD):

In the Jin Dynasty, the wooden bird (wind director) became popular, and many of them were installed on city walls and in astronomical departments. There were also some In Taipu Temple (Transportation Department). Zhou Chu's "Fengtu Ji" proposed the concept of plum rain. Jiang Ji of the Eastern Jin Dynasty pointed out that when the stars rise, the air traveling near the ground (Mongol air) can reduce the visual distance between stars and make the sun appear reddish in the morning and evening.

Southern and Northern Dynasties (420 AD - 589 AD):

Jia Sixie of the Northern Wei Dynasty wrote "Qi Min Yao Shu", a book that collected all the achievements in agricultural climate at that time. Methods of fumigation to prevent frost and snow accumulation to kill insects and protect moisture were proposed. The "Zhengguang Li" of the Northern Wei Dynasty included the seventy-two periods in the almanac.