World geography and climate map

Asia:

1. Tropical Rainforest Climate:

A. Reason: It is located near the equator, with high temperature all year round, controlled by equatorial low pressure all year round, and frequent convective rainfall.

B distribution: southern Malay Peninsula, Malay Archipelago, Malacca Strait and southern Philippine Islands (such as Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Jakarta, Indonesia, Mindanao, Philippines).

C. characteristics: high temperature and rainy all year round.

D. Landscape harmony (sign): tropical rain forest landscape, plank root and latosol.

E. Representative cash crops: rubber, cinchona, cocoa, pepper and oil palm (food crops: rice).

2. Tropical desert climate:

A. Reason: Located on the west coast of the mainland near the Tropic of Cancer, it is controlled by subtropical high all the year round, with high temperature and little rain.

B. Distribution: Arabian Peninsula, Indus Plain (thar desert)

C. landscape: tropical desert landscape,

D. Agricultural characteristics: develop irrigated agriculture, and date palms are the representative plants of oasis agriculture.

3. Tropical monsoon climate:

A. characteristics: southwest monsoon prevails in summer, with high temperature and rainy weather. The northeast wind prevails in winter, with mild and little rain. So the temperature is very high all year round, but the dry and wet seasons are distinct. But under monsoon conditions, there will be a lot of floods and droughts.

B. Cause: (1) Southwest monsoon Cause: In the summer half year, the sun shines directly in the northern hemisphere, and the pressure belt and wind belt move northward. After crossing the equator, the southeast trade wind in the southern hemisphere is deflected to the southwest wind because the floor tiles lean to the right. As humid air passes through the Indian Ocean, it brings a lot of precipitation.

(2) The cause of northeast monsoon: In winter, the land cools rapidly, and the air contracts and sinks to form cold high pressure. The temperature in the ocean is relatively high, the air pressure is relatively low, and the wind blows from high pressure to low pressure. Therefore, the northeast wind prevails in this area in winter, which comes from Eurasia and is relatively dry, forming a dry season.

C. Distribution: Indian Peninsula, Indo-China Peninsula, most of Sri Lanka Island, northern Philippine Islands, Hainan Island in China and Xishuangbanna.

D. Representing landscape and signs: tropical monsoon forest (the landscape is similar to the tropical rain forest, but not as lush as the tropical rain forest).

4. Subtropical monsoon climate: (East coast of mainland)

A. characteristics: southeast wind prevails in summer, with high temperature and rainy weather, and rain and heat are in the same period. Northwest wind prevails in winter, with low temperature and little rain. Lots of floods and droughts.

B. reason: the huge difference in thermal properties between Eurasia and the Pacific Ocean. In winter, the land cools quickly, and the air contracts and sinks to form a cold high pressure. The temperature in the ocean is relatively high, the air pressure is relatively low, and the wind blows from high pressure to low pressure.

C Distribution: South of Qinling-Huaihe River and east of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, including Bayan Kara, Yarlung Zangbo River basin and Taiwan Province Island south of Gangdise Mountain. South of the Korean peninsula and south of the Japanese archipelago. (such as Shanghai, Chongqing, Wuhan, Tokyo, etc. )

D. landscape: subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest (such as Pinus massoniana)

Note: China's monsoon climate is more continental than Japan's, while Japan's maritime climate is stronger. (Performance at sea: small temperature difference, relatively uniform precipitation)

5. Temperate monsoon climate: (East coast of the mainland)

A. Features: It is hot and rainy in summer (southeast wind), with rain and heat in the same period. Winter is cold and dry (northwest wind). The rainy season is shorter than the subtropical monsoon climate.

B. reason: like subtropical monsoon climate, it is the difference of thermal properties between land and sea.

C. Distribution: Daxinganling, Yinshan and Helan Mountains in China, north of Huaihe River in Qinling Mountains. The northern part of the Korean peninsula, the northern part of the Japanese archipelago and the Pacific coast of Russia.

D landscape: temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest (note: the landscape of temperate maritime climate is also temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest)

E. agricultural characteristics: low temperature, wheat.

6. (The south of this icon is temperate continental climate):

A: Features: It is hot in Leng Xia in winter, with high temperature all year round, less precipitation and a little concentration in summer.

B. Reason: Eurasian continent is vast, water vapor is blocked by high mountains and plateaus, and inland areas are far from the sea, with less precipitation. Controlled by continental air mass, the temperature difference is large. (For example, Turpan, China eats watermelon around the stove)

C. geographical distribution: inland areas of Eurasia. Such as northwest China. Note: This climate is most widely distributed in Asia, followed by North America.

D. Landscape: Due to being far away from the ocean and rainfall, the landscape in temperate continental climate is quite different. Usually, due to the gradual decrease of precipitation from coastal to inland, temperate forest-temperate forest grassland-temperate grassland-temperate semi-desert-temperate desert is formed in turn. (For example, China's transition from eastern Inner Mongolia to western Inner Mongolia has adapted to this change. )

7. (The northern part of this icon has a sub-frigid coniferous forest climate):

A characteristics: the winter is cold and long, the summer is warm and short, the precipitation is less, and the summer is slightly concentrated. Similar to temperate continental climate.

B. reason: influenced by the mainland and nearby oceans.

C. distribution: along the arctic circle, mainly located in Russia.

D. landscape: cold-resistant coniferous forest in sub-cold zone

Note: The climate distribution latitude of coniferous forest in the sub-frigid zone on the east coast of the mainland is low, but it is high on the west coast of the mainland. The reason is that the east coast of the mainland is obviously affected by the coastal cold current, while the west coast of the mainland at the same latitude is a warm current. (For example, due to the influence of the North Atlantic warm current, the west coast of Eurasia has a mild temperate maritime climate around 60 degrees north latitude, while the Russian Far East on the east coast of the mainland has a relatively cold subtropical coniferous forest climate around 55 degrees north latitude).

8. Mediterranean climate: (subtropical summer and dry climate)

A. Features: In summer, due to the northward movement of the pressure belt and the wind belt, the subtropical high belt near the Tropic of Cancer moves northward. It is controlled by the subtropical high (about 30-40 degrees north latitude), with clear weather and dry and hot climate. In winter, the pressure belt and wind belt move south, and the westerly belt of 30-40 degrees moves south to the control area. The west wind brings abundant precipitation and the climate is mild and rainy.

B. Cause: The seasonal movement of wind belt and pressure belt leads to the alternate control of subtropical high () and westerly belt.

C. Distribution: Asia near the Mediterranean, such as the Black Sea coast of Asia Minor Peninsula and the Mediterranean coast (Turkey), Cyprus, Syria, Israel and other coastal areas.

D. Landscape: subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest

9. Polar climate: including tundra climate and ice sheet climate.

A. characteristics: it is cold all year round, with little rain.

B. reason: it is controlled by extremely low and high pressure all the year round.

C. geographical distribution: coastal areas and islands of the arctic ocean

D landscape: the tundra climate (reindeer) can grow some low plants such as lichens and mosses, and the ice field climate is covered with ice and snow all year round (polar bear).

10. Alpine plateau climate

A. characteristics: the temperature decreases with the elevation, and the precipitation on the mountainside is the most. Because the air rises to a certain height, it will form precipitation, but after reaching a certain height, the humidity decreases and it is not easy to condense.

B. Reason: The alpine plateaus in Eurasia are concentrated in the central part. With the elevation rising, the change of hydrothermal conditions causes climate change.

C. Distribution: Central Asia alpine plateau, with the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau as the most typical.

D. landscape: the landscape will change with the increase of height.

For example: Himalayas, as shown on the right, but the natural belt on the south slope is richer and more developed.

Note: The mountainous natural belt is rich in conditions.

1. Low latitude 2. Relatively high.

Summary: 1. The climate in Asia is complex, but there is no temperate maritime climate distribution, because the maritime climate is distributed on the west coast of the mainland, while the western part of Asia is the land without the west coast.

1. Africa (because the equator passes through the middle, the climate is symmetrical between the north and the south, and there is no temperate and cold climate)

1. Tropical Rainforest Climate:

A distribution: Congo basin near the equator, along the Gulf of Guinea, east of Madagascar (such as Congo and Liberia).

B. characteristics: high temperature and rainy all year round.

C. Genesis: (1) Congo Basin: located near the equator, with high temperature all year round; Controlled by equatorial low pressure all the year round, there is more convective rainfall. (2) Coast of the Gulf of Guinea: In summer, when the sun shines directly on the northern hemisphere, the wind belt of the pressure belt moves northward, and the southeast trade wind in the southern hemisphere deflects to the southwest wind across the equator, which is located on the windward slope of the southwest wind and has abundant precipitation, forming a tropical rainforest climate. (3) East side of Madagascar: There is a north-south mountain range in the middle of the island. Its east side is just on the windward slope of the southeast trade wind, and the uplift of the terrain makes the eastern part of the island very rich in precipitation. (Non-zonal tropical rain forest climate)

D. Landscape: Tropical Rainforest Landscape

E. Representative crops: oil palm, banana and coffee.

Note: Why is equatorial East Africa also located at the equator, but there is no tropical rain forest climate?

The eastern equatorial part of Africa is the East African Plateau, with high terrain.

2. The savanna climate:

A. distribution: distributed on both sides of tropical rain forest (East African Plateau, South African Plateau, etc.). West of Madagascar).

B. characteristics: it is hot and rainy in summer, hot and rainy in winter, and obvious in dry and wet seasons. The tropical grassland climate in the northern hemisphere is rainy from May to 10. (Discrimination: There are obvious dry and wet seasons in tropical monsoon climate, but the precipitation in tropical monsoon climate is more and more concentrated, and the rainy season in tropical monsoon climate in the northern hemisphere is around June-September)

C. Reason: The seasonal movement of the wind belt and the pressure belt between the tropic of cancer in the south and north latitudes 10-20 leads to the alternate control of equatorial depression (rainy season) and trade winds (dry season) on both sides of the tropical rain forest. There are southeast trade winds and northeast trade winds in the tropical grassland climate area of Africa, but they all come from land and are relatively dry, so the climate is dry when they are affected by the trade winds. But the savanna climate in some parts of Africa is caused by topography. Such as the East African Plateau and the South African Plateau.

D. Landscape: savanna

E stands for creatures: baobab, leopard, lion, antelope, zebra, giraffe and so on.

3. Tropical desert climate:

A. Distribution: Located near the Tropic of Cancer, the Sahara Desert in the northern hemisphere is the largest, spanning the east and west coasts of the mainland, and namib desert in the southern hemisphere is distributed along the west coast. It can be seen that the tropical desert climate is mainly distributed in the west coast and inland of the mainland near the Tropic of Cancer.

B. characteristics: high temperature and little rain all year round.

C. Reason: low latitude, high temperature, perennial controlled by subtropical high or land trade winds, and scarce precipitation.

Note: Why is there a tropical desert climate along the coast? Located near the Tropic of Cancer, this area is greatly influenced by subtropical high, and downdraft prevails. There are two powerful cold currents on the west coast of the African continent, the Canary cold current and the Benguela cold current, which have the function of cooling and dehumidifying.

4. Mediterranean climate: (subtropical summer and dry climate)

A. Distribution: Mediterranean coast in northern Ban Qiu, southwest corner of Africa and southern hemisphere. (Cape Town, South Africa)

B. characteristics: hot and dry in summer and mild and rainy in winter.

C. Reason: In summer, due to the northward movement of the pressure belt and the wind belt, the subtropical high belt near the Tropic of Cancer moved northward. Here (about 30-40 degrees north latitude) is controlled by subtropical high, with clear weather and dry and hot climate. In winter, the pressure belt and wind belt move south, and the westerly belt of 30-40 degrees moves south to the control area. The west wind brings abundant precipitation and the climate is mild and rainy.

D. Landscape: subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest

5. Plateau alpine climate: (omitted)

Europe: (located in the north of the Tropic of Cancer, with no tropical climate)

1. Mediterranean climate:

A. Distribution: Europe's Mediterranean coast and near the Black Sea, namely, southern Iberian Peninsula, Apennine Peninsula, Balkan Peninsula, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, etc. (such as Rome, Italy, Athens, Greece, southern France)

B. characteristics: hot and dry in summer, mild and little rain in winter.

C. Genesis and landscape: reference to the genesis of the Mediterranean climate in Africa

D. Impact on agriculture: High temperature and rainy summer are beneficial to the development of some agriculture. For example, in the south of France, the gardening industry is developed and it is famous for its grapes.

Note: Why is the subtropical dry summer climate named after the Mediterranean?

The subtropical dry summer climate is called "dry summer" because summer is controlled by subtropical high, and it is sunny under the control of high pressure. Compared with the surrounding two continents, due to the slow warming of the ocean (the difference of thermal properties between land and ocean), the air pressure in the Mediterranean is higher in summer. The superposition of the high pressure caused by the difference in thermal properties between land and sea and the subtropical high that controls the area makes the high pressure stronger and the characteristics of "summer dryness" more obvious. Therefore, the subtropical summer dry climate near the Red Sea is the most typical. So this climate is named after the Mediterranean.

2. Temperate maritime climate:

A. Distribution: Western Europe, including the islands of Great Britain, Ireland, jutland, the English Channel, the western and southern parts of Scandinavia, etc. (London, Paris, Brussels, etc. )

B features: no severe cold in winter, no intense heat in summer, even precipitation in one year, mild and rainy throughout the year (obvious maritime climate, small temperature difference).

C. Cause: It is located at about 40-60 north latitude, controlled by prevailing westerly winds all the year round, and brought here by the warming and humidifying effect of the North Atlantic warm current.

Mild climate, suitable for human habitation, mostly densely populated areas.

D. landscape: temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest (similar to temperate monsoon climate)

E. Impact on agriculture: dense population, broad market, superior temperate maritime climate, suitable for the growth of succulent pasture, and it is an important dairy distribution area in the world. (Related links: Dairy owners should be located in the Great Lakes region of the United States, Western Europe, Central Europe, Australia and New Zealand. China's dairy industry, including many developing countries, is confined to the periphery of big cities. )

Discrimination: Beijing and London have similar latitudes, but why is the temperature in Beijing much lower than that in London in winter? Is the temperature higher in summer than in London?

The latitudes of Beijing and London are similar. Beijing has a temperate monsoon climate, with hot Leng Xia in winter and concentrated precipitation in summer. London has a temperate maritime climate with cool climate and even precipitation.

3. Temperate continental climate:

A: Features: It is hot in Leng Xia in winter, with high temperature all year round, less precipitation and a little concentration in summer.

B. reason: far from the sea, it is difficult for the west wind to penetrate.

C. distribution: distributed in central and eastern Europe. Such as eastern Scandinavia and typical cities such as Moscow.

D landscape: the precipitation gradually decreases from the coast to the inland, and the temperate forest-temperate forest grassland-temperate grassland-temperate semi-desert-temperate desert changes in turn.

4. Polar Climate: Looking at Asia

Four. North America (the United States north of the Panama Canal)

1. Tropical Rainforest Climate:

A. Distribution: Near the Panama Canal in Central America (Panama, Nicaragua, Honduras, etc.). )

B. Cause: (1) itself has a low latitude, and it is located on the windward slope where the northeast trade wind is broken, and it is uplifted by topography, mostly due to topographic precipitation.

(2) The warm current along the coast of Mexico has the function of warming and humidifying. The tropical rain forest climate in southeastern Mexico is influenced by the equatorial warm current.

C. characteristics: high temperature and rainy all year round.

2. The savanna climate:

A. geographical distribution: central America and western Mexico. And the West Indies. (island countries such as Cuba and Jamaica)

B. Causes: (1) Due to the equatorial depression and the northward shift of the wind belt in the summer half year, the tropical grassland climate in mainland China is rainy. Winter is controlled by subtropical high with little rain.

(2) Climatic cause of tropical grassland on the island: It is on the windward slope of northeast trade wind in summer, and it is rainy. Affected by subtropical high in winter, it seldom rains.

C. Features: high temperature all year round, rainy season in summer (May-65438+1October) and dry season in winter.

D. Landscape: savanna

3. Tropical desert climate:

A distribution: the west coast of the mainland near the Tropic of Cancer (including northern Mexico, California Peninsula and parts of the southwestern United States).

B. reason: it is controlled by subtropical high or northeast trade wind all the year round, and the precipitation is scarce.

C. characteristics: high temperature and little rain throughout the year.

D. landscape: tropical desert

4. Mediterranean climate:

Distribution: California in the western United States, located on the west coast of the mainland at 30-40 degrees north latitude. Typical cities are Los Angeles and San Francisco.

B. reason: refer to the European Mediterranean climate, just like other Mediterranean climates.

C. Features: hot and dry in summer and mild and rainy in winter.

5. Temperate maritime climate:

A. Distribution: North America, the United States and Canada. The west coast of the mainland is about 40-60 degrees north latitude. Typical cities are Seattle, USA and Vancouver, Canada.

B. reason: it is mild and rainy due to the influence of the westerly belt all the year round. Affected by the warm current in the coastal North Pacific Ocean, the climate is mild.

C. Characteristic landscape refers to the temperate maritime climate in Europe.

6. Subtropical monsoon humid climate:

A distribution: the subtropical climate zone in the southeastern United States, including the Mississippi Plain, Florida Peninsula and Atlantic coastal plains in the lower reaches of the Mississippi River. Typical cities such as Washington, Miami, New Orleans and Houston.

B. Genesis: Located on the east coast of the mainland, it is influenced by monsoon circulation due to the difference of thermal properties between land and sea. The southerly winds from the Atlantic Ocean prevail in summer and the northerly winds from the mainland prevail in winter, but the monsoon characteristics are not as obvious as those in Asia. Precipitation is also concentrated in summer, but not as concentrated as the subtropical monsoon climate in Asia; Therefore, it is called subtropical monsoon humid climate.

C. characteristics: high temperature and rainy in summer, mild and little rain in winter.

D. Landscape: subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest

7. temperate continental climate: (the distribution area is second only to Asia, and it is the main climate type in North America)

A. Distribution: It is widely distributed in central and northern North America, including the western plateau of the United States, the inland areas of the Central Plains, the Great Lakes region, the northeastern United States, the temperate regions along the central and eastern coasts of Canada.

B. Reason: (1) North America is wide in the north and narrow in the south, and the temperate climate is absolutely dominant.

(2) The western part of North America is a series of high mountains that squeeze the coast and block the water vapor from the Pacific Ocean.

(3) Central North America is a plain running through the north and south, bordering the Arctic Ocean in the north and the Gulf of Mexico in Nantong. In winter, cold air from high latitudes can go south without hindrance, and the vast inland areas it passes through will be cooled sharply; In summer, the warm and humid air flow from the Gulf of Mexico can also go northward unimpeded to warm the inland areas; Therefore, the continental characteristics of large temperature difference between winter and summer are enhanced.

(4) The low mountains and plateaus in the east have no great blocking effect on cold and warm air flow, and cold air can approach the northeast coast in winter, forming a continental climate.

C. Features: It is hot in Leng Xia in winter, with high annual temperature, less precipitation and a little concentration in summer. However, due to different precipitation, the landscape of temperate continental climate is quite different.

D landscape: the precipitation gradually decreases from the coast to the inland, and the temperate forest-temperate forest grassland-temperate grassland-temperate semi-desert-temperate desert changes in turn.

Discrimination: Why didn't the temperate monsoon climate form in the northeastern coastal areas of North America, and it was replaced by the temperate continental climate?

The northeast of the North American continent is close to the Atlantic Ocean, and the thermal properties of the continent and the ocean are also different, but the thermal properties of the temperate zone and the ocean in North America are too small to produce obvious seasonal monsoon. Therefore, the northeast has not formed a temperate monsoon climate like the east coast of Eurasia, but a temperate continental climate.

8. Coniferous forest climate in sub-frigid zone; (Sub-frigid zone in the north of temperate continental climate)

Referring to the coniferous forest climate in the Asian sub-cold zone, pay attention to the latitude distribution on the east and west banks, and try to explain the reasons.

9. Ice sheet climate and tundra climate: both belong to polar climate, including northern Canada and nearby islands, such as Greenland.

10. Alpine plateau climate:

A. distribution: western high mountains and some plateau areas

B. Characteristics and reasons: Because the mountains in the western part of North and South America are north-south, westerly winds prevail in the middle latitudes of the west. The west wind is blocked by high mountains, so its influence is limited to the western coastal areas. The upwind slope (west slope) changes in water and heat conditions due to the elevation increase, and the vertical change of natural landscape is significant; Leeward slope, downward flow, dry climate; Intermountain plateau and intermountain basin have dry climate due to closed terrain.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) South America: (Two-thirds of the region is located in the tropics, with a tropical climate and a humid climate).

1. Tropical Rainforest Climate:

Distribution: On both sides of the equator, it is mainly distributed in the Amazon Plain (such as Iquitos, Peru), as well as in the southeast of the Brazilian Plateau and the northwest of South America, such as Panama, the western coast of Colombia and the coast of Ecuador (such as Panama City).

B. Features: It is hot and rainy, and the tropical rain forest in the Amazon Plain is the largest distribution area of tropical rain forest in the world.

C. Reasons: (1) Climatic reasons of the tropical rain forest in the Amazon Plain: ① Located on both sides of the equator, it is controlled by the equatorial depression all the year round, with prevailing updraft and rainy weather; (2) The Amazon Plain is high in the north and low in the south, and its opening faces the Atlantic Ocean, which is conducive to the infiltration of humid air into the inland; ③ Both the northeast trade wind and the southeast trade wind come from the Atlantic Ocean, which can bring rich water vapor.

(2) The climatic causes of the tropical rain forest in the southeast of Brazil Plateau (non-zonality): ① Located on the windward slope of the southeast trade wind, mostly in topographic precipitation. (2) The warming and humidifying effect of Brazilian warm current on the coast.

(3) Climatic causes of tropical rain forest along the northwest coast of South America: it is located near the equator and is obviously influenced by equatorial depression; Affected by equatorial warm current;

D. Landscape: Tropical Rainforest Landscape

2. The savanna climate:

A distribution: the coastal area near the south latitude 10 degree of the west coast of the mainland, the two sides of the tropical rain forest climate zone in the Amazon plain of South America (the coastal area on the north side of the mainland and the central part of the mainland), such as the Brazilian Plateau.

B characteristics and causes: it is hot and rainy in summer due to the influence of equatorial depression; Affected by subtropical high or trade winds in winter, it has high temperature and little rain, which is obvious in dry and wet seasons. (Note: The tropical grassland climate near the equator is influenced by topography. )

C. landscape: forming a tropical grassland landscape

3. Tropical desert climate:

A distribution: tropical coastal areas on the west coast of the mainland, mainly distributed in the Pacific coastal areas of Peru and Chile.

B. Features: It is hot and dry all year round, including Atacama Desert, the driest desert in the world.

C. Cause: controlled by subtropical high, or located on the leeward slope of the trade wind; Cooling and dehumidifying effects of cold current along the coast of Peru;

Note: Why is the tropical desert climate distributed in a narrow north-south direction, not extending inland, but only in coastal areas?

The blocking effect of the western mountains makes the tropical desert climate unable to extend inland.

4. Subtropical monsoon humid climate:

A. Distribution: East coast of South America, near Tropic of Capricorn and south.

B. characteristics: hot and rainy in summer and mild and rainy in winter.

C. Cause: It is similar to the subtropical monsoon humid climate in North America.

5. Mediterranean climate:

Distribution: South latitude of the west coast of South America is about 30-40 degrees, that is, the coast of the west coast of Chile is about 30-40 degrees.

B. characteristics: hot and dry in summer and mild and rainy in winter.

C. reason: seasonal movement of wind zone and pressure zone. In summer in the southern hemisphere (about 65438+ 10), the pressure belt and wind belt move northward, and the subtropical high belt near the tropic of cancer moves southward. Here (about 30-40 degrees south latitude) is controlled by subtropical high, with clear weather and dry and hot climate. In winter in the southern hemisphere (around July), the pressure belt and the wind belt move northward, and the westerly belt of 30-40 degrees moves northward, which just controls the area. The west wind brings abundant precipitation and the climate is mild and rainy. The west wind here is the northwest wind, and the west wind comes from the Pacific Ocean. )

D. Landscape: subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest

6. Temperate maritime climate:

Distribution: 40-50 degrees on the west coast of South America and 40-50 degrees on the west coast of Chile.

B features: mild and rainy all year round, no severe cold in winter, no intense heat in summer and even precipitation.

C. reason: it is controlled by the westerly wind in the southern hemisphere all the year round. The westerlies in the southern hemisphere are northwest winds-from low latitudes.

7. Temperate continental climate:

Distribution: the eastern side of the Andes in the temperate zone of the southern hemisphere (located on the leeward slope of the west wind)

B features: large temperature difference, less precipitation and remarkable continental climate characteristics. An arid temperate desert is formed in the temperate continental climate zone south of 40 degrees south latitude.

C. reason: it is located on the leeward slope of the west wind.

8. Alpine climate:

A. Distribution: Alpine areas in western South America (Andes region)

B. the characteristics and causes are the same as those of other continents.

Climate types of intransitive verb Oceania;

1. Tropical Rainforest Climate: (It belongs to the tropical rainforest climate far from the equator, so it is a non-zonal tropical rainforest climate)

A. Distribution: Located in the northeast of Australia.

B. Features: it is hot and rainy all year round.

C. Cause: (1) The great watershed in northeastern Australia is located on the windward slope of the southeast trade wind in the southern hemisphere, and the terrain uplift leads to abundant precipitation.

(2) The warming and humidifying effect of the East Australia warm current near this area.

2. Tropical desert climate:

A distribution: mainly located in the central and western parts of the mainland near the Tropic of Cancer.

B. Features: It is hot and dry all year round.

C. Reason: It is located near the Tropic of Cancer and is affected by subtropical high all the year round; The cooling and dehumidifying effect of the cold current in western Australia on the west coast aggravated the dryness.

3. Tropical grassland climate: (including subtropical grassland climate south of Tropic of Capricorn)

A. distribution: located at the outer edge of tropical desert climate, with annular distribution.

B. characteristics: obvious in dry and wet seasons.

C. reasons:

(1) Tropical grassland climate north of the Tropic of Capricorn, Australia: When the direct point of the sun is in the northern hemisphere (where the winter is half a year), the wind pressure belt moves northward, and due to the influence of the southeast trade winds in the southern hemisphere, there is little precipitation, so it is a dry season. In summer, controlled by equatorial low pressure, the wind pressure belt moves south. At the same time, the northeast trade wind belt in the northern hemisphere passes through the equator and gradually deflects to the left into a northwest wind due to the influence of the geostrophic deflector. The northwest wind comes from the ocean and can bring a lot of precipitation. It is a rainy season.

(2) The grassland climate south of the Tropic of Capricorn in Australia: After that, it is the transition from Mediterranean climate to tropical desert climate, so the rainy season is in the winter half year.

4. Subtropical monsoon humid climate:

A. distribution: the east coast of the Australian mainland, typical cities such as Sydney.

B. Genesis: Located on the east coast of the mainland, it is influenced by monsoon circulation due to the difference of thermal properties between land and sea. The southerly winds from the Atlantic Ocean prevail in summer and the northerly winds from the mainland prevail in winter, but the monsoon characteristics are not as obvious as those in Asia. Precipitation is also concentrated in summer, but not as concentrated as the subtropical monsoon climate in Asia; Therefore, it is called subtropical monsoon humid climate.

C. characteristics: high temperature and rainy in summer, mild and little rain in winter.

D. Landscape: subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest

5. Mediterranean climate:

A distribution: southwest corner of Australia, parts of southeast Australia (see figure). Typical cities such as Adelaide.

B. Genesis: Although this place is located in the east of the mainland, it can still be influenced by the west wind in winter due to the particularity of the terrain outline. (Note that the westerly wind in the southern hemisphere is the northwest wind)

C. Features: hot and dry in summer and mild and rainy in winter.

D. Landscape: subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest

6. temperate maritime climate: (pay attention to the distribution particularity of temperate maritime climate in Oceania)

A. Distribution: Southeast Australia and Tasmania, North Island and South Island of New Zealand. Typical cities such as Melbourne and Wellington

B. Reason: Due to the particularity of the continental contour and the influence of the west wind, warm and humid air blows from the ocean surface all the year round, which can form a temperate maritime climate in this area.

C. characteristics: it is mild and rainy all year round.

D. landscape: temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest