Think of yourself as a farmer in the Tang Dynasty and describe the production, labor and life of farmers in the Tang Dynasty.

farmers work hard in paddy fields. Rice cultivation was quite common in the Tang Dynasty, except for the traditional planting areas such as Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Central Plains, Guanzhong and Bashu (1), Hetao Plain, Ningxia Plain and Hexi Corridor in the northwest (2), and Fujian and Lingnan areas in the northeast and south China (3). Farmers have been working tirelessly in this huge rice-growing area. Liu Yuxi's poem "Send Li Zhongcheng to Chuzhou": "Wan Qing paddy field is connected with Guo Xiu, and Huai Qing is reflected in the misty moon at four o'clock" (4) depicts that Wan Qing rice planted by farmers outside Chuzhou (now Huai 'an, Jiangsu) is growing vigorously. Li Zhong's "Climbing Runzhou Tower in Autumn": "The water connects Haimen to spread far color, and the rice connects Jingkou to make autumn fragrance" (5) is a depiction of the large area of rice planted by farmers in Runzhou (now Zhenjiang, Jiangsu). Li Jiazuo's poem "Autumn Xiao Zhaoyin Temple Dong Feng Rong Banquet Send My Brother-in-law Yan Bojun to Jiangzhou": "Ten thousand beds of new rice are next to the mountain village, and several miles of deep pine have reached the temple gate" (6) It shows people the life picture of farmers near Zhaoyin Temple (Zhaoyin Mountain in the southwest of Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province) who have just planted ten thousand beds of new rice around the mountain village. Wang Wei's "seeing friends off to the south": "Even the sky is vast, and the lonely guest returns to the city. Yun Guo's rice seedlings are beautiful, and the Chu people are rich in rice "(7) is an example of farmers planting a large area of rice in Yun Guo (now Yunxian County, Hubei Province) in the Hanshui River basin. "There are thousands of hectares of rice by the roadside everywhere, and a canal of lotus outside the house" (8) is the scene of Pi Rixiu's reasonable arrangement of paddy fields where farmers in Fuzhou (now mian yang, Hubei Province) planted thousands of hectares of rice by the roadside and a canal of lotus roots outside the courtyard. Du Mu's poem "Drinking Alone in the Village": "I love Zhu Chu Shi, and Sanwu is the center. * [Wo+Stop]? Hundreds of hectares of rice, the west wind blows half yellow "(9) outlines for us hundreds of hectares of * [grain+bar] planted by farmers in Sanwu area? The beauty of rice ripening. Farmers in Yongzhou (now Lingling, Hunan) also planted a lot of rice, and it grew very well. Lu Lun's "Farewell from Shu Mu Yong Zhou" recorded this fact for us: "There is nothing to sleep in the county, and the japonica rice is full of oil and green" (1). Guanzhong is a farming area with a long history. Farmers here certainly attach importance to agricultural production, and the area planted with rice is quite large. Li Hua's poem "Eleven Poems (1)": "Under the ancient city of Chengyang, thousands of hectares of rice seedlings are new" (11) is an example. Wang Wei's "Rainy Wangchuan Works": "over the quiet marsh-land flies a white egret, and mango-birds are singing in the full summer trees" (12) also shows us the wide distribution of rice fields in Wangchuan (under Zhongnanshan Mountain in Lantian County, Shaanxi Province). Farmers in Bashu area used geographical advantages to divert mountain springs to the fields and planted a lot of rice. Du Fu witnessed the landscape of irrigating rice with mountain springs in Kuizhou. His "The official looks around to fill the rice border and return to the water": "Dongtun Dajiangbei, a hundred acres of peace. There are many green rice in June, and thousands of beds are in chaos. Transplanting is suitable for the clouds, and it is necessary to introduce water and irrigation. " (13) and "Ten quatrains of Kuizhou Song": "There are 1 hectares of paddy fields in Dongtun, and there are young crops in the north" (14) not only illustrate the fact that rice is irrigated by mountain springs, but also point out that farmers have planted a considerable area of rice in Dongtun. Wei Zhuang specially described the farmer's "Paddy Field", and what he saw in his eyes was "the green waves and spring waves are full of vicious, and the clouds are even more fertile. It was even more snowed by herons, breaking smoke and flying into the screen. " (15) Rice is not only planted in a very large area, but also grows luxuriantly and has an attractive scenery. Chizhou (now Guichi, Anhui Province) Jiuhuashan area "ten thousand beds of fragrant rice are lush and green, and nine peaks are green" (16), which shows that the rice planted by farmers is not small. In the Tang Dynasty, farmers not only planted in the vast paddy fields with an area of "1, hectares", "1, hectares", but also left their cultivated figures on small paddy fields. "Ten acres of rice fields are new and green, and one song breaks the old brothel" (17). In He Fu's pen, the lush scene of ten acres of rice fields is vividly on the paper. Xue Feng's "The Village Residence in Dugu Chu Shi": "A few acres of rice fields are still considered as inheritance, and two houses are also returned" (18) points out the family business of a few acres of rice fields and two small huts in Dugu Chu Shi. There is no doubt that Chu Shi Dugu took these acres of rice fields as his industry and worked hard. "Oda is drizzling with rice and seedlings, and Qingxi is cool by the field." (19) When Li Ying walked in the mountains, he felt the fragrance of rice seedlings planted by farmers in small paddy fields in light rain.

In such a vast land, are farmers working for themselves? Undeniably, there should be some land belonging to farmers themselves, but most of it belongs to landlords, and landlords often occupy fertile land. It is recorded in Tang Huiyao's volume "April of the first year of Baoying" that "the fields of ordinary people were more swallowed up by wealthy families and officials." (2) There are also many records in "Complete Tang Wen": "The agricultural products of the United States are all returned to the traitors." (21) "The left and right are only strong families, and the system of territorial borders involves thousands of hectares and thousands of boxes a year." (22) "Wenyuan Yinghua" said that "the fertile land on the field is more powerful" (23). It seems that it is an indisputable fact that landlords occupy a lot of land and it is good land. No matter how much land the landlord occupied, it was almost impossible for the landlord, as the ruler, to go to the fields and cultivate in person in feudal society. Then, only farmers can farm on thousands of hectares or acres or dozens of acres of land. The peasants' hard work is largely for the landlords. These well-growing rice are all condensed with the labor and sweat of farmers. Their hard work laid the foundation for a bumper harvest in agriculture.

farmers' labor is hard. Xue Fengyou's poem "Neighbors Walk in the Opposite Direction": "The owner has a son who is fifteen years old and only works hard in the countryside. At night, ditch water around rice fields, and plough cattle to cultivate barren soil. " (24) Let us see the picture of a teenager who has just turned 15 years old who is working hard in the field day and night, holding the plow handle, shouting and plowing cattle. Cui Daorong's "On the Field" also has such a bitter scene: "The rain is high and white, and it is ploughed in the middle of the night. People and cattle do their best, and the East is not clear. " In order to seize the opportunity of more rain, farmers got up in the middle of the night to plow the fields, and when people and cows were exhausted, it was not yet dawn. This kind of dark and ignorant labor is a common thing for farmers. Meng Jiao said in "Retreat" that "you can't be idle when you retire. Planting rice and ploughing white water, negative salary and green hills. " Without work, there is no food. In order to make a living, farmers have to work day and night, planting rice and chopping wood. They are always busy. Zhang Ji's trip to Jiangcun: "The water depth in Nantang is full of asparagus, and the rice planted in the field is not used as a border. The phosphorus in the farm is at the bottom of the water, and the short coat is half dyed with mud in the reed. " (27) is a close-up of farmers who are rushing to plant rice in Nantang, regardless of the mud on their clothes. Even in monasteries, we should cultivate. The scene Yuan Zhen saw in Dayun Temple was "getting rice and Zen clothes, burning her and robbing the fire." The new British bees are picking, and the weeds are like plowing. " (28) People in monasteries should also roll up their Zen clothes, go to the fields to harvest rice and plow the fields with elephants.

no pains, no gains. The hard work of farmers has brought good rice growth and the beautiful scenery of the upcoming harvest. No matter how much the harvest belongs to the farmers, their joy is still beyond words. In addition to the above-mentioned scenes, such as "the paddy fields are connected with Guo Xiu", "the fragrant rice fields are lush and green", "the spring waves are full of green waves" and "ten acres of rice fragrant new green fields", there are many such scenes in the eyes of poets. In Nanpu Ferry (now in the west of Nanjing, Jiangsu Province), Li Jiayou saw that "the east wind is full, and the rain and rice are ripe" (29). In Chuzhou (now in Huai 'an, Jiangsu Province), he saw that "there is no tide in Shanyang Guo, and the wild water flows to the new bridge. Fish nets are paved with lotus leaves, and egrets walk leisurely in rice seedlings "(3). It seems that the rice in Chuzhou area really grows well under the hard management of farmers, and even the egrets are attracted to walk in the rice fields. Li Qi not only enjoyed the beautiful scenery of rice fields by himself, but also told his friends about the rice scenery he saw. He said that "the green maple is half a village, and the fragrant rice is full of fields" in "Send me away", (31) said that "the rice flowers in Nanchuan invaded the county, and the clouds in Xiling were full of color" (32) In Li's eyes, fragrant rice is full of rice fields, and rice flowers reflect the whole county. This indicates that a bumper harvest is coming. How happy it would be to tell friends about these upcoming harvest scenes and share them with them! When Wang Jian was passing through Kaifeng, Henan Province, he saw "frogs croak under the leaves of Pu, and fish enter the rice flowers" (33), so he improvised "Bianlu Shuiyi". When Bai Juyi was working in Hangzhou, facing the lush rice fields, he couldn't help chanting: "Early rice is pumped by the blue carpet thread, and the green Luo nepotism shows new pu" (34). The farmers' happiness before and during the harvest was captured by poets. Wei Yingwu wrote a beautiful sentence (35) in "Looking at Xiang Wu Guan" that "when the rice is ripe, the west looks at all fields", sketching out that the mature rice is endless. "Late rice is piled up in the yellow field, and winter brocade is seen in the hedge". (36) Liu Yuxi's Seventy Rhymes of Liyang tells us the fact that the late rice in Liyang (now in the east of Anhui County and the north bank of the Yangtze River) is being piled up in the rice field after harvest. "The rice is yellow, the millet is oily, and the wild trees are flowing with the mountain stream" (37). Lu Yin's poem "Rain on the North Bank to Send Friends" depicts an idyllic picture when the poet boarded the river bank just after the light rain stopped, with rice yellow, millet seedlings growing vigorously, trees connected with mountains and streams gurgling. "Autumn things in Wei Village should be like this, with red dates and pears and yellow ears of rice", (38) Bai Juyi passed by Neixiang (now Neixiang, Henan Province) and saw the gratifying scene of red dates and pears and Huang Cancan ears of rice. "Polygonum hydropiper flowers are red and the ears of rice are yellow, which makes the monarch return to the pond" (39), and Luo Yin's "South Lake in Gusu City Accompanies Cao Zhijun" pointedly depicts the situation that the rice harvest in Suzhou (now Suzhou, Jiangsu Province) is just around the corner and tourists are reluctant to return. "Therefore, Huang Dao is ripe, and it is fragrant in a dream all night." (Delete Qian Qi's "One Hundred Untitled Songs on the River (Ninety-eight)" describes his happy mood of seeing Huang Dao mature and dreaming at night when he is close to his hometown of Wuxing, Zhejiang. Wei Zhuang's "Two Poems of Fu Du's Former Residence" (41): "A few red rice are ripe in autumn rain, but there is no golden scale in the wild pond" makes us seem to have witnessed the beautiful harvest in the land of fish and rice around Fu Du (now Huxian County and Duyang County, Shaanxi Province). Zhang Yan's "She Ri Cun Ju" depicts a rare joy in the world: "The rice and grain are fertile under the mountain of Ehu, and the dolphins and chickens live opposite each other. Sang Tuoying scattered in the spring club, and every family was intoxicated "(42). On the day of the Spring Festival, farmers get together to celebrate the harvest and have a good drink, all of them are as drunk as a fiddler. This scene is the farmer's best congratulations on his festival! It is the true feelings after hard work! "Yellow ears of rice", "red rice cooked" and "rice grain fertilizer" are the crystallization of hard work of working people. Poets' singing is actually an affirmation, praise and praise of farmers' hard work.

No matter how many of these harvests belong to farmers, they look happy because they cultivated, planted, fertilized and harvested by themselves. The hard work of farmers brought a bumper harvest of grain and laid a solid material foundation for the economic development in the Tang Dynasty. It is this solid material foundation that provided the premise for the development of religion, literature, art, science and technology in the Tang Dynasty, making the Tang Dynasty the peak of the development of feudal society in China.

it is not easy to get a good harvest. In the process of planting rice, farmers should not only fight against the bad weather in nature, but also prevent the organisms that harm rice. Wang Jian's Water Running: "There were no rice seedlings in June last year, and it has been said that people in water villages starved to death. The ship of the county official department is scheduled every day, and the storm and rain are not stopped. ..... Hard farming is not a poison, and it doesn't look like a farmer's mouth. ..... Expedition to sea rice for side food is like a variety of side land. " Because of the incessant storms and bad rains, the rice seedlings planted by farmers hardly survived. Even if there was a little harvest, they were levied by the government to supply the soldiers guarding the border. Farmers have not enjoyed the fruits of hard farming. Storms and bad rains bring disasters to rice. Xu Hun's preface to "Hanshui Hurts Crops" says, "Although there is no rain in this county since summer, the river is full of fat, which is quite impressive. In autumn and August, the sky is clear and the Hanshui River is flooding, which is really a disaster for people. Tired mind wins. Because of the four rhymes. " Among them, "Jiangcun night rises and falls, and Zeyuan autumn is vividly windy. High and low green seedlings are thousands of hectares, and the new Chen Hongsu is empty "(44) sentence. Originally, it was "impressive", but the thousand hectares of green seedlings in Jiangcun village on the bank of the Han River were all washed away by the flood overnight. "In a rainy state, the waves float the rice beam", (45) Pi Rixiu's Poem on Taihu Lake shows us the residual scene of rice floating on Taihu Lake due to the overflow of rain. Flooding has brought immeasurable losses to farmers. The opposite is drought. Lu Guimeng's "Five Songs Harvesting" "It rains in the spring and autumn, and inexpensive early rice only covers acres. The awn grains are sparse and ripe and lighter, and the heads of crops on the ground are not linked. I came to worry about building my heart, and I listened to the farmer's late-night talk. In a bad year, things are disasters, and there are hundreds of wild rats. Pingming holds a stick into the field, and ten ears are depressed and nine ears are empty. " (46) From spring to autumn, it didn't rain all the time, so the early rice didn't grow very well. In addition, most of the ears of rice didn't harvest because of the abuse of the wild pheasants and voles. Bai Juyi described another natural disaster for us: "In September, first frost is cold in autumn and early, and the ears of grain are green and dry." Because the weather was too early and cold, the ears of rice dried up before they were ripe. Even if it can be harvested, the output will be greatly reduced. "Eighteen Poems on Yang Liuzhi's Shoubei" written by Situ Kong: "The rice border is divided into shadows to Jiangcun, and the gaunt frost is only half preserved." (48) Hanshan's poem "Poems 336" is "withered and not upright, and the wind and frost become a disease." There is no rice day in Shitian, Niu Geng. " (49) is also evidence. On the southeast coast, there is another special phenomenon that harms rice, that is, the tide with salt. According to historical records, "Changle County, Fuzhou, ... Fujian (county), Wangwang. There is a seawall in Dongwuli, which was built in Daiwa for two years. First of all, every June, the tide is salty and salty, and many seedlings die, and the embankment is formed, and the water is planted with rice, and 3 households are fertile fields. " (5) According to the feedback information, before the dike was built in the second year of Daiwa (828), the salty tide poured into the field, causing many seedlings to die. If we only count from the beginning of the establishment of the Tang Dynasty, that is, the first year of Wude (618), it will be 21 years in the second year of Daiwa (828). Then, in these two hundred and ten years, the harm of salty tide to rice in Min County can be imagined. In addition to natural factors, there are also biological violations. An unknown poet sang in "Lucheng Folk Songs" that "rice is suppressed in the land of Shandong, and it is all foamed by water. Every year, the people can't live. " (5)。 The poet provided us with such information: all the rice planted in Shandong (now Yanzhou, Shandong Province) was flooded; And the government recruits farmers to catch crabs every year, which makes it difficult for the people to live. Why does the government recruit farmers to catch Pang every year? That's because crabs are harmful to rice. The harm of crabs to rice should not be underestimated. Tang Yanqian specially wrote the poem "Crab" to remind us: "The frost falls in the lake field in October, and the fragrant crab is like a tiger at the beginning of late rice." (51) He compared crabs to tigers, which shows that crabs do great harm to rice.

what's more, there are locusts. In history, in the second year of Xingyuan (784), "In May, locusts started from the East China Sea and went to the west to cover the sky, and the days were endless, and the seedlings were everywhere"; In the second year of Kaicheng (837), "Wei Bo, Zi Qing, and Henan government played together to harm crops" (52). Only from these two locust plagues, we can see that the scope of locust plagues at that time was wide and harmful. According to the statistics of scholars, there have been more than ten large-scale floods, droughts and locusts since the Anshi Rebellion alone. (53) In the whole Tang Dynasty, there were 48 times. (54) On the one hand, natural disasters, on the other hand, biological hazards, coupled with the endless labor of the government, are bound to be "people can't live"! From the Tang poems, we can see that from planting to harvesting, farmers may encounter natural disasters such as floods, droughts, frosts, etc. at all times, and there will be crabs, wild pheasants, voles and locusts. Therefore, how difficult it is for farmers to achieve the final harvest of rice!

the joy after harvest