What conclusion can be drawn by comparing the number of days of smog in A city and B city from 20 10 to 20 14?

Above the smoke, under the dome, we breathe together, * * * fate.

After the fog, I learned that I was pregnant: my daughter was healthy.

20 13 65438+ 10 in Beijing, there are 25 days of smog in a month.

That month, I also went to four places on business: Shaanxi, Henan, Jiangxi and Zhejiang. Looking back at the sky in the video, China was being caught in a fog and haze covering 25 provinces and cities with a population of 600 million, but my voice was interested. I couldn't sleep in Xi 'an that night, so I cut a lemon and put it on the pillow. After returning to Beijing, I knew I was pregnant.

The moment I heard her heartbeat, I felt that I didn't have any other expectations for her-health is good. However, she was diagnosed as a benign tumor and will undergo surgery after birth. She was taken away before I could hug her. I am a very lucky person. Later, I resigned to accompany her and take care of her, as long as the family is safe and healthy together.

I have never been afraid of pollution before. I've never worn a mask anywhere. Now that you have life in your arms, you should be responsible for her breathing, eating and drinking, and you will be afraid. The smog lasted for almost two months (the end of 20 13), which made me realize that it didn't happen by accident and it couldn't pass quickly.

This is 20 14 Beijing. I can only take her out when the air is fine, but how many days can this day last? The number of days of pollution is 175, which means I will keep her at home like a prisoner for half a year. Ten years ago, the director of environmental protection told me that "filial piety is the epitome of Shanxi, and Shanxi is the epitome of China". In just ten years, I watched it come true.

For 40 days in a row, aerial image records show that:

Tianjin 20 14 air pollution days 197 days,

The air pollution days in Shenyang in 20 14 years are 152 days.

The air pollution days in Chengdu in 20 14 years are 125 days.

Lanzhou 20 14 air pollution days 1 12 days,

There were 264 days of air pollution in Shijiazhuang 20 14.

Sometimes when I wake up in the morning, I will see my daughter standing in front of the balcony patting the glass with her hand and telling me that she wants to go out like this. One day she will ask me, mom, why did you lock me up? What's outside? Will it hurt me? What I have done this year is to answer the question she will ask me in the future: what is smog? Where did it come from? What should we do?

What is smog? This is a war in which the enemy is invisible.

What is smog? I sometimes turn off the lights. I want to have a look. I know that PM2.5 exists in it. They are particles with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 microns, so they can refract a lot of visible light, leaving us a world with low visibility. This is a war in which the enemy is invisible.

A large number of samples show that many people are taller than you, exceeding the standard by 20 times. All these carcinogens are attached to the surface of the black sampling film just seen, a substance called black carbon. It is very small, only 0.2 micron, but it is a chain structure, so how big can two grams of black carbon be if it is opened? It can be as big as the whole basketball court, so it can absorb a lot of carcinogens and heavy metals. How much black charcoal is there in China? This is a calculation made by NASA in 2009. The purple, white and shining place is China. (Black carbon) It floats above our heads like a ghost.

In China, the number of premature deaths due to air pollution is 500,000 every year. In this war with mankind, we are the most vulnerable and vulnerable, that is, our children, our parents. Most of these children are only over two months old and haven't gone out yet, but they have pneumonia and are receiving atomization treatment. 20 13, 1, during the period of severe smog, the number of outpatient and emergency departments in 27 cities across the country increased explosively.

Edward

LagrenceAvol (Professor of Clinical Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Southern California): If they are exposed to pollution on the first day and suffer some functional damage, the second day after exposure, their damage is not as much as that on the first day, but this is not because they are "adaptive", but because they have lost this part of their function, and the damage has already occurred.

I live under the sky in the north of China. Why haven't I noticed the existence of smog for ten years? I went to see Academician Tang Xiaoyan, head of our national Olympic air quality assurance team, and she gave me this curve, which was in 2004.

1 1 years ago, we didn't have PM2.5 testing at that time, but we did have PM 10. According to her estimation at that time, PM2.5 could reach 300 to 400 during the pollution period, which is a serious pollution today. But at that time, we always thought it was fog and called it fog.

It's not that people in that era didn't have a choking smell, but that the warmth and energy brought by coal were more important in that era. 1980 or so, there are 3700 factories in Beijing. For a large agricultural country full of development aspirations, chimneys are considered as a sign of progress.

In the past 30 years, the mortality rate of lung cancer in China has increased by 465%. Although smoking and aging are still the main factors of this figure, the clear cancer risk of fine particles has been paid more and more attention. In 20 12, PM2.5 was included in the monitoring scope, and the National Air Pollution Prevention Action Plan was implemented. With the increase of income and the transparency of information, people's expectations for the environment are higher and higher.

I wear a mask to go shopping, I wear a mask to go shopping, I wear a mask to meet my friends, I tape every gap in our doors and windows, and when I take my children out for vaccination, she smiles at me and I feel scared. To tell the truth, I'm not afraid of death. I don't want to live like this. So every time someone asks me, what are you doing this for? I had to tell him simply that it was personal between Haze and me. I want to know where it came from, and I want to know what all this is about.

Coal: Let China take off first, and then let China "suffer"

60% of PM2.5 in China comes from the burning of coal and oil, that is, fossil energy. How strong is this burning? We can go and have a look. 20 14 years, which can represent the burning intensity of global fossil energy. We can take a look at China, where there is how bright, and the place where it burns red and bright is our country. Judging from the icon, it is three or four times higher than that in Europe, and we have burned so much fossil energy. What surprises me most is that there can be a large-scale chemical reaction between pollutants from coal and oil.

Deep in the abandoned mine in South Wales lies the heart of the British industrial age, which once drove one of the most powerful empires in the world and brought a terrible black disaster to this country. In the1960s, after the smog in London, other countries began to reduce and control their own coal consumption, but it coincided with the beginning of China's reform and opening up. This country, once closed and backward for many years, urgently needs a huge energy to take off, and its choice is coal. This is its growth curve.

So where is so much coal used in China? We can look at the 3.6 billion tons in 20 13, of which Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei burned 380 million tons, of which Hebei burned 300 million tons.

Xiong (Director, Science and Technology Standards Department, Ministry of Environmental Protection, former director of North China Supervision Center): More than 60% of iron and steel enterprises have not gone through the examination and approval procedures, and if the EIA law is ignored, they are told to stop the examination and approval, regardless of whether you are legal or not. The real pot is black households, and the regulatory authorities don't want to touch this piece. Is it closed? Can it be banned? /kloc-how many people are employed in 0/0 million tons of steel? With 65,438+10,000 people employed, to what extent is the iron and steel industry in Hebei? It has reached the point where you can't ban it.

It took China 30 years to complete the industrial development road that others used for 100 years, so we should add oil pollution to coal pollution. So what happened to our oil? Most of our oil is burned in cars, and our cars have increased by nearly 100 million in ten years. Among the local pollution sources in Beijing, the largest one comes from motor vehicles.

It's not just the environmental protection department that is embarrassed. The air is full of money.

Is there too much car pollution? The explanation given to me by the Beijing Municipal Transportation Commission is this: more than 90% people in Tokyo take rail transit, and less than 6% drive. How many are there in Beijing? 34% people in Beijing drive cars. What is the hourly emission of PM2.5 during the daily peak hours in Beijing's Sixth Ring Road? -1 ton. How many Beijingers drive within 5 kilometers? Nearly half.

In Beijing, there is a pollution peak every morning, which keeps appearing every day, which is about twice as high as the organic carbon emission in the afternoon. What the hell is this? I also wanted to know the answer, so we went to Yanqing.

(Random sampling of cars)

Driver: This is before the National Day.

Chai Jing: That means there are no emission facilities.

Driver: No, there are basically no emission control measures.

Policeman: Green label.

Driver: Guo San.

Chai Jing: Where did you get it? Hebei Provincial Environmental Protection Department.

Driver: When he bought it, he said it was Grade III. We don't understand, do we? We just bought a car.

Li Kunsheng (Director, Motor Vehicle Emission Management Office, Beijing Environmental Protection Bureau): It is a secret in the industry to make a large-scale fraud, or more seriously, to make a comprehensive fraud. 90% of the basic configuration is not available. If 30,000 cars enter the city, it is equivalent to millions of cars still running at night.

When there is no discharge facility, what will be the result of its discharge? Only this car, only one particulate matter emission, is 500 times that of the national IV car. Its nitrogen oxide emissions should account for 70% of all motor vehicles, and how much should its one-time particulate matter emissions account for? 99%。 What is even more frightening is that the particulate matter emitted by diesel vehicle exhaust is far more toxic than ordinary. To be accountable, the first thing to ask is the person in charge of the fake car company, right?

For more than ten years, if this kind of comprehensive fraud and general fraud have been around, and the regulatory authorities know it, why not deal with it? Don't we have laws? Products like yours can be recalled. But from 2004 to now, how many times has this law been used on such vehicles? Not once.

Ding Yan (Director, Motor Vehicle Pollution Research Department, Ministry of Environmental Protection): Of course, we asked you why you wrote this in the Atmospheric Law, and why you didn't write about us directly. People say that you can't manage environmental protection because many departments opposed it when this article was finalized. But in the end, this law can't get through, which means using a vague way of writing, that is, inviting people with law enforcement power to do it.

Ding Yan: But it is still out of control. The certificates are all true, and the models are all true. The environmental protection department also issued the green label, which is also the national four. No department went to see what this car was, only this car belonged to Guo Yi.

The embarrassment is not only the environmental protection department, but also the car companies. The fake boss later told me that if the environmental protection department can enforce the law and catch those fake vehicles, I promise to produce them the next day. When I was in Yanqing, I randomly checked this diesel car, which was added in Beijing. It's already very good, the highest level in the country, but its diesel fuel is 25 times that of the European Union and Japan, including the United States.

Oil companies all over the world will try their best to safeguard their own industry interests, which is the nature of the company and understandable. We really want to know who is setting this standard in other countries, which is the conclusion of our current investigation-Australia: Ministry of Environmental Protection; Korea: Ministry of Environment; Japan: Ministry of Environment of Japan; Mexico: Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources and Ministry of Energy; Canada: Ministry of Environment; European committee for standards. Australia, South Korea, Japan, Mexico and Canada are basically the leading standards of the Ministry of Environment. Even when the European Standards Committee such as the European Union decides, there will be the voice of industry associations, but there has never been a situation in which the petrochemical industry has led the formulation of standards.

Then why is the national standard of vehicle fuel quality in China dominated by petrochemical industry? The choice of a country has its historical reasons. In 1960s, China was in a state of extreme oil shortage. The bus on Chang 'an Avenue needs an air bag to run, and the environmental protection department has not been established, so the fuel environmental protection index is considered. Therefore, the formulation of standards was the responsibility of the Petrochemical Research Institute under the Ministry of Petroleum at that time.

In China, besides the low standard of our oil products, there is another problem that I didn't expect before I set out, that is, half of our oil is completely out of control, and now seven of the top ten ports in the world are in China. Ocean-going freighters have brought great pollution. At a distance of 400 meters near the coastline, it emits pollution equivalent to 500 thousand trucks. So in Shenzhen, 60% of sulfur dioxide comes from ships.

Maybe you don't live near the port, the river or the airport, but you must have seen these cars. These are construction vehicles. When I saw them once in Hebei, I thought there was a fire in front of them. When I looked around, it was emitting black smoke. We are from the Ministry of Environmental Protection, and the person from the Ministry of Environmental Protection said, "Well, let's go and have a look." They bought a ready-made diesel kettle and then entered the nearest private gas station. I was the last one to get off, so when I got down, I found that his license had been taken away by my boss.

Boss: Atmospheric prevention and control law?

Chai Jing: "The environmental protection department has this obligation and power".

Boss: You have an obligation. You have an obligation. You have no right.

After the boss said this, each of us was silent, and then we all broke up with diesel oil pans. What he said is too harsh. From coal to oil, the consumption of coal and oil is so large that our quality is relatively poor, lacking cleanliness and lack of control when discharging. I have been wondering why, until this boss, I think he inexplicably revealed the essence of something.

A ton of steel can save 100 yuan, a ton of coal can save 156 yuan, a car without environmental protection facilities can save about 20 thousand, and oil can save 500 billion at a time without upgrading. Ten years ago, I asked what was the smell in the air, but I didn't get an answer. Now I know that the air smells of money.

Learn from experience and create the future: how Britain and the United States control air pollution?

In the past 30 years, cities have given us personal freedom and the prosperity of this country. It is inevitable and inevitable that 300 million to 400 million people will enter cities in the future. They will bring incredible civilization and wealth to this country, but what will happen if the mode of promoting industrial and urban development by investment remains unchanged? This means that we will use up all the environmental capacity before using up all the resources.

I used to worry that Beijing was still expanding and the number of cars was increasing. Can its pollution be reduced? But this is Los Angeles, a place very similar to Beijing. It is also surrounded by mountains on three sides, and the air diffusion conditions are very bad, so a large-scale photochemical pollution smog incident occurred. But since 1970, the number of vehicles in Los Angeles has been rising, rising by so much, three times, but what about their emissions? Reduced by 75%. How did they do it? I'll just go to Los Angeles to observe.

The chaotic urban planning of Los Angeles is considered as a typical failure case, and its public transport system is far from being effectively established, leading to the uncontrolled development of vehicles.

/kloc-more than 0/700 perfect people, almost13 million cars. Almost everyone has a car. In California, 850 million yuan was formed in one day, and all the fuel added up to be enough to go back and forth to the moon 1600 times.

According to the estimation of California Air Resources Department, 765,438+0% of carcinogens in the air in Southern California are produced by diesel vehicles, so it is required to install DPF on all diesel vehicles, which is equivalent to putting a mask on the car and filtering out 99% of particulate matter.

In order to control pollution, California has to set the strictest standards for new cars and motor vehicles. The environmental protection department has the right to spot-check any new car, and can directly spot-check the in-use cars within the user120,000 miles. Once the manufacturer is found to be in violation of regulations, it will be fined $25,000 per day from the date of delivery. The environmental protection department has the right to require car companies to recall all problematic vehicles.

China is a country that consumes 70% coal. How to reduce the proportion of coal in China's energy structure? Many people have told me that it will take 40 or 50 years for London to control pollution, and we have to wait so long. But is this really the case? Look here. In the first decade when they began to control pollution, they have reduced pollution by 80%, which is a great progress. Let's see how London does it.

During the smog in London, nearly 90% of Britain's energy structure was coal. 1953, the average concentration of particulate matter is ten times higher than the EU standard. They are under greater pressure to control pollution than China is now. The British passed the Clean Air Act on 1956.

JohnMurlis (former environmental protection inspector in London, UK): Every coal mine has coal washing facilities on the ground. Coal must be washed before it is sold to users. It is illegal to burn coal in an open fireplace. This is the fireplace. Any facilities that discharge smoke and dust are strictly prohibited. Pollution control inspectors can check shops to see if they are selling or buying illegal fuel.

The government pays 70% of the renovation cost of the family fireplace, but the punishment is equally severe. Violators can be fined 100 or even imprisoned.

In the twenty years after the smog incident, oil replaced more than 20% of coal and natural gas replaced more than 30% of coal. The proportion of coal in the national energy structure has dropped from 90% to 30%, while the proportion of heavy industry in GDP has also dropped by 10 percentage point. Many coal mines and coal-fired factories closed, and another London landmark disappeared. Millions of people were employed here. How do you (miners) earn money to live now?

Edvey (British Minister of Energy and Climate Change): More than 100 years ago, there were millions of miners in Britain, and now there are only tens of thousands left, but our employment is the highest in history. When one industry is eliminated, another industry, Ran Ran, will rise.

Only by opening the market can we have a cleaner sky.

From 1960 to 1970, in the first decade of pollution control in Britain, the economy did not regress, but GDP doubled. In the next decade, Britain entered the oil and gas era, and their economic aggregate quadrupled. Britain replaced coal with cleaner energy, oil and natural gas, especially natural gas, and they got blue sky and white clouds. At that time, GDP per capita was the same as that of China. The most important thing for the government is not to subsidize those backward, polluting and loss-making industries that have been eliminated by the times. You should give emerging industries a fair chance to compete. They will surprise you. London's experience tells us that only when China enters the oil and gas era from the coal age can it get a cleaner sky.

What is our proven natural gas? 22%. So what's our proven oil output? Thirty-eight percent, the annual output only accounts for 1/9 of the proven amount. There are many resources. We know where they are, but we haven't developed them. The United States is the largest natural gas producer in the world, with 6,300 natural gas and oil companies. How many people are there? 70% of the three companies are concentrated in one hand, PetroChina. There are 160 natural gas pipeline companies in the United States. How many people are there? 70% of the three companies are concentrated in one hand, PetroChina.

Edward

David (British Minister of Energy and Climate Change): I think only by opening the market can we share wisdom and seek innovation, and we can get the best things in the world.

Going back to the blue map requires our participation.

After making this speech, I first came into contact with the energy problem in China. The map of corruption in the past two years shows that this is a high-incidence area of corruption. Liu Tienan, former director of the Energy Bureau, said at the trial that in order to curb the high incidence of corruption, the power that should belong to the market should be returned to the market. China's energy national security strategy from 2065438 to June 2004 has made it clear that energy is a commodity, so it is necessary to build an effective market structure and system and change the way the government supervises energy. But what can we do before waiting for a country to establish and perfect a huge system?

No matter how powerful the government in the world is, it can't control pollution independently. It depends on everyone, ordinary people like you and me. Our choice, our will. Only information disclosure is the basis of all public participation. Guess how many non-profit organizations in China were qualified to be the subject of judicial proceedings before this year? Neither, because our civil procedure law stipulated at that time that only relevant organizations could file a lawsuit. As for who this related organization is, no one knows. However, since June+10/October 1 day, 65438, the new environmental protection law stipulates that as long as you have been engaged in environmental public welfare activities for more than five years and have no illegal record, you can assume the qualification of this litigation subject. There are now more than 700 environmental protection organizations.

We can remember these numbers, 12369. If you don't enter it, it will always be just a number. The smog is coming. I don't know where tomorrow is or where the future is.

Aware can test herself without drawing blood. I wish your cat health!

But at the moment when the restaurant owner installed the lampblack (recycling device), I suddenly felt as if my feet were firmly on the ground. This feeling is hard to say clearly. You know that it has little effect on improving air pollution. But it is precisely because a person knows what he has done that he can make things better and feel at ease.

So looking back, the war between human beings and pollution was created in this way, that is, thousands of ordinary people in Qian Qian, and one day they will say no, I am not satisfied. I don't want to wait and I won't abdicate. I want to stand up and do something. What I want to do is right now, right here, and this is the body.

Thousands of children are pregnant and born. These rivers, the sky and the earth should belong to them. We have no right to know only the unknown consumption. We have a responsibility to prove to them that a world illuminated by energy can be clean and beautiful at the same time. When the smog is serious, there is at least one thing we can do, and that is to protect ourselves and our loved ones.