What is the relationship between the Han and the Xiongnu?

The War between the Western Han Dynasty and the Xiongnu

(1) The strength of Maodun Chanyu and the Xiongnu

During the reign of Qin Shihuang, the Xiongnu was defeated by Qin general Meng Tian and withdrew from Hetao. Southland, moved to Mobei. After that, the Xiongnu rarely went south for more than ten years. In the first year of Qin II (209 BC), Maodun Shanyu (? ~ 174 BC) succeeded to the throne. He made many achievements in politics, military and other aspects, which made the Xiongnu become stronger quickly.

Modun was the son of Touman Chanyu of the Xiongnu. When he was the prince, Touman Shanyu wanted to make the son of his favorite Yan family (Queen of the Huns) the prince, so he sent Maodun to the Yuezhi (a nomadic tribe in the Western Regions) as a hostage, and then sent troops to attack the Yuezhi. Yuezhi was angry and wanted to kill Mao Dun. After hearing the news, Mao Dun stole a good horse and fled back to the Huns. Touman Shanyu saw that he was brave and strong, so he ordered him to command ten thousand horses. However, Mao Dun was dissatisfied with his enemy Man Shanyu. He trained his troops to be absolutely obedient and loyal to him in preparation for the coup. He made a kind of sounding arrow called Mingdy, and stipulated: Anyone who shoots with Mingdy without knowing how to shoot will be killed①. When he goes hunting, he shoots the ringing disprosium, and any of his followers who do not follow the ringing shot and shoot at the same target are all killed. Then, he shot his own horse with a thunderbolt. Those on the left and right who dared not shoot were also beheaded. Then, he shot his beloved wife with a hammer. There were still those on the left and right who did not dare to shoot, and they were beheaded again. Later, he shot Man Shanyu's BMW with a thunderbolt, hitting everyone on the left and right. Mao Dun knew that his subordinates were absolutely loyal to him. When he went hunting with his father Touman Chanyu, Maodun used his song to pick and shoot Touman, and everyone on the left and right released arrows, killing Touman. Later, Maodun also killed his stepmother and half-brother, killed all the ministers who were alien to him, and established himself as Chanyu of the Xiongnu.

At that time, the main threats to the Xiongnu came from two aspects, one was the Donghu in the east, and the other was the Yuezhi in the west.

Not long after Maodun Shanyu came to the throne, King Donghu took advantage of his unsteady footing and sent an envoy to ask for Touman Shanyu's thousand-mile horse. In order to paralyze Donghu, Maodun gave the thousand-mile horse to King Donghu, regardless of the objections of the officials. The king of Donghu took advantage of it and asked for Shanyu Yilan's family. Both sides of Mao Dun were very angry and requested to send troops to attack Donghu, but Mao Dun still complied with King Donghu's request. King Donghu thought that Maodun was weak and could be bullied, so he no longer took him seriously. Maodun Chanyu took the opportunity to stabilize his rule and expand his military equipment. At that time, there were thousands of miles of deserted land between the Xiongnu and Donghu, with no ownership. King Donghu wanted to take it for himself, so he sent an envoy to inform Maodun Shanyu that the Xiongnu could not occupy it. Some Xiongnu ministers thought it could be transferred. Maodun was furious and said: The land is the foundation of the country, how can we give it to others ①. Kill those who advocated giving up the land and send troops to raid Donghu. Donghu was caught off guard, King Donghu was killed, and all his people and livestock were obtained by the Xiongnu. Soon, Maodun Shanyu took advantage of the victory to attack the Yueshi in the west, forcing them to move westward. This eliminates the threat from both sides. Subsequently, the Xiongnu conquered more than 20 countries, including Loulan, Wusun, and Hujie, and controlled most of the Western Regions. To the north, they conquered Hunyu, Qushe, Dingling, Kunkun, Xinli and other countries, to the south they annexed Loufan (now northeastern Shanxi) and the territory under the jurisdiction of the Aries Henan King, and reoccupied the land south of the Hetao. The Xiongnu occupied a vast area starting from Yinshan Mountain in the south, reaching Lake Baikal in the north, reaching the Liaohe River in the east, and crossing the Congling Mountains in the west. They claimed to unite all the bow-wielding people into one family②, and had more than 300,000 string-controlling people③. They became the northern The most powerful nation.

While Maodun Chanyu continued to expand his territory, he led his troops south to harass the Han border many times. The largest military deployment was in the autumn of the sixth year of Emperor Gaozu of the Han Dynasty (201 BC), when King Xin of Han made an emergency landing in Mayi (today's Shuo County, Shanxi Province). The following year, he used 400,000 troops to defeat Liu Bang, the Emperor of Han Dynasty. Surrounded by Pingcheng Baishan Mountain. In December of the same year, Maodun Shanyu attacked Dai (now northeast of Yu County, Hebei Province) again, and Liu Bang's brother Dai Wang Liu Zhong abandoned the country and fled. After that, the Western Han Dynasty was forced to adopt the policy of peace and marriage. The female princess was given the title of Shan Yulan, and she was given Xunxu, wine, rice and food every year, and she made an appointment with Kundi to make peace with her ①. Since then, although Modun Shanyu no longer invaded on a large scale, small-scale fighting continued in the border areas between the two sides.

After Liu Bang's death, Queen Lu (241 BC to 180 BC) came into power. Maodun Shanyu wrote to Empress Lu, saying: The lonely king was born in Juze, grew up in the plains of wild cattle and horses, and traveled to the border. He is willing to travel to China.

Your Majesty is independent and lives alone. The two masters are unhappy and have no way to entertain themselves, so they are willing to give up what they have and change what they have. ② They propose to marry Empress Lu. Empress Lu was furious and wanted to send troops to attack the Xiongnu, but was dissuaded by the generals and reconciled with the Xiongnu. While Maodun Chanyu continued to use troops to expand his territory, he also carried out a series of reforms in the political and economic aspects of the Xiongnu. , formulated the necessary systems and laws, consolidated and improved the Xiongnu slave military regime. His rule lasted until the early days of Emperor Wen of Han Dynasty.

(2) Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty fought against the invasion of the Huns

In the eighth year after Han Gao (180 BC), Empress Lu died. Emperor Wen ascended the throne and continued to make peace with the Xiongnu.

In the third year of the Yuan Dynasty (177 BC) of Emperor Wen, King Youxian of the Xiongnu broke the peace treaty and led tens of thousands of troops to invade Henan (now the Yike Zhaomeng area of ??Inner Mongolia) and attack Shangjun (now Shaanxi). Suide area), killed Han people and threatened Chang'an. Emperor Wen urgently ordered Prime Minister Guan Ying to send 80,000 chariots and cavalry to attack the Xiongnu, and he led his generals to Ganquan Palace (the former site is in the northwest of Chunhua, Shaanxi Province) as support. King Youxian of the Xiongnu saw the Han army coming to attack, so he withdrew from the fortress. Although the two sides did not engage in fighting, this use of troops was the Western Han Dynasty's first large-scale military operation against the Xiongnu since the Siege of Baideng, which showed that the Western Han Dynasty was not willing to accept the policy of peace and affinity.

In the sixth year of Emperor Wen's reign (174 BC), Maodun Shanyu died, and his son Jizhou came to the throne, named Laoshang Shanyu.

When the old Shan came to the throne at the beginning of the year, Emperor Wen sent the female princess of the clan to Shan Yulan, and sent the eunuch Zhong Xingshuo of Yan people to escort the envoy. Bank of China said that he did not want to go to the Xiongnu, so he was forced to send an envoy. Zhongxing said that he was angry and went on the road. When he arrived at the Xiongnu, he surrendered to the old Shanyu. The old Shang Shanyu trusted him very much. The Bank of China said that the Xiongnu tried every means to destroy the fraternal relationship between Han and Huns, and encouraged the old Shanyu to wait for an opportunity to go south to attack the Han.

In the winter of the fourteenth year of Emperor Wen’s reign (166 BC), Shanyu personally led an army of 140,000 into Beidi County and occupied Chaona (now northwest of Pingliang, Gansu) and Xiaoguan (now Gansu). Southeast of Guyuan), Pengyang (southeast of present-day Zhenyuan, Gansu), burned back to the Zhonggong (Qin Palace, the former site is in present-day Guyuan, Gansu), and the forward line reached Yongxian (south of present-day Fengxiang, Shaanxi) and Ganquan (northwest of present-day Chunhua, Shaanxi). Chang'an is only 200 miles away, directly threatening the ruling center of the Western Han Dynasty. When Emperor Wen received the report, he immediately appointed Lieutenant Zhou Gu and Lang Zhongling Zhang Wu as generals, sent out a thousand chariots and a hundred thousand cavalry, and stationed them near Chang'an to defend the capital. He also appointed Lu Qing, the Marquis of Chang, as the General of Shangjun, and Wei Jun, the Marquis of Ning, as the General of the North. Zhou Zao, the Marquis of Lu, was the general of Longxi, Zhang Xiangru, the Marquis of Dongyang, was the general, and Dong Chi, the Marquis of Cheng, was the former general. Dafa sent troops and chariots from Shangjun, Beidi, Longxi and other places to attack the Xiongnu. After more than a month of hard fighting, the old superior Shan Yufang withdrew from the fortress. The Han army returned immediately after being driven out of the fortress, and no one could be killed②. From then on, the Xiongnu became increasingly arrogant and entered the border areas. They killed many people and livestock, especially in Yunzhong and Liaodong, and even killed more than 10,000 people in Daijun. The Western Han Dynasty was deeply aware of the danger and had to send envoys to reconcile with the Xiongnu. In the fourth year after Emperor Wen of the Yuan Dynasty (160 BC), the old Shangji Congee Chanyu died, and his son Junchen established him as a Chanyu, still based on the theory of Zhongxing. Confidants, actively prepare to attack the Han Dynasty.

In the sixth year of Emperor Wen's reign (158 BC), the military minister Shan Yu broke the peace treaty and launched a war against the Han Dynasty. He divided his 60,000 cavalry into two groups, with 30,000 in each group, and invaded Shangjun and Yunzhongjun respectively, killing many of them. Emperor Wen hurriedly appointed Ling Mian, a senior official in the Central Military Commission, as his cavalry general and led his troops to Feihu (today's Shangdang, Shanxi Province). He appointed Su Yi, the former prime minister of Chu, as his general, and sent his troops to Daidi and stationed them in Juzhu (near today's Yanmenguan, Shanxi Province). He also sent generals Zhang Wu stationed troops in the north. At the same time, he appointed three generals. He ordered Zhou Yafu, the defender of Hanoi, to station in Xiliu, Zhu Zihou Xu Han to station in Jimen, and Zongzheng Liu Li to station in Bashang to defend Chang'an. At this time, the Huns cavalry had reached the border of Daidi Gouzhu, and the border beacon fire alarms were sounded repeatedly. After several months of mobilization, the Han army arrived at the border area. Seeing that the Han army had strengthened their defense, the Xiongnu withdrew from the fortress. The Han army also stopped its troops and withdrew the police. In the second year, Emperor Wen died.

During the reign of Emperor Jing, he continued to implement the policy of peace and marriage since the great ancestor Liu Bang, cleared the customs city, gave the Huns, sent the princess, as promised, and paid attention to improving relations with the Huns. Therefore, the Xiongnu only carried out some small-scale border raids against the Han Dynasty, and no longer had large-scale military invasions.

(3) The war against the Xiongnu during the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty

1. The Mayi conspiracy, in the first year of Emperor Yuanguang (134 BC), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty relied on a businessman Nie Lu to plan The Huns lured them to Mayi and carried out encirclement and annihilation. However, the Huns later found that it was quiet in front of them and became suspicious. So he captured a Han Dynasty soldier and found out about the Han Dynasty's conspiracy. So they withdrew, and the relationship between Han and Hungary was severed from then on.

2. The Battle of Guanshi and the Battle of Yanmen, in the sixth year of Yuanguang (129 BC), the Han Dynasty sent out four armies.

The Chariot and Cavalry General Wei Qing (? ~ 106 BC) and the Cavalry General were ordered Gongsun Ao, General Gongsun He of Light Chariots, and General Li Guang of Valiant Cavalry, each with ten thousand cavalry, attacked the Xiongnu troops near Shanggu, Yunzhong, Daijun, Yanmen and other pass cities. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ordered them to find opportunities to annihilate the enemy. Wei Qing lived up to Emperor Wu's trust and sent his troops out of Shanggu (southeast of today's Huailai, Hebei Province) and pursued the Xiongnu army all the way to Longcheng (the place where the Huns worshiped their ancestors in heaven and earth was called Longcheng, with no fixed location. The place where Wei Qing went to Longcheng is now inlaid in Inner Mongolia) (near the white flag), killed more than 700 enemies and returned victoriously. On the remaining three routes, Li Guang led the army out of Yanmen (today's Youyunan, Shanxi Province), advanced rapidly with courage, and met the main force of the Huns. The Xiongnu deceived and set up an ambush and defeated Li Guang's army. The Han army was almost wiped out, and Li Guang was wounded and captured. Li Guang is a famous general of the Han Dynasty. He has served on the border for a long time. He has served as the prefect of the border counties of Longxi, Beidi, Yanmen and Yunzhong. He has had many battles with the Huns. He once scared off thousands of the Huns with a hundred cavalry. He is quite famous among the Huns. The Huns soldiers Everyone is afraid of Li Guang. Li Guang led the troops, shared the joys and sorrows with the soldiers, and often took the lead in fighting. The Chanyu of the Xiongnu also knew that Li Guang was a virtuous man, and once ordered: "If you get Li Guang, you must give birth to him" ①. The Huns soldiers captured Li Guang, placed him on a net bed between the two horses, and sent him to the Chanyu. Li Guang pretended to be seriously injured and unconscious. After traveling for more than ten miles, Li Guang saw a Hun soldier riding a good horse nearby. Taking advantage of his unpreparedness, he jumped up to seize the good horse and bow and arrow, whipping the horse to the south. Hundreds of Huns rode behind them and chased them closely. Li Guang took his bow and arrows and fired back. The Huns soldiers did not dare to get close. Later, they encountered the remnants of Li Guang's army. The Huns soldiers retreated and Li Guang was able to escape. On the other way, Gongsun Ao came out of Dai County (southwest of today's Yu County, Hebei Province), but was also defeated by the Xiongnu army, losing more than 7,000 people, and retreated in embarrassment. Gongsun He came out of Yunzhong (today's Toktuo, Inner Mongolia) without seeing an enemy. He camped for several days. He heard that Li Guang and Gongsun Ao had been defeated and lost their response, so he led his troops back.

3. In the battle of the Han army to regain Henan, in the spring of the second year of Yuanshuo (127 BC), Wei Qing was ordered to immediately lead his troops to attack. He adopted the tactic of "circuit and side attack". After Izumo, he attacked Gaoque Village (now northeast of Hangjinhou Banner, Inner Mongolia) from a long distance. He first cut off the connection between King Loufan, King Aries and the court of Shanyu.

Then along the west bank of the Yellow River, turned south and launched a fierce attack on the troops of King Loufan and King Aries from the flanks, annihilating thousands of enemies and capturing millions of cattle and sheep. King Loufan and King Aries fled across the river with only a few cavalry. The Han army won a great victory and completely recovered Henan. When the good news reached Chang'an, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was extremely happy and sent a special envoy to Wei Qing's army to express his condolences. He also issued an edict to make Wei Qing the Marquis of Changping, granting food to 3,800 households in the city, and all his generals and commanders were rewarded.

4. The Battle of Monan, the second year after the Western Han Dynasty regained Henan. After Yizhixie Chanyu came to the throne, he carried out more frequent raids on the border counties of the Western Han Dynasty. In the summer of the third year of Emperor Wu's Yuanshuo (126 BC), the Huns invaded Dai County with thousands of horses, killed the prefect Gongyou, and plundered more than a thousand people. In the spring of the fifth year of Yuanshuo (124 BC), Wei Qing led his army out of the fortress, marched for six or seven hundred miles, and quietly surrounded the royal court of King Youxian at night (approximately in today's Mongolian People's Republic of China and the southern Gobi Province of the country) . King Youxian thought that the royal court was far away from the Han territory and it was impossible for the Han army to attack here, so he did not take any precautions. King Youxian was still drunk that night. Wei Qing took the opportunity to command the Han army to launch a sudden attack. The Xiongnu immediately went into chaos. King Youxian woke up from his dream and was shocked. Unable to organize resistance, he hurriedly took his concubine and led hundreds of fine cavalry to break through and escape. Wei Qing urgently ordered Qingqi Colonel Guo Cheng and others to lead his troops to pursue north. Guo Cheng and others chased for hundreds of miles, but when they saw that they could not catch up, they returned. In this battle, the Han army captured more than 15,000 men and women from King Youxian's tribe, more than ten people from King Pi (the little king of the Huns), and hundreds of thousands of livestock. They won a complete victory. The Eastern Route Army led by Li Xi and Zhang Cigong also achieved victory.

5. In the Battle of Hexi, in the second year of Yuanshou (121 BC), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty appointed Huo Qubing as the Hussar General and led more than 10,000 cavalry to attack the Xiongnu army in Hexi. The Han army set out from Longxi and within 6 days passed through Jincheng (now northwest of Lanzhou, Gansu), Lingju (now west of Yongdeng, Gansu), crossed Wushaoling, and passed through the five tribal kingdoms of the Xiongnu. Along the way, they eliminated the resisters and appeased them to surrender. who. Then continue westward, passing through Yanzhi Mountain (today's Shandan Dahuang Mountain in Gansu Province, also known as Yanzhi Mountain) for more than 1,000 miles, and fought with the main force of the Xiongnu army in Hexi, killing King Zhelan and King Luhu (formerly known as King Luhou). , captured Prince Hunxie, Prime Minister, Duwei and other officials, annihilated more than 8,900 Xiongnu troops, and captured King Xiutu's golden man to worship the sky. King Hunxie and King Xiutu were defeated and fled.

6. In the decisive battle of Mobei, in the spring of the fourth year of Yuanshou (119 BC), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty mobilized 100,000 cavalry and ordered General Wei Qing and Hussar General Huo Qubing to take 50,000 each to go deep into Mobei to find and annihilate the main force of the Huns. He appointed Li Guang, the lieutenant commander, as the front general, Grand Servant Sun He as the left general, Lord Zhao Shiqi as the right general, and Pingyang Marquis Cao Xiang as the rear general, all under the command of Wei Qing. Although Huo Qubing did not have any supporting generals under his command, the soldiers under his command were all carefully selected men who dared to fight in depth①. The generals who accompanied him on the expedition, such as Zhao Ponu, the Marquis of Piao, Anji, the Marquis of Changwu, and Lu Bode, the Governor of Youbeiping, , Beidi Duwei ■Shan, Xiaowei Li Gan and Xu Ziwei are all famous fierce generals. In addition, there are some Xiongnu surrendered generals, such as Guiyihou Fuluzhi (King Yinchun), Yi Jiqian (King Lou), etc. , they are familiar with the geography of the desert and are used to marching and fighting in the desert.

Therefore, Huo Qubing was the main force of the Han army. In order to ensure victory in the battle, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty also recruited 140,000 private horses and hundreds of thousands of infantry to be responsible for transporting baggage and ensuring logistical supplies. Countless amounts of food and fodder were prepared for this war.

The Han army originally planned to leave Dingxiang from Huo Qubing and attack Yizhixie Chanyu directly. Later, he learned from the prisoners that Yi Zhixie Shanyu had gone east, so he changed his plan and ordered Huo Qubing to leave Daijun and Wei Qing to leave Dingxiang. The troops divided into two groups and marched northward.

When the Xiongnu learned that the Han army was coming to attack, Zhao Xin made a plan for Yizhixie Chanyu: The Han army was defeated and the men and horses were tired, so the Xiongnu could sit back and capture the captives ③. So Yizhixie Chanyu moved all his people and livestock to the farther north and stationed his elite troops in Mobei, waiting for the arrival of the Han army.

After Wei Qing left the fortress, captured prisoners, and learned the exact location of Yizhixie Chanyu, he ordered the former general Li Guang and the right general Zhao Shiqi to merge their two armies and attack the flank of the Xiongnu army from the east. He led the main force to directly attack the Huns.

Wei Qing's army marched for more than a thousand miles, waded through the desert, and finally met the main force of Yi Zhixie Shanyu. Wei Qing saw that the Xiongnu army was preparing early, so he ordered the Wugang chariots (chariots with thick leather covering on the sides and roof for protection) to surround the camp, take a stand, and then attack the Xiongnu with 5,000 cavalry. Yizhixie Shanyu also ordered Wanqi to go out to fight. The two sides fought fiercely. When the battle reached dusk, strong winds came up, sand and gravel hit our faces, and the two armies did not meet each other. Wei Qing took advantage of the situation and quickly ordered his army to outflank the Xiongnu army from the left and right wings, surrounding the Xiongnu army. Yi Zhixie Shanyu saw that the situation was not good and expected that the Han army would be difficult to win due to the overwhelming number of troops, so he led hundreds of strong cavalry to break out from the northwest and escape.

Then Li Ling attacked the Huns, but they surrendered. Li Guangli's westward expedition to Dawan failed. Later he also surrendered.

There were no major battles during the period of Emperor Zhao of the Han Dynasty, just sporadic battles. Because of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty's aggressive military force, the Han Dynasty completely collapsed

During the period of Emperor Xuan of the Han Dynasty, he united with the Wusun Kingdom to attack the Xiongnu. Later, the Southern Xiongnu Huhanxie Shanyu surrendered. During the period of Emperor Yuan of the Han Dynasty, he married Wang Zhaojun from Zigui, Nanjun.

After becoming Emperor of the Han Dynasty, he rarely used troops against the Huns, but when Wang Mang came to the new dynasty, he was self-righteous and believed that the Han Dynasty's status towards the Huns should be reduced to a vassal relationship. This caused dissatisfaction among the Huns, and they fought for a long time. In the end, the problem was not solved.

The Battle of the Eastern Han Dynasty against the Xiongnu:

In the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Xiongnu in the north became stronger again, controlling the Wuhuan and other tribes in the Western Regions and the Northeast, and when Liu Xiu was conducting a unification war , supported Peng Chong of Yuyang and Lu Fang of Wuyuan against Liu Xiu. In order to reduce the pressure on the north, Liu Xiu sent envoys to make peace with the Xiongnu, but no results were achieved. In the ninth year of Jianwu (AD 33), Liu Xiu sent his great commander Wu Han to lead an army to fight against the Xiongnu. They fought for one year without achieving any results. Later, the Eastern Han government was forced to order the residents of Yanmen, Daijun, and Shanggu counties to be moved to the area east of Changshanguan (now north of Laiyuan, Hebei) and Juyongguan. The left Xiongnu took the opportunity to settle in the fortress, and continued to raid south, attacking Shangdang (now Southwest of Zhangzi, Shanxi), Fufeng (now Xingping, Shaanxi), Tianshui (now Tianshui, Gansu) and other counties, posing a huge threat to the Eastern Han Dynasty. The Eastern Han Dynasty was unable to fight back and could only take passive defensive measures, which was extremely passive.

At this time, the Xiongnu suffered from years of early locust disasters. Thousands of miles of red land, countless people and animals died, and their strength was greatly reduced. Internal strife broke out within the ruling group for dominance. In the 24th year of Jianwu (AD 48), eight tribes from the south of the Xiongnu supported King Rizui as Chanyu. Nandan Yubi used the title of his grandfather Huhanxie Chanyu and led 40,000 to 50,000 people to surrender to the Eastern Han Dynasty. The Eastern Han government placed them in Beidi, Shuofang, Wuyuan, Yunzhong, Dingxiang, Yanmen, Dai The counties and other border counties assisted the Han in guarding the borders. From then on, the Huns were divided into two tribes, the north and the south.

In the twenty-sixth year of Jianwu (AD 50), the Eastern Han government appointed the Xiongnu Zhonglang General to be in charge of protecting the southern Xiongnu affairs. Later, in order to strengthen the defense of the north, General Du Liao was added to command the Du Liao camp and stationed troops in Wuyuan Manbai (southeast of today's Dalate Banner in Inner Mongolia).

After the Southern Xiongnu surrendered to the Eastern Han Dynasty, the power of the Northern Xiongnu further weakened. The Dingling people in the north, the Xianbei people in the east, and the various ethnic groups in the Western Regions who were oppressed by them took the opportunity to rebel. In addition, the Eastern Han Dynasty and the Southern Xiongnu fought many times. After defeating the Northern Xiongnu, their internal conflicts became increasingly serious. More and more people were no longer willing to follow the Northern Xiongnu and surrendered to the Eastern Han Dynasty in large numbers.

By the time of Emperor Ming of the Han Dynasty, the national power of the Eastern Han Dynasty had been greatly restored, so the Eastern Han Dynasty government decided to seize the opportunity to launch a large-scale attack on the Northern Huns, curb their southern invasion, and take the opportunity to open up the Western Regions.

As for the ethnic groups you mentioned, quite a few have integrated into the Han people.

There are also some who have not integrated, such as Tibetans, Manchus, Mongolians, etc.