What is Mandala?

Mandala is also called Manda, Manza, or Mandala, Sanskrit: mandala. The free translation is Mandala, with the original meaning of "gathering" or "gathering". It refers to the gathering place of all saints and meritorious deeds. Offering mandala is the most complete and ingenious way to accumulate merit and wisdom. Offering to the entire universe in the form of mandala is the fastest, simplest, and most complete among many methods. Mandalas are the "map of the universe in the mind" of monks and Tibetans when they practice secret dharma on a daily basis. There are four types of mandala, the so-called "four mandalas", which are generally round or square and quite symmetrical. There is a center point.

Mandala is the transliteration of Sanskrit Mandala; Mandala is also translated as "Mandala", "Mandala", "Mannaluo", etc.; Mandala is translated as "tan", "tan" "field", "mandala", "round and complete", "gathering", etc.; Tibetan dkyil-vkhor, transliterated as "Jilang", free translation as

Purple Mandala

"Central". It is the center of spiritual energy of the Tantric tradition. According to the various meanings of the mandala, it is the "sleek and orderly arrangement of all things" made by various religions in order to describe or represent the universe model of their religion, or to show the reality of the universe seen by their religion. , used to express the reality of the universe, "all things are in the forest, integrating the Zen circle of introjection".

According to the Mahavairocana Sutra and the Vajra Sutra, the layout of Tantric Buddhism in the gathering place of the deities and the order of religious achievements

Mandala

On the surface, there are two mandalas of the Embryo Realm and the Vajra Realm, respectively showing that "every religious talent who was originally a disciple of the Buddha was protected and cultivated by the master, the ancestor Buddha

Mandala

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中" and the meaning of "the supreme religious achievement of being impeccable requires teaching students to be self-reliant and self-reliant". Among the teachings and rituals that can "instantly become a Buddha", there are four types: Great Mandala, Samaya Mandala, Dharma Mandala, and Karma Mandala. The five secrets of Esoteric Buddhism, including "the wisdom of the great round mirror, the wisdom of equality, the wisdom of wonderful observation, the wisdom of accomplishment, and the wisdom of the body and nature of the Dharma Realm" and the three secrets of "body secret, mouth secret, and mind secret" are hidden in these mandalas in the form of symbols. Luo Zhong.

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Cultural heritage

Datura is also called goldenrod, morning glory, eggplant, etc. It grows wild in fields, beside ditches, etc. Roadside, riverbank, hillside and other places, native to India. Free translations include Yuanhua, Baituanhua, Shiyihua, Yueyihua, etc.

Purple Mandala 2

Asoka Sutra 7 says: ‘Mandala, turn over the round flower. ’ Lotus Guangzhai Shuyi said: ‘Mandala flower is translated as Xiaobai Tuanhua. Mahamandala Hua is translated as Dabai Tuanhua. ’ Lotus Xuanzan 2 said: ‘Mandala flowers, this cloud is pleasing to the mind, and those who see it are happy. ’ Huiyuan’s phonetic meaning says: ‘Mandala flower, this cloud of joyful flower is also called variegated flower, also called soft flower, also called heavenly wonderful flower.

’ Datura is commonly known as poisonous ginseng and eggplant in Chinese. The English name of Mandala is Mandrake, and the Latin name Mandragora of ficinarum, derived from ancient Greek, means "drug of man's desire".

A mandala is a circle used in religious rituals or witchcraft, and represents religious ideas that promote equality in Buddhism and Hinduism.

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Related legends

There are five kinds of legends: Tianyu mandala flower, Maha mandala flower and purple mandala flower (the most common Mysterious, not mixed with the other four colors, uniquely called "mandala flower")

According to Chinese legend, the "Lotus Sutra" records that when the Buddha preached the Dharma, mandala flowers came from the sky When it falls, the flowers fall like rain; in the Taoist Beidou, there is a mandala star messenger. Because the messenger holds this flower, it is nicknamed mandala

Mandala

flower. In the Lotus Sutra, there are four kinds of flowers falling from the sky: "Heavenly Rain Mandala Flower, Maha Mandala Flower, Manjusawa Flower, and Maha Manjusawa Flower." This means the four kinds of smallpox in heaven

Mandala is the transliteration of Sanskrit, which means pleasant flower. It is known as the spiritual and holy object of Buddhism. Only the lucky ones have the opportunity to see it, and seeing it can bring endless happiness to people. Because Buddhism is about observing the world with a pure mind, having few desires and walking in the mortal world, having nothing in your hands, and everything is empty, so a long time ago, this stamenless white flower was regarded by people as the incarnation of God, symbolizing emptiness, heartlessness and peace of mind.

In ancient India, the mandala flower was both the knocker on the door of passion and the base for constructing a grand scene. It was spread out to become a grand mandala ashram. As the "horn of angels (devils)", mandala flowers, people are willing to go into a coma, mortgage their reason and become a prisoner of their feelings, loading themselves on a flower leaf in order to reach the mystery of the oracle

< p> In Western legends, mandala has always been given a terrifying color. Because the mandala's intertwined roots resemble the shape of a human, Westerners in the Middle Ages made a lot of assumptions about the strange-looking mandala. At that time, it was said that when the mandala was dug up by its roots, it would scream, and those who heard the scream would People are either dead or crazy. (In the Saint Seiya OVA version of the Pluto myth, Mandala is the underworld name of the Hades

Purple Mandala No. 3

. Legend has it that this Mandala flower grows in When it is uprooted under the guillotine, the scream it makes will kill all living creatures present.

) In the West, the interpretation of the mandala flower is: 1. Fraudulent love, cheating; 2. Awe, respect and love; 3. Unpredictable death and love. According to legend, in ancient Spain, datura flowers often bloomed near execution sites like indifferent onlookers, numbly praying for every soul whose life was passing away. The whole plant of this flower is highly poisonous. It is said that only one person among millions of people can have the opportunity to see the flower bloom. Therefore, anyone who meets the flower in bloom will die of his beloved.

In Western legends, the black datura flower is the best flower, a noble, elegant and mysterious flower. The datura in the night is a kind of flower that looks like a lily. It blooms at night and closes in the day. Its fragrance is light and elegant. If you smell it too much, you will have a slight feeling of green datura

Illusion. Legend has it that there is an elf living in every black mandala flower. It can help you realize your wish, but in exchange for human blood. As long as you water the enchanting black mandala with your own blood, when it blooms, the elf in the flower will grant one of your wishes. They can only water it with their own blood, because the elves like this warm and deadly feeling. Datura roots have narcotic and psychedelic effects. In addition, it is also a weapon to protect the family and brings courage to the person who wears it. In addition, it is said that women who want to have children or men who are impotent can increase their personal power and make their wishes come true by wearing a mandala in bed during the full moon.

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Related flower language

Purple mandala - horror.

Blue mandala - cheating on love, cheating on love.

Pink mandala - comfortable.

Green mandala - endless hope.

Black Mandala - unpredictable darkness, death and wandering love. Endless love and revenge, no love and no hatred in the world, a tough and damaged heart that has been hurt, a road of no return in life.

There is a legend about the black mandala. There is an elf living in every pot of black mandala flowers. They can help you realize your wishes! However, they also have a condition in exchange, which is human blood! Just use your own blood to water the enchanting black mandala flower, and the elves in the flower will help you realize your wishes! They can only water it with blood, because they love this hot and fatal feeling!

Golden Mandala - Dear, born lucky, with endless happiness.

White Datura - love flower, if swallowed with wine, it will make people laugh and have an anesthetic effect. It is a flower that blooms in the sky, white and soft. Anyone who sees this flower will be rid of evil[1].

Red mandala - not mandala, do not confuse it. Bleeding bloody love

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Regional distribution

Datura is widely distributed in temperate to tropical regions of the world, and is produced in all provinces and regions in my country. Datura is also called goldenrod, morning glory, mountain eggplant, etc. It grows wild in fields, ditches, roadsides, river banks, hillsides and other places. It is native to India.

Cultivation

Mandala (Golden Flower) has strong adaptability, likes a warm, humid, sunny environment, is afraid of waterlogging, and is not very strict on soil requirements, and can be used in ordinary soil Planting is best in soil rich in humus and calcareous soil. The seeds germinate easily. The suitable germination temperature is about 15°C. The germination rate is about 40%. It takes about 60 days from seedling emergence to flowering. The upper part of the ground wilts after frost. When the temperature is lower than 2°C, the whole plant dies. The annual growth period is about 200 days.

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Cultivation technology

1. Land selection and land preparation: Choose sunny, fertile, well-drained land. Plow 30 cm before winter. Combined with plowing, apply 2,000 kg of ring fertilizer or soil fertilizer per acre. Rake and level it. Plow it again after spring and break it into pieces. The soil is raked carefully to make a flat border of 1.5 meters wide.

2. Propagation method Propagation by seeds. In early April, make holes 3 cm deep on the border at a spacing of 60 cm x 50 cm between plants. Sprinkle 5-6 seeds into each hole, cover with 1 cm of soil, press lightly, and moisturize. The amount of seed used per acre is about 1 kilogram. If seedlings are to be transplanted, they should be transplanted and planted in late May.

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Morphological characteristics

It is woody or semi-woody in the tropics, and an annual upright herbaceous plant in temperate areas. Single leaves alternate, flowers bisexual, corolla trumpet-shaped, five-lobed, somewhat lip-shaped, some with double petals; stamens 5, all developed, inserted into the corolla tube; carpels 2, 2-loculed; axial placenta, many ovules. Capsule. The calyx is ring-shaped broken near the base during fruiting, and only the base remains.

The stem is strong and upright, and the main stem is often woody. The plant height is 50-150cm, the whole plant is smooth and hairless, and sometimes there are sparse hairs on the young leaves. The upper part often has bifurcated branches. The leaves are alternate, broadly ovate, with irregular wavy lobes or sparsely toothed edges, and long stalks. There are sparse pubescence on the veins. The flowers are solitary in leaf axils or branch forks; the calyx is 5-toothed and tube-shaped, and the corolla is funnel-shaped, white to purple. The capsule is upright, with hard spines on the surface, and is oval. Seeds are slightly flat, kidney-shaped, dark brown. The flowers are solitary in the leaf axils, the corolla is funnel-shaped, 7-10cm long, the tube is light green, and the upper part is white; if the corolla has a purple halo, it is a purple-flowered Datura. Flowering period is summer and autumn. Propagation by sowing.

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Common diseases

Datura verticillium wilt

Symptoms: The leaves of infected plants turn yellow between the lateral veins, and then Gradually turns brown and dies from the edge of the leaves. The veins remain green. The leaves gradually wilt from bottom to top. The diseased stems are cut crosswise and the vascular bundles are dark brown. In some cases, only 1-2 branches are affected. Severe cases cannot bear fruit.

Pink Datura

Prevention and treatment methods (1) Carry out crop rotation. (2) If necessary, pour 50% thiophanate methyl or carbendazim wettable powder 600 to 700 times before the onset of the disease.

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Common species

Datura plants are tall and have large and beautiful flowers. They are suitable as background materials or in wild gardens. There are about 16 species of plants in the same genus. Commonly cultivated ones include D. inoxia, D. Sanguinen, D. me-tel, etc.

There are three common species in my country: D. stramonium L., D. innoxia Mill. and D. metel L., all of which have flowers. White or slightly yellowish green, single petal.

Pink Mandala 2

There are many varieties of green, purple, red, blue and double petals in their origin.

The whole plant is highly toxic, and its leaves, flowers and seeds can be used as medicine. It is pungent and warm in nature, and its medicinal properties are analgesic, analgesic, cough and asthma relief. It is mainly used to treat cough, asthma, facial sores, anal prolapse, rheumatism, bruises, and injuries. It can also be used as an anesthetic. The main active ingredient of Mafei Powder invented by Hua Tuo, a famous medical scientist during the Three Kingdoms period, is datura.

Introduction to the species:

Scientific name: Datura L.

Form:

Woody or semi-woody in the tropics, It is an annual upright herbaceous plant in temperate zones. Single leaves alternate, flowers bisexual, corolla trumpet-shaped, five-lobed, somewhat lip-shaped, some with double petals; stamens 5, all developed, inserted into the corolla tube; carpels 2, 2-loculed; axial placenta, many ovules. Capsule. The calyx is ring-shaped broken near the base during fruiting, and only the base remains.

Type:

Common species in my country include D. stramonium L., D. innoxia Mill. and D. innoxia (18 photos) There are three types of white-flowered datura (D. metel L.). The flowers are all white or slightly light yellow-green, with single petals.

There are many varieties or varieties of green, purple, red, blue and double flowers in the origin.

The whole plant is highly toxic, and its leaves, flowers and seeds can be used as medicine. It is pungent and warm in nature, and its medicinal properties are analgesic, analgesic, cough and asthma relief. It is mainly used to treat cough, asthma, facial sores, anal prolapse, rheumatism, bruises, and injuries. It can also be used as an anesthetic. The main active ingredient of Mafei Powder invented by Hua Tuo, a famous medical scientist during the Three Kingdoms period, is datura.

Introduction to species 2:

Scientific name: Datura stramonium L.

Form:

Annual herb. The stems are strong and upright, generally 50cm to 1m high in temperate areas, and grow into subshrubs up to 2m high in the tropics. The leaves are broadly ovate, apex acuminate, asymmetrically wedge-shaped at the base, with irregular wavy lobes on the edges, triangular lobes, and sparse pubescence on the veins. The calyx is tubular, with 5 edges and corners, and is 4-5cm long; the corolla is funnel-shaped, 6-10cm long, with the upper part white or slightly purple; the anthers are 3-4mm long. The capsule is erect, ovoid, 3~4cm long, with hard short spines of varying lengths, and has four lobes when mature. Seeds black.

Biological characteristics: An annual herb that can grow into a subshrub in low latitudes. Born in wastelands, dry land, beside houses, sunny slopes, forest edges, and grasslands. The flowering period is from June to October, and the fruiting period is from July to November. Propagation by seeds.

Distribution and habitat: Widely distributed in temperate to tropical regions around the world; produced in all provinces and autonomous regions of my country. Often born in villages, roadsides, and grasslands.

Distribution status in China: cultivation and naturalization in various regions across the country.

Introduction, diffusion and problems: It was introduced into China as a medicinal plant in the late Ming Dynasty, recorded in "Compendium of Materia Medica" (1593). It is a weed in dry land, orchards and nurseries, or invades forest edges, roadsides and grasslands. The whole plant contains alkaloids, which are highly toxic to humans, livestock, fish and birds, with the fruits and seeds being the most toxic.

Uses: The leaves, flowers and seeds are used as medicine to have antispasmodic, sedative, analgesic and anesthetic properties; the seed oil can be used to make soap and ginseng paint.

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Medicinal value

Datura flowers can not only be used for anesthesia, but also can be used to treat diseases. Its leaves, flowers, and seeds can be used as medicine. They are pungent in taste and warm in nature, but they are highly toxic. The flowers can remove rheumatism, relieve asthma and relieve pain, and can cure epilepsy and cold asthma. The decoction can be used to treat various wind-resistant paralysis and cold-damp athlete's foot. The petals have an especially good analgesic effect and can treat neuralgia, etc. The leaves and seeds are used for cough and analgesia. Because Datura flowers are highly toxic, the state restricts their sales. When necessary, they must be used under designated control with the prescription of a relevant doctor.

The medicinal ingredients contained in Datura can relax muscles and inhibit sweat gland secretion. Therefore, the ancients named the anesthetic made from this flower "Mongolian sweat medicine".

Datura flowers, roots, fruits, etc. contain hyoscyamine and other alkaloids that have a strong sedative effect. However, if the dosage is too high, it can lead to poisoning reactions such as confusion, confusion, hallucinations, coma, paralysis, etc. Legend has it that Hua Tuo's anesthetic prescription, Ma Fei Powder, contained datura.

During the Renaissance, beauty-loving Italian women dropped belladonna juice containing hyoscyamine into their eyes to make themselves look more beautiful.

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Poisoning overview

Datura poisoning is caused by accidentally eating Datura seeds, fruits, leaves and flowers. Its main components are Anisodamine, atropine and scopolamine, etc. The above ingredients can excite the central nervous system, block the M-choline response system, and antagonize and paralyze the parasympathetic nerves. The main clinical manifestations are dryness of the mouth and throat, difficulty swallowing, hoarseness, rapid pulse, dilated pupils, delirium, hallucinations, convulsions, etc. In severe cases, coma, respiratory and circulatory failure and death may occur. The Chinese medicinal names of datura are goldenrod, eggplant, intoxicating grass, sheep flower, bone grass, morning glory, mandrake or wild pockmark. The whole plant is poisonous, but the seeds are the most toxic. Children can be poisoned after taking 3-8 pills. Generally, it will be completely absorbed by the oral cavity and gastric mucosa 0.5-2 hours after oral administration, and symptoms of poisoning will appear.

At the intersection of medicine and poison, Datura flower suddenly appears like a gnome. Its overly coquettish color attracts attention and pursuit, making it difficult for us to distinguish the applause in it-which is for Its medicinal properties, and those who succumb to its confusing power. The gorgeous mandala flowers are like beating flames, and the flaming fire presents a spiritual and strange shape. Datura flower is also called goldenrod flower. Scholar Mr. Li Ling pointed out that it is the "panacea" considered by European, Indian and Arab countries. Datura, also known as maple eggplant flower, dog walnut, ten thousand peach blossom, wild pockmark, drunken heart flower, sheep flower, etc., is a wild upright woody herbaceous plant of the Solanaceae family. It is also divided into large flower (white flower) Datura, red flower Datura, purple flower Datura and other types. The main components of Datura flowers are hyoscyamine, scopolamine and a small amount of atropine, and the main component that has anesthetic effect is scopolamine. In addition to being used as an anesthetic and analgesic for surgical operations, it is also used as an aphrodisiac and to treat epilepsy, snake bites, and rabies. Hugo's "The Man Who Laughs" describes the process of the mad doctor Seuss using Datura flowers. "He is familiar with the properties and various benefits of Datura flowers. Everyone knows that this grass has both Yin and Yang properties." This is at least It shows that since ancient Egypt, the feminine power of mandala has always had friends everywhere. There is an Egyptian mural that says that when the ancient Egyptians entertained guests, they often gave mandala flowers and fruits to their guests to smell, because mandala Flowers and fruits are rich in psychedelic properties and can make guests feel euphoric.

Toxic parts: The whole plant is poisonous, with the fruits, especially the seeds, being the most toxic, followed by the young leaves. Dried leaves are less toxic than fresh leaves.

Toxic ingredients: Mainly containing scopolamine and hyoscyamine, followed by atropine, apoatropine, noratropine, daturine, tigloidine, datura Alkali, indium, 2,6-dihydroxyhoscyamine (2,6-dihydroxyhoscyamine), hyoscyamine and 7-hydroxy-3,6-dihydroxyhoscyamine. The total alkaloid content was highest at the end of flowering and decreased rapidly when the seeds matured. Hemagglutinin is also isolated from the seeds.

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First aid treatment

1. Gastric lavage with 1:5000 potassium permanganate or 1% tannic acid, and then use magnesium sulfate for catharsis Or enema.

2. Subcutaneously inject 2 to 4 ml of 3% pilocarpine nitrate solution each time to antagonize the effect of hyoscyamine, once every 15 minutes until the pupil shrinks, the light reflex appears, and the oral mucosa is moist. Physostigmine salicylate 1 mg can also be injected subcutaneously, once every 15 minutes, several times.

3. When irritable or convulsed, sedatives may be given, such as tribromide tablets, chlorpromazine, chloral hydrate, phenobarbital, diazepam, etc.

4. Symptomatic and supportive therapy: When there is respiratory depression, oxygen should be inhaled and artificial respiration should be used; when there is high fever, use ice packs to cool down, alcohol baths, antipyretics, etc.; for mydriasis, 0.1~1 % salicylic acid physostigmine eye drops; in severe cases, hydrocortisone can be given intravenously.

5. 120 grams of traditional Chinese medicine mung bean coat, 60 grams of silver flower, 150 grams of licorice, decocted in water and taken several times.

Growth environment: full line cultivation, seed propagation.

Collection and processing: Collect the flowers when they first bloom, collect the seeds when they are mature, and collect the whole plant in summer and autumn for fresh use or sun-drying.

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Clinical manifestations

1. Symptoms generally appear 0.5-2 hours after eating. Early symptoms include dryness of the mouth and throat, and difficulty swallowing. Difficulty, hoarseness, rapid pulse, dilated pupils, dry and flushed skin, fever, etc.

2. Psychiatric symptoms such as delirium, hallucinations, restlessness, convulsions, and disturbance of consciousness may occur 2-6 hours after eating.

3. Severe cases often experience drowsiness within 12 to 24 hours, shallow breathing, decreased blood pressure, and even critical signs such as shock, coma, and respiratory paralysis.

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Diagnostic basis

1. Have a history of drug overdose or accidental ingestion of poisons.

2. Sudden onset, obvious central nervous system symptoms, and special clinical manifestations such as flushed cheeks, dry mucous membranes, and dilated pupils. 3. Datura seeds, leaves or flowers may be found in gastric lavage. 4. The cat eye dilation test and poison analysis were positive.

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Treatment principles

1. Induce vomiting, gastric lavage, and catharsis. 2. Intravenous infusion and diuresis to accelerate the excretion of poisons. 3. Detoxification treatment. 4. Symptomatic and supportive treatment.

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Principles of medication

1. Patients with early mild datura poisoning can use physostigmine or physostigmine and pilocarpine alternately. 2. For severe poisoning, intramuscular injection of neostigmine or Tensilon should be used, and adrenocortical hormone should be applied early and in sufficient amounts to strengthen symptomatic and supportive treatment. 3. People with existing heart disease should use neostigmine with caution to avoid cardiac arrest.

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Auxiliary inspection

1. For those with simple early-stage datura poisoning, the inspection project is mainly based on the inspection frame "A"; 2. The examination projects for patients with unknown diagnosis or late-stage critical illness may include "A", "B", and "C".

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Effectiveness evaluation

1. Cure: Symptoms and signs disappear, and all examinations are normal. 2. Improvement: symptoms and signs improve. 3. Not healed: No change in symptoms or signs.

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Expert Tips

The disease is mainly caused by eating datura leaves, seeds and fruits. Datura leaves and seeds have sweet It smells bad, so it is easy for young children to eat it by mistake. Therefore, the toxicity of datura should be publicized to the public and children. Try not to plant this flower in families, villages, and courtyards, and you should not use datura to treat diseases. Once poisoning occurs, rescue should be carried out quickly. For unexplained poisoning in young children, one should be highly vigilant about the possibility of the disease. Medicinal plant datura.

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Related reports

There are many reports about datura poisoning. Symptoms usually appear half an hour after eating, and may occur as quickly as 20 minutes. No more than 3 hours at the latest; the toxic dose varies depending on the route of entry of the toxicity, age and health status. Adults can be poisoned by eating just three seeds; children are more sensitive and only need one-tenth of adults, no more than one, and can be poisoned by just 3 to 4 seeds. Most cases are acute and sudden. Children who are poisoned may still experience drowsiness. External application of Mangoro leaves can also cause acute systemic poisoning. The symptoms are the same as those taken orally, and the onset of symptoms is faster than those taken orally.

Various domestic animals can be poisoned, with cats being the most sensitive, followed by cattle and horses, and sheep and rabbits being the most tolerant. The lethal dose of the above-ground part of the plant to cattle is 150~300g, horses 150~200g, and sheep 75~200g. The horse ate 1kg of seeds and died of convulsions the next day. The seeds are extremely toxic to ostriches and are also toxic to fish. Recently reported symptoms of sheep poisoning include ataxia, spontaneous contraction of muscle fibers, hyperesthesia, rapid breathing, and less drinking water.

Clinical manifestations and incubation period: Symptoms often appear half an hour to 1 hour after eating. They are inhibition of the parasympathetic nervous system and excitement of the central nervous system. They are similar to the symptoms of atropine poisoning, including dry mouth, difficulty swallowing, Hoarse voice, dry skin, flushing, fever, rapid heartbeat, deepened breathing, elevated blood pressure, headache, dizziness, irritability, delirium, auditory and visual hallucinations, confusion, erratic crying and laughter, muscle twitching, and dystaxia Or paroxysmal convulsions and spasms may occur. In addition, there are elevated body temperature, constipation, mydriasis and hyperreflexia of the knee. Most of the above symptoms disappear or basically disappear within 24 hours. Severe cases will enter lethargy, convulsion, cyanosis, and finally coma and death after 12 to 24 hours.

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Medicinal Datura seeds

Original form

One-year herb, 30-100cm tall. The whole plant is nearly hairless. The stem is upright, cylindrical, with a lignified base and forked branches at the upper part, which are green and have irregular wrinkles on the surface. The young branches are quadrangular, slightly purple, and pubescent. The leaves are alternate, the upper leaves are nearly opposite; the petiole is 2-5cm long; the leaves are broadly oval, oblong or heart-shaped, 5-20cm long, 4-15cm wide, with a tapered or sharp apex, asymmetrical base, and sharp edges. Irregular short teeth, or entire and wavy margins, hairless or sparsely covered with short hairs on both sides, and raised veins on the back of the leaves. Flowers solitary between branches or in leaf axil; pedicel is about 1cm long, upright or obliquely extending, covered with white pubescence; calyx is tubular, 4-6cm long, 1-1.5cm in diameter, light yellow-green, 5-lobed at the apex, triangular lobes , neat or uneven, with a pointed apex. After flowering, the calyx tube splits and falls off near the base, leaving the base of the calyx tube remaining. When in fruit, it enlarges to a disk shape, with a diameter of 2.5-3cm, and the edges are not reflexed; the corolla The tube is funnel-shaped, 14-20cm long, the diameter of the eaves is 5-7cm, the diameter of the lower part gradually decreases, and it expands upward to form a trumpet, white, with 5 ribs, 5 lobes, 5 lobes, triangular, long and pointed apex; 5 stamens, born on In the corolla tube, the anthers are linear, flat, and attached at the base; the pistil is 1, the ovary is bead-shaped, 2-chambered, with sparse short stinging hairs, many ovules, the style is filamentous, 11-16cm long, and the stigma is shield-shaped. The capsule is spherical or oblate, about 3cm in diameter, with sparse short spines on the outside, light brown when ripe, and irregular 4-lobed lobes. The seeds are numerous, flat, slightly triangular, and brown when ripe. The flowering period is from March to November, and the fruiting period is from April to November.

Annual herb, 1-2m high. There is a foul odor, and the whole plant is covered with white fine glandular hairs and pubescence.

The stem is stout, upright, cylindrical, with a lignified base and mostly forked branches in the upper part, gray-green. The leaves are alternate or nearly opposite; the leaves are broadly ovate, 8-20cm long, 5-12cm wide, with an acute apex, an oblique heart-shaped base, entire or microwave-shaped edges, and raised veins on the back. The flowers are large, upright or ascending, 15-20cm long, 7-8cm in diameter, the corolla is white or lavender, with 5 ribs; the calyx tube has 5 ribs, the apex has 5 lobes, the flower is broken from near the base, and the remaining part is The elliptical fruit is enlarged and reflexed outward. The capsule is born on a drooping fruit stem, nearly round, densely covered with flexible needle-like spines and densely pubescent, and the apex splits irregularly when ripe. There are many seeds, kidney-shaped, light brown or yellowish brown. The flowering period is from May to September, and the fruiting period is from June to October.

Characters

Character identification (1) White Datura seeds The capsule is nearly spherical or oblate, about 3cm in diameter, with a shallow disc-shaped calyx and short fruit stalk on the stem. The surface is yellow-green with sparse and short thorns. The peel is lignified and has irregular 4-lobed lobes when mature. There are many seeds, flat, triangular, about 3mm wide, light brown. The smell is peculiar and the taste is slightly bitter. poisonous.

(2) Maowenduoluozi The capsule is nearly bead-shaped or ovoid, 3-4cm in diameter, with a slightly pentagonal calyx at the base and thin and tough spines. The peel is irregularly cracked from the upper part. The seeds are flat and kidney-shaped, about 5mm long and 3mm wide, light brown.

The ones with plump fruits, many seeds and mature ones are better.

Chemical composition

White datura seeds contain hyoscyamine, scopolamine[1], cycloeucalenol, 31-norlanosterol -9(11)-enol [31-norlanost-9(11)-enol], 31-norlanost-8-enol (31-norlanost-8-enol), norlanosterol, Obtusifoliol, 4α-methylcholest-8-enol, 4-methyl-7-cholestenol (lophenol), α1-sitosterol (citrostadienol) [2].

Seed oil contains oleic acid and linoleic acid[3].

2. Datura datura seeds contain α- and β-scopolamine (α-, β-scopo-don-nine) [4], scopolamine, scopolamine, meteloidine, and Daturadiol, daturaolone [5], atropine [6]. Plant lectin (lectin)ⅠⅠ seed oil contains linoleic acid and oleic acid [5].

The seeds of Datura datura of the same genus contain atropine, hyoscine (scopolamine) [8], hyoscyamine [9], 31-norcycloartenol (31-norcycloartenol), and cyclocineol. (cycloeucalenol), 4α-methylcholest-8-enol (4α-methylcholest-8-enol), 31-norlanosterol (31-norlanosterol), 31-norlanosterol-9(11)-ene Alcohol [(31-norlanost-9(11)-enol], obtusterol, 4-methyl-7-encholestanol, citrostadienol [2], lanoster-8-enol -3β-ol (lanost-8-en-3β-ol), cycloartenol (cycloartenol), 24-methylenecycloartenol (24-methylenecycloartenol), β-amyrin alcohol (β- amyrin), daturaolone (daturaolone), daturadiol (daturadiol) [10], and fatty acids [11], etc.

Pharmacological effects: Mydriasis: Datura seeds. The infusion has the effect of dilating mydriasis and paralysis.

Prepare and dry in the shade for later use.

It is pungent in nature and taste; bitter in nature; toxic in nature.

Returns to the liver through its meridian; Spleen Meridian

Function: Treat asthma, dispel wind, and relieve pain. Treat asthma and cough, epilepsy, wind-cold-dampness syndrome, prolapse, bruises, and boils

Usage and dosage: Oral administration: Decoction. Decoction, 0.15-0.3g; or soaked in wine. External use: appropriate amount, decocted in water; or soaked in wine and rubbed.

Note from "Sichuan Traditional Chinese Medicine": it should not be used by those with no stasis and physical weakness.

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Attached Recipe: 1. Treatment of anal prolapse: One pair of Datura flower seeds (with shells), mash in sixteen oak bowls, simmer in water for three to five minutes, and wash with hot salt. 》) ② To treat bruises: 1 qian of Datura seeds, soaked in 6 liang of wine. Take 3 qian each time ("Compilation of Commonly Used Folk Herbal Medicines") ③ To treat rheumatic pain: 2 peaches of Zuixian, soaked in 1 jin of sorghum wine. After ten days, drink alcohol once or twice a day, no more than one dollar each time.

("Commonly Used Chinese Herbal Medicine in Shanghai")

Discussions by various experts

1. "Classification of Herbal Medicine Properties": Treat bruises, remove blood stasis, and unblock meridians.

2. "Guizhou Folk Prescription Collection": fumigation cures toothache.

3. "Sichuan Traditional Chinese Medicine": It can dispel wind and dampness, relieve asthma and reduce swelling. Treats wind-cold-damp paralysis, joint swelling and pain, epilepsy and rectal prolapse, injuries from bruises and diarrhea.

Clinical application

1. Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: use 1 part of Datura seed, 4 parts of Sibirica root (the root of Rhododendron), Bake, dry and grind into powder to make tablets, each tablet is 0.3g, 1-2 tablets each time, taken 3 times a day. A course of treatment lasts for 15 days, and a second course of treatment is given after a break of 5-7 days. During the treatment process, it can reduce joint pain, make joint swelling subside, and improve joint activity. It is not effective for patients with joint ankylosis.

2. For mydriasis, different concentrations of datura seed infusion and 1% houmatropine were used for comparative observation. Through the mydriasis test of 24 cases, it was proved that Datura seed infusion has mydriasis and paralysis adjustment effects, but the emergence of mydriasis, the disappearance of pupil light response and the recovery of adjustment are all slower than those of homatropine) There is no big difference between intraocular pressure and aqueous humor outflow ease C value. The recovery time after dilating mydriasis using datura seed solution is approximately half that of atropine. The concentration of the immersion solution is 50-60%. In addition, the decoction of Datura datura plant and the solution of Datura datura extract have been used in cataract surgery.

2.1. Decoction; wash 1 jin of datura whole plant, add 1-1.5 jin of clean water, boil for about 1 hour, filter 3-4 times with 3-4 layers of gauze, and concentrate the filtrate to 100ml, add appropriate amount of preservative, separate into sterilized eye drop bottles for later use.

2.2.30% datura solution (not formulated with purified crystal powder): half an hour before cataract needle removal, use one of the above two preparations for eye drops, once every 5 minutes , ***4-5 times. In about 20-30 minutes, the pupils will be dilated and fixed, and when the size is about 7-8 mm, the needle can be cut and inserted. This drug only paralyzes the mydriasis, but does not stimulate the mydriasis. During the troubleshooting surgery, if the needle touches the iris too much, some patients' pupils will shrink slightly, so touching the iris should be avoided as much as possible. The decoction is dark soy sauce in color and contains fine particles. If stored for too long, large flocculent precipitates may easily form. Boil and filter the liquid in one gulp, and its mydriasis effect will not be reduced.

Excerpt from "Chinese Materia Medica"