Why didn't the Mongolian army conquer Little Vietnam three times?

Why didn't the Mongolian army conquer Little Vietnam three times?

/kloc-the rise of the Mongolian empire in the 0/3rd century can be said to be an anomaly in world history. Few people would have thought that an unknown nomadic people in the last century could quickly conquer most parts of Eurasia. Mongolia's tough cavalry, like wolves, soared all the way through the Mobei grassland and the Central Plains, and finally came to the far south. Unexpectedly, in little Annan, the Mongolian army was sunk three times in succession. ...

The Mongolian army was defeated three times.

1252, the Mongolian army set out from Gansu and went on an expedition to Dali via the western Sichuan Plateau. These soldiers and horses from the arid grassland in the north were able to hold inflatable skins and lie on rafts washed by rapids, successfully crossing the fast-flowing Jinsha River and entering Yunnan. The war itself is not worth mentioning. In the second year, General Uriyangqatai led an army to capture Duan Zhixing, the king of Dali.

Yunnan has been out of the jurisdiction of the Central Plains government since Tianbao period in the Tang Dynasty. Attacking Dali was an important step for the Mongolian empire to form a strategic encirclement of the most tenacious enemy, the Southern Song Dynasty. After Yunnan was incorporated into the territory of Mongolia, the Southern Song Dynasty was surrounded by a C-shape on the land, leaving only the border with Annan out of the control of the Mongols.

Because of this, Annan became the next target of the Mongolian army. After the envoys refused to surrender, Uriyangqatai invaded Annan with 30,000 troops in 1257, which started the fierce battle between the Mongolian Empire and the Chen Dynasty.

Dayuan and Chen Xiaochao

This is the first time that Annan's army has faced the most powerful Mongolian army in the world on the battlefield. Although posing as a mixed cavalry, it was defeated by Uriyangqatai. The Mongols took the opportunity to enter the capital of Annan, Shenglong (now Hanoi), but only got an empty city. They only stayed for nine days. They were forced to withdraw their troops because of unbearable heat and food. On the way, they were attacked by local tyrants in Annan and were defeated. They were exhausted all the way, and they dared not plunder wherever they went, so people called them "Buddha thieves". This is, of course, a great victory for the Xiao Chen dynasty. Later generations Chen Renzong wrote a poem for this: "White-haired old soldiers often talk about Yuanfeng."

For the next twenty years, Mongolia (Yuan) was too busy fighting the Song Dynasty to take care of Annan, who was hiding in a secluded corner. After the demise of the Southern Song Dynasty and the reunification of China, Kublai Khan was determined to annex Annan. /kloc-at the beginning of 0/285, the yuan army attacked the Chen dynasty in six ways. In view of the experience of the first war, China, a senior general who participated in the conquest of the Southern Song Dynasty and was used to being in southern operations, was added to the army. For example, Hengli, Zhang Hongfan's deputy in the Battle of Yashan, was also under the account of Commander-in-Chief Wang Nan Tuohuan (Kublai Khan's ninth son).

The number of Yuan troops has also greatly increased, and it is recorded as 500,000 in Historical Records of Da Yue (this is of course an exaggeration). On the frontal battlefield, the Yuan Army defeated Chen Jun again and occupied Shenglong. However, Annan's army "increased its troops and turned many times, although it was defeated several times", and Yuan "was exhausted and killed many people, so the Mongolian army could not display its skills", so it broke up in May of that year.

Unwilling to fail, Kublai Khan concentrated 70,000 Mongolian and Chinese troops in Jianghuai, Jiangxi and Huguang provinces, with 500 ships, 6,000 Yunnan soldiers and 65,438 Li+500,000 libing. 1287 12. The Yuan Army led by Tuoba invaded Annan for the third time in three ways. Two routes were infantry and cavalry from Guangxi and Yunnan, and one route was invaded by sailors from the sea along Baiteng River (near the mouth of Halong Bay in northern Vietnam). Chen once again gave up the promotion of the dragon, and the wall fell clear, forcing the Yuan army to retreat in March of the following year.

In Baiteng River, Chen Jun cut down trees from the forest in advance, sharpened them and inserted them into the river. When the warships of the Yuan Army filed into the Baiteng River, the tide was declining, and Chen Jun suddenly attacked and drove the warships of the Yuan Army to the hidden pile waters. At low tide, most of the Yuan boats hit the wooden stakes and wiped out the Yuan navy. Baitengxi won a great victory, and Zhang Mingyang, a scholar of Chen Dynasty, raised Vietnam.

2065438+At the beginning of March, 2006, according to Vietnamese media reports, Vietnamese Prime Minister Ruan Jinyong recently approved the proposal to establish the Baitengjiang Battle Site Protection Zone here.

The Battle of Baiteng River was decisive: Little Annan defeated the huge continental empire again. The news of the defeat of the Yuan Army even spread to distant Persia. Last, a historian of the State of ilhan, recorded in Historical Records that "their (Chen Chao's) army suddenly came out of the ambush on the sea, forests and mountains and defeated the troops busy robbing."

Achievements of "Wang Xingdao"

For Mongolia (Yuan Dynasty), the Chen Dynasty was really a formidable opponent. Chen Chaoting even ordered that "all counties and counties in China are invaded by foreign enemies and fight to the death; Or lost, Yu Xu will flee if he is good, and will not meet the surrender. " Although there have been some traitors and Mongols, such as Li Shu, the younger brother of Chen Renzong and the author of Annan Zhilue, on the whole, the ruling group of Chen Dynasty is extremely determined to resist, almost comparable to the Japanese Kamakura shogunate at the same time.

However, when Yuan Kou attacked, the Kamakura shogunate relied more on the "divine wind" falling from the sky to win without a fight, while the Chen Dynasty needed real knives and guns to compete with the Mongolian army on the battlefield.

As a consort, the Chen Dynasty usurped the throne that originally belonged to the Li Dynasty. One result of its influence so far is to force Vietnamese Li to change his surname to Ruan, making the latter the largest surname in Vietnam. In order to prevent himself from repeating the same mistakes, Chen Taizong (12 18-1277) stipulated that both the prime minister and important ministers were held by the imperial clan, which ensured the loyalty of the imperial clan to the emperor. Under the system that all people build kings, the royal aristocrats who own territories need to work hard to expel foreign invaders not only for their own country but also for their own government.

One of the most prominent nature is the king of Xing Dao Chen Guojun (? -1300). Personally, he actually has every reason to be a "leader". Chen Guojun's father Liu Chen is Chen Taizong's younger brother. Chen Shoudu, the actual founder of the Chen Dynasty, forced Liu Chen to betroth his wife to Chen Taizong. Liu Chen couldn't bear the hatred of taking away his wife. When he died, he warned his son Chen Guojun that he must avenge him. As a result, when the Yuan Army attacked, Chen Guojun, who held the military power, put aside personal grievances and refused to listen to his father's last words to seize the throne.

Not only did he solemnly swear to "break before surrender", but he also wrote a famous article "On Soldiers" ("On Generals") to boost morale. This article quoted many stories of brave people in the history of China (from Yu Fang who avenged Zhi Bo to Wang Jian, the Song general who stuck to the fishing city), denouncing that "Mongolian Tatars are not * * * wearing heaven." Inspired by it, many ordinary soldiers in the Chen Dynasty tattooed the word "Kill Tatar" on their arms and vowed to resist to the end.

In addition to boosting morale, the more important contribution is to find a way to win for the weak Chen Dynasty. As the saying goes, "He depends on the long array, I rely on the short array, and the art of war is also vulgar." "Slow food, not for the people's wealth, not for a quick victory, then use him and see what happens. If you go, you can adapt it at any time, and you can use it only when you have a father-son soldier. " Under the guidance of this thought, Chen Jun, a Mongolian (Yuan) army, could not be resisted in the frontal battlefield, and often retreated voluntarily to delay the change. When the enemy's logistical support is insufficient, he will fight back and win.

Choosing Baiteng River as the decisive battle battlefield is also the plan of Sing Tao King. At that time, Vietnam's water army was the only force superior to the enemy. Even the Yuan people admitted that the warships of Chen Dynasty were "light and long, thin, with a tail like a mandarin duck wing and high chords on both sides." Each boat has 30 people rowing, and at most it exceeds 100. The ship is flying. "There is no reason to use their own strengths to combat the shortcomings of others.

Shi Tian enjoys a harmonious geographical position.

Apart from the Chen Dynasty's own anti-Japanese war, it can be said that the Mongolian army is also good at weather, geography and people. Even western historians have discovered this. The History of Dorsang Mongolia records that during the first invasion, the Yuan army "could not compete with the heat and moved its troops"; During the second invasion, "it rained in midsummer, and the army got sick, causing many casualties"; During the third invasion, it was "the soldiers in the army were dyed too much."

Annan has a tropical monsoon climate with high temperature, high humidity, many storms and obvious dry and rainy seasons. May to 10 is the rainy season in most areas, and 1 10 is the dry season. Most of the soldiers of the Yuan Army came from the north, so the Yuan Army sent troops in the second half of the year, when Annan was in the winter and drought season. Once dragged into the rainy season, the plague raged, and the Mongolian (Yuan) army really suffered enough in the "ghost weather". Although it can't be said that the Mongolian army was completely defeated by the weather, after all, it has conquered the Lingnan area, which is also hot and rainy and popular, but Annan's invasion is indeed against the sky to some extent.

On the other hand, Annan's terrain is complex, with mountains, plateaus and rivers intertwined, and there are few great plains in Ma Pingchuan. Even the generals of the Yuan Dynasty realized that such terrain "the Mongolian military and horses could not display their skills" made the Yuan Army's expedition to Annan not a single cavalry, but mainly infantry. The war against Annan is also more of a traditional Central Plains-style war: there is no condition to rely on accompanying sheep and horses to solve the supply, nor can we rely on the method of "food for the enemy" to obtain supplies.

Military supplies can only be supplied from home, which is bound to be "the horses and soldiers have not moved, the food and grass come first", not "the sheep and horses go with them, and there is no luck." The long and fragile supply line really became the heel of Achilles invaded by Annan.

The so-called "weather is not as good as geographical location, and geographical location is not as good as human harmony." Kublai Khan's theory that "ministers are used internally, people's wealth is regarded as a figure, foreign glory is an unknown teacher, and people are killed like dirt" is really militaristic and the people are extremely disabled. Fighting abroad all the year round, let "veterans taste the war and hear that Annan is full of sorrow"; More soldiers and food gathered, and recruiting soldiers from the army led to no one farming the fields. Jiangnan "many people are sad, four people are ruined, the poor abandon their children and drag out an ignoble existence, and the rich drag out an ignoble existence and suffer every day."

In the 20th year of Yuan Dynasty (1283), there were more than 200 uprisings in the south of the Yangtze River, and in the 26th year of Yuan Dynasty (1289), it surged to more than 400, covering almost the whole south of the Yangtze River. Faced with so many uprisings and rebellions, Yuan Ting had to deploy some military forces to suppress them, thus weakening the strength of the Yuan Army's southward expedition. Therefore, although Kublai Khan was still unwilling, he tried to levy Annan again three times, but he failed to do so in the end, and the domestic opposition was growing day by day. When Kublai Khan died in 1294, Yuan Ting immediately issued an edict to stop conquering Annan.

In this way, at the moment when the Mongols conquered other areas by force with the autumn wind sweeping away leaves, after three fierce military confrontations with the Yuan Army, Vietnam was in a terrible state of "the army was here in previous years, burning down houses and developing ancestral graves, and there were no bones left", but it basically blocked the offensive of the Yuan Army and maintained independent rule, so that it was already the Emperor Chen Shengzong (? -1290, 1258-1278 in office) wrote such a proud poem when visiting the mausoleum of Chen Taizong: "The country has worked hard twice, and the mountains and rivers have been drinking gold. "