How can beef cattle grow fast?

Beef cattle fattening mainly refers to one-time fattening of special beef cattle breeds. There are also cows and calves used for fattening. Even if calves are among the fattening cattle after weaning, the fattening of beef cattle in China is mostly the fattening of adult cattle, and in many places it is mostly the fattening of old cattle. When Niu Yi was young, he hoarded fat when he grew up. That is, while growing skeletal muscle, it also accumulates some fat; The fattening of adult cattle is mainly long and wide, wide and deep. The ability to hoard fat is very strong. This is the different characteristics of young cattle and adult cattle fattening, so different cattle have different fattening techniques. The beef industry in China started late, and there are no special beef varieties. The crossbreeding of beef cattle breeds to improve local excellent breeds can not only produce high-grade beef, but also obtain good economic benefits.

Second, the scope of application

Agricultural, pastoral, semi-agricultural and semi-pastoral areas in the province.

Third, technical regulations;

(A) Fattening cattle source selection

The choice of fattening cattle mainly focuses on three aspects: breed, age and physical appearance. The following points should be considered in combination with the actual situation:

(1) variety

You can choose excellent beef cattle imported from abroad, such as Charolais, Short Horn and Hereford. In northwest China, it is better for farmers to improve the fattening effect of the offspring of local cattle by crossing Simmental cattle, short-horned cattle and Qinchuan cattle, and the fattening effect of the offspring of bulls and black-and-white cattle is also better, or choose local excellent varieties such as Qinchuan cattle and Nanyang cattle for fattening.

(2) Age

Cattle should be healthy and disease-free, 1 ~ 2.5 years old, no more than 3 years old.

(3) Physical appearance

Fattening cattle generally require large body, glossy coat, thick and slightly loose skin, bright eyes, wide head, square mouth, slightly short and thick neck, wide shoulders, deep chest, long back and waist, round abdomen, flat and wide hindquarters, rectangular side view, thick tail root, large and shallow tail pit and stout limbs, especially long hind thighs.

(2) Feeding management of fattening cattle

1. General feeding management of house feeding and fattening

(1) Prepare enough forage. Generally speaking, according to the calculation of 80 days for adult cattle, each cow prepares more than 400 kilograms of wheat straw and 200 kilograms of mixed feed. In the feeding process, roughage should account for more than 30% of the total feed.

(2) Do a good job in processing and modulating forage grass. Wheat straw should be short ammoniated or slightly stored before feeding, corn straw should be silaged before feeding, and green hay should be stored in straw shed or piled up in time after drying to prevent rain. Dust, iron wire, gravel and other sundries should be removed before feeding all kinds of forage.

(3) Pay attention to feeding and drinking water. Generally, it is better to feed cows twice a day, morning and evening 1 time, with an interval of 12 hours, so that cows can only have enough time to ruminate and rest, and reduce labor intensity and activity times. The feeding order is generally coarse first, then fine, dry first and then wet, and the feeding times are few. When mixing grass, it is dry in winter and wet in summer. Do not feed moldy and deteriorated forage, and drink water 2 ~ 3 times a day (3 ~ 4 times in summer). The water temperature should be above 0℃ in winter.

(4) The shed should be sunny, dry and ventilated. Each adult cow covers an area of about 3 square meters, and there should be a feeding trough in the shed. Outside the shed, there should be sunshine, shade, field and drinking trough. Plastic film greenhouses should be built to keep warm in winter.

(5) Keep pens and utensils clean and hygienic. Clean up the feces inside and outside the shed every day and spread dry soil. Disinfect the internal and external utensils in the pen house with 0.3% Lysol once every half month, thoroughly clean them before feeding in the feeding tank, disinfect them with 10% alkaline water once a week, clean the tank in time, and brush the cattle 1 ~ 2 times a day.

(6) limit the amount of exercise. In the fattening stage, be quiet and less active, and try to create an environment conducive to rumination and rest. The rope tied to the cow should be short, so you can only stand up and down, not swim left and right.

2 Feeding management in fattening period

(1) Early fattening, generally about 20 days. After entering the fence, drive away parasites and disinfect in vitro. Castrate the bull, and give it 2-3 times, or give it 60-100g of artificial salt or clear oil. During 2 ~ 3 days of fattening, you should drink more water, feed the grass frequently, and add less material to adapt to fattening. You can also feed some laxative feed, such as wheat, powder residue, beet residue and so on. Hay and grass are free to eat. With the increase of fattening date, roughage gradually decreased and concentrate gradually increased.

(2) Mid-fattening period, generally 45-50 days. Scientifically match the diet, concentrate should be fed to 1.5 ~ 2.0 kg per 100 kg of body weight, so as to meet the nutritional needs of weight gain and try to make cows eat more and rest to gain weight.

(3) The finishing period is generally about 20 days. During this period, cows don't like eating grass or doing activities, but they gain the fastest weight every day. They should brush regularly and appropriately increase the amount of concentrated feed and salt. If the appetite is poor, it is necessary to appropriately reduce the amount of concentrated feed and limit the amount of drinking water. Continue to be tied up and control activities.

(4) Feed formula and diet composition. According to the actual production, different types of diet composition are provided for reference in the middle stage of fattening.

Powder residue feed type:

8 kg of powder residue, 0.5 kg of wheat bran, 0.5 kg of broad bean skin/kloc-0, 0.5 kg of rapeseed cake, 0.5 kg of oat bran, 4 kg of wheat straw, 0.5 kg of powder residue water/kloc-0, 50 g of salt and 0.5 g of lime powder/kloc-0.

Forage combination type:

2.5-3.5kg of mixed concentrate (corn 60%, wheat bran 20%, flax cake 18%, salt 2%) and 4.5kg of mixed natural hay.

Type of oil cake and wine trough:

2 ~ 3 kg of flax cake, 0.5 kg of corn, 0.5 kg of wheat bran and 4 kg of wheat straw. Distiller's grains 16kg, mixed concentrate (corn 55%, wheat bran 30%, rapeseed cake 10%, bone meal 4%, salt 1%) 1kg, wheat straw 2kg.

Grazing and feeding types:

Grazing fully during the day, and feeding 2kg mixed feed (corn 50%, wheat bran 27%, sesame cake 20%, bone meal 2%, salt 1%) after grazing.

(5) Preliminary identification of fat. At the end of fattening, it is necessary to preliminarily evaluate whether the cattle meet the fattening standards. Its main features are as follows:

Cattle at the peak of fattening are generally not gluttonous, eat less, and touch their shoulders, back, waist and buttocks flexibly. There is a soft and elastic feeling between the ribs, the lymph nodes in front of the shoulder are obviously swollen and full, the pits under the tail root are full or convex, and the hands are soft, full and elastic. The thigh of the hind leg is obviously thicker, and the leg circumference is enlarged, which is obviously thicker than that of the rear lower limb. In general, calves can be fattened for 60 ~ 100 days, weighing 450 ~ 500 kg, and calves can be slaughtered when they reach 18 ~ 24 months old and weigh 320 kg.

(3) Fattening technology

1 heterotopic fattening technology

Beef cattle fattening in different places refers to breeding, breeding and fattening in different places. Common farming in pastoral areas and fattening in agricultural areas. Young cattle were slaughtered at the age of 16 ~ 18 months, and their weight could reach more than 300 kilograms. Other cattle can be fattened for 2 ~ 3 months according to market conditions, and their weight can reach 300 ~ 350 kg.

2 Fattening techniques of different types of cattle

(1) Fattening of young cattle. Mainly refers to the fattening of ordinary young cows and young dairy cows, including calves, one-year-old cows and 1.5 ~ 2-year-old cows.

1) ordinary young cattle fattening. Calves need to be supplied with a certain amount of protein, minerals and vitamin feed for a long shelf life, mainly coarse feed, supplemented by fine feed. The roughage is best with high quality green hay, and the concentrate is measured in proportion. The cake material is not less than 20%, and 4 ~ 5 kg of hay, 3 ~ 4 kg of silage and mixed concentrate 1.5 ~ 2 kg are fed every day. The fattening period is generally 3 ~ 4 months, and the average daily feed is 2 ~ 4 kg of mixed concentrate, 3 ~ 4 kg of silage and 4 ~ 5 kg of hay. Feeding method: feed twice a day for 25 days in the early stage of fattening and 40 days in the middle and late stage. See table 3- 1 for the feeding scheme.

2) Fattening of bulls and calves. Generally, 18 ~ 20 months old should be raised, and three levels should be paid attention to when fattening:

First, grasp breastfeeding. The lactation period of artificial lactation is generally 45 ~ 55 days. Male calves are fed colostrum 5-6 days after birth, and then transferred to fattening barn. In order to prevent diarrhea, sulfadiazine can be fed twice a day and three times a day, each time about 0.75 kg. For the same amount of boiling water, the milk temperature should be kept at 38℃ ~ 40℃. You can mix 100 ~ 150g soybean milk every time, or you can feed it with milk replacer. 7 ~ 10 days old, you can practice eating calf feed and high-quality green hay, and supply clean and warm water three times a day. The formula of calf feed can be: wheat bran 30%, broad bean 5%, fried barley 50%, bean skin powder 10%, bone powder 2%, phosphate 1% and salt 2%.

Second, grasp the weaning barrier. After breast-feeding for 45 days, gradually reduce the breast-feeding amount, feed 0.25 kg of milk every day, mix it with corn flour and soybean flour to make milk porridge, wean it after feeding for 4-5 days, then feed calf feed 1.5- 1.8 kg every day for three times, and supply high-quality hay and root materials, and combine grazing when conditions permit.

The third is to catch fat. 12 ~ 18 months old is the best stage of fattening. It is best to feed high-quality alfalfa and green grass in the house, or feed high-quality straw powder or hay, corn silage and mixed feed. If conditions permit, strive for more grazing and promote daily weight gain. The formula of mixed concentrate is: bean cake 28%, corn 30%, sorghum 10%, wheat bran 20%, cottonseed cake 5%, fish meal 5%, bone meal 1% and salt 1%.