40 Grammar Points for Teaching Chinese as a Foreign Language

The 40 grammar points for teaching Chinese as a foreign language is what Mr. Wang from mandaringarden said

1. The basic word order of Chinese

Subject + predicate + object

I study Chinese.

2． Use questions with "?" and "Where"

Are you going? | Where are you going?

3． Questions using interrogative pronouns

Who is he? |What book is this? |Where are you going? |How do you get there?

4. Positive and negative questions

Are you Chinese? —Are you Chinese?

Do you have a camera? — Do you have a camera?

5. Use "A or B?" choice questions

Do you drink coffee or beer? | Do you go to a store or a bookstore?

Note: There is a difference between "or" and "or":

On Sunday, I watch TV or (× still) listen to music at home.

6． Attributive (used before nouns)

(1) To explain the ownership relationship, "of" should be used:

This is my book, that is his pen.

(2) Explain the nature of people or things without using "的":

He is a Chinese teacher. | This is a Chinese book.

(3) To indicate the kinship relationship or unit, “of” is generally not used:

He is my father. | That's our school.

7. Adverbial (used before verb/adjective)

(1) Adverb as adverbial:

I often go to the store. | She is beautiful.

(2) Prepositional phrases as adverbials:

I am studying in China. | I'm from the United States. | I learn Chinese from a Chinese teacher. |

I wrote to him. | You go forward. | I told him about it.

(3) Two-syllable adjectives are used as adverbials, often using "地":

He said happily: "Today is my birthday."

(4) Monosyllabic adjectives are used as adverbials without "地":

Go quickly!

(5) There is an adverb of degree before an adjective, usually "地":

He studies very seriously.

8. Result complement (used after a verb to express the result of an action)

Form: verb + verb/adjective

(1) Verb + verb (understand, see, finish, in, arrive , give, become...):

I understand. | I saw him. | The homework is done. |The car is parked at the door.

(2) Verb + adjective (right, wrong, good, clear...):

You are right. | The meal is ready. | I heard you clearly.

9. Simple trend complement

Verb + up, down, in, out, back, past, up/come/come

There is an object after the verb, and the trend complement is "come/go" Situation:

(1) The object is the form of the local word: verb + local word + come/go

He will return to Beijing tomorrow. | He went into the library.

(2) Objects are two forms of thing words:

Indicates completion: verb + come/go + thing words

I borrowed a book . | He took the pen.

Request: verb + thing word + come / go

Pour the tea quickly!

10． Compound tendency complement

Verb + up/up, down/down, in/in, out/

Go out, come back/go back, come/past, get up

(1) The object is the form of the local word: "come/go" at the end of the sentence

He walked into the classroom. | He ran home.

(2) The object is the form of the word for things:

It means completion. There are two forms of quantifiers before the object of things:

He took out a book . | He took out a book.

To express completion, there is no quantifier before the object of the thing:

He took out the book.

To express a request, the object of the thing is before "come/go":

Take out the book!

11. Complement of degree

Form: adjective + extremely / got + incredible / dead / bad / very / much

He was very happy. | I'm so tired. | I'm starving.

12. Possible complement (used after a verb to express ability or possibility)

Form: verb + get/not + result complement | tendency complement

Express ability: I can read this book Understand, he can’t understand.

Indicates possibility: He can come back tomorrow, but I can’t come back tomorrow.

13． Modal complement

Form: verb + got + very / very / comparative + adjective

(1) Form without object after the verb:

He ran very fast quick.

(2) The form with object after the verb:

He learned Chinese very well. (repeated verb)

He learned Chinese very well. (object in advance)

He learned Chinese very well. (object in advance)

14. Temporal complement (used after a verb to indicate how long an action lasts)

(1) Three forms of continuous verbs:

I have been studying Chinese for a year. (repeat verb)

I have studied Chinese for one year. (verb + time + object)

I have studied Chinese for a year. (object in advance)

(2) Non-continuous verb form:

He has been away from China for a year. (verb + object + time)

(3) The object is in the form of a personal pronoun:

I waited for him for ten minutes. (repeat verb)

I waited for him for ten minutes. (verb + personal pronoun + time)

(4) Adverbs or voluntary verbs should be placed in front of repeating verbs:

I have only studied Chinese for one year. / It will take me one year to learn Chinese.

15． Momentum complement (used after a verb to express the number of actions)

Form: verb + verbal quantifier (mainly "times, times, next")

(1) Verb + momentum Word + object of thing:

I watched a movie once. | He read the text once. |

(2) Verb + personal pronoun object + verbal quantifier:

Yesterday, I looked for him three times.

16． Existential sentence

Form: location word + verb + noun

(1) Expressing existence: There is a picture on the wall.

(2) Appear: A person is coming from the front.

(3) Disappearance: A car drove away from the parking lot.

17. Dynamic particle "LE"

Form: verb + LE

Explanation: "LE" is after the verb, indicating the completion of the action (regardless of time):

Yesterday I had breakfast and went to school.

Tomorrow I have breakfast and go to school.

Usually I go to school after breakfast.

18． Mood particle "LE1"

Form: "LE" is at the end of the sentence.

Explanation: Indicates that something has happened:

Now he goes to the bookstore to buy books. | Did you go to the bookstore yesterday? (Rhetorical question)

19. Mood particle "LE 2"

Form: "LE" is at the end of the sentence

Explanation: expresses change:

It's spring and the weather is getting warmer.

He is a college student and can live independently.

20. Dynamic particle "LE" + quantifier + modal particle "LE"

Explanation: Indicates that the action may continue or not continue:

I have been learning Chinese for a year, and I still It takes a year to study. (To be continued)

I have been learning Chinese for a year and will no longer learn it. (No further)

21. It's going to..., it's going to..., it's going to..., it's going to...

Explanation: It means that an action or thing will happen soon)

It's going to rain. / New Year is coming. / The car is about to leave.

I will (*almost) return to China tomorrow. (You cannot use time words before "soon")

22. Dynamic particle " Zhu "

Form: verb + Zhu

Explanation: Indicates the continuation of an action or state

It is raining and windy outside. (continuous, dynamic action)

The door to the room is open. (Status persists, static)

23. Dynamic particle "Guo"

Form: verb + Guo

Explanation: Indicates past experience

I have been to Beijing, but not to Shanghai.

Rhetorical question: Have you been to Beijing?

24. At / being / positive + verb... (what)

Explanation: Indicates the progress of the action

He is reading a book (what). | He is reading a book. | He is reading a book.

It's raining outside. | It's raining outside. (Can be used together with "with")

25. Linked sentences

Form: with more than two verbs

Yesterday he went to the store and bought something. ("Le" is after the last verb)

26. Also sentence

Form: A please / let / call B + verb

I invited him to come.

The teacher asked students to write essays.

The father asked his son to go shopping.

27. Use the word "ratio" to express comparison

(1) A (not) is better than B + adjective

I am taller than him. | I'm not taller than him.

(2) A is more / still + adjective than B

I am very tall, and he is more / taller than me.

(3) A is better than B + adjective + quantity // a little, some // much, much

I am five centimeters taller than him.

I am a little taller than him.

I am much (much) taller than him.

(4) A is earlier/later than B // more/less + verb + quantity

I came five minutes earlier than him.

I have studied three more texts than him.

(5) There are degree complements in the "bi" sentences, which have two forms:

I came earlier than him.

I came earlier than him.

28. Use "A is (not) the same as B + (adjective)" to express comparison

My book is the same as his book. | My book is different from his.

I am as tall as him. | This room is not the same size as that room.

29. Use "A has / does not have B (so / then) + adjective" to express comparison

He is as tall as me.

I am not as tall as him. (or: I'm not as tall as him)

Is he as tall as you? (Or: Is he as tall as you?)

30. Verb overlap (indicating short time, or trying)

(1) The action has not happened yet, monosyllabic verbs can be used without "one":

I want to think about this question think.

I want to think about this issue.

(2) "一" cannot be used between two-syllable verbs:

We have to study (× 一) this issue.

(3) The action has been completed, and "" is used between monosyllabic/double-syllable verbs:

I thought about this question yesterday.

(4) Use "在", "在", etc. to express the progress of the action, and the verbs cannot overlap:

He is listening to (×Listen to) music.

31． Overlapping adjectives (with vivid and vivid effects)

(1) Overlapping form of monosyllables: AA

She has a pair of big eyes.

(2) Overlapping form of two syllables: AABB

This is a clean room.

(3) Overlapping adjectives act as attributives, or act alone as predicates, and should be followed by "of":

A pair of big eyes / His face is red.

(4) "Very" cannot be used before overlapping adjectives:

She was dressed (× very) beautifully.

32． "Ba" sentences

Form: A, B + verb + other components

Semantics: describe the movement, change or result

I closed the door. (Use "了" after the verb)

I finished my homework. (Use "result complement" after the verb)

You bring the box up. (Use "tendency complement" after the verb)

You give him this book. (Use object after verb)

Note:

(1) Possible complements cannot be used in "ba" sentences:

× I read this book very well over.

(2) The object usually refers to something specific, or is known to both parties:

You give him this book (× a book).

(3) Canonical verbs/negative words, placed before "hand":

I want to give this book to him. | I didn't give him the book.

(4) When there is a complement "in, to, give, or become" after the verb, the word "bar" is often used:

I parked the car at the door. |I put the book on the table.

I gave the pen back to him. |I translated this English book into Chinese.

33． Passive sentences

(1) Sentences using the word "bei" in "bei":

Form: A bei B + verb + other components

My dictionary is He borrowed it.

My wallet was stolen.

(2) Passive sentences without "being":

The meal is finished. | The letter is written.

34． "It's..."

(1) Emphasize the time, place and method of the action that has taken place

He came yesterday.

He is from Beijing.

He came by plane.

(2) Express attitude or opinion

I think it is wrong for you to hit someone.

His attitude towards learning is serious.

35. More and more + adjective / psychological verb

Winter is here, and the weather is getting colder and colder.

I like music more and more.

36. The more...the more...:

(1) The subject is the same: the wind is blowing harder and harder.

(2) Different subjects: The more the teacher talks, the less I understand.

37. One...just...

Explanation: It means that after the first action occurs, the second action occurs immediately.

(1) The subjects are the same: I will go home as soon as get out of class is over.

(2) The subject is different: I understood it as soon as the teacher said it.

38． The difference between "a little" and "a little"

(1) A little + adjective (meaning "unsatisfactory"):

This book is very good, but A bit expensive.

(2) A little bit + psychological verb:

They want to go to the park, and I also want to go to the park a little bit.

(3) Adjective + a little bit (indicating comparison):

It was 20 degrees yesterday, and it is a little colder today (than yesterday).

(4) Verb + a little + (object):

I can speak a little Chinese.

39. The general order of attributives

Noun | pronoun + demonstrative pronoun + quantity phrase + adjective/noun + central phrase

The two new colleges of the school

Her five A beautiful silk dress

40. The general order of adverbials

Time + location + scope + degree + modality/way + prepositional phrase + verb/form

We are all very enthusiastic about him

We I study Chinese very seriously with the teacher at school

We happily called him at home yesterday

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Note: 1. "Ye" + adverbs of other categories:

I learn Chinese, and they all learn Chinese too. / I often go to the park, and he often goes to the park.

2. Adverb of category + adverb of degree:

We all like him very much. / They work very hard too.

3. Time adverb + prepositional phrase:

I am writing to him. / He has returned from abroad.

4. Time adverb + adjective phrase:

He often helps me enthusiastically. / He always studies seriously.

5. Adverb "ye, again" + negative adverb expressing repetition:

I won't come tomorrow either. / He didn't come again yesterday.

6. Negative adverb / time adverb / willing verb + "to, be, let, call"

Prepositional phrase:

He didn't return the book to me. / My book has been borrowed by him. /I can do this well

7. Time words + prepositional phrases indicating place:

I set off from school at two o'clock in the afternoon.

8. Prepositional phrase expressing space, ***same + prepositional phrase expressing object:

He told me about this on the phone. / I wrote a letter to the teacher with him.

9． Voluntary verb + prepositional phrase:

I originally wanted to discuss this matter with him. / He is willing to put on a show for everyone.

10． Adverb "again, also" expressing repetition + willing verb:

His illness is cured and he can come to class again. /I came to China this year, and I will come again next year.

11. Able verb + "often", "again":

You should review the text often. / That place is so beautiful, I want to go there again.

12. "Ji" + "都"/ voluntary verb:

We all went home after dinner. / You call him and he will come.

13． "Zai", "Ji" + "Bang" / "Be":

You don't need to return this book to me today, just return it to me tomorrow.

If you come tomorrow, bring your camera.

You have to work harder and don't be criticized by the teacher again.

As soon as he finished eating, he was called away by his classmates.

14. Adjective phrase + prepositional phrase:

He told me this happily. / He bought the thing with satisfaction.

15． Time words + prepositional phrases expressing time + adverbs expressing time

* He often catches a cold recently.

* I will never smoke from now on.

* He slept from seven in the morning to four in the afternoon yesterday.

* Related words

Because---so--- | Not only---but also--- | As long as---then---, only---can- --,

If---then--- | One---then--- | Although---but--- | Not---but---

Since---just--- | Even if (even if, even, even, even)---also---

Even---all (also)--- | Whatever- --Both--- | No matter (no matter) ---Both (also)----

It is better to --- than --- | I would rather --- than ---...< /p>