Traditional Culture Encyclopedia - Weather forecast - How cold is the weather in Taiyuan at the end of March?
How cold is the weather in Taiyuan at the end of March?
Section 1 Climate Characteristics
Annual climate characteristics
There is plenty of sunshine, and the total sunshine hours in the concentrated precipitation year are 2360 ~ 2796 hours. The annual total solar radiation is 5442.8 MJ/m2 ~ 5652.18 MJ/m2, which belongs to the category of national high irradiance. July-August is the peak of precipitation every year, and the precipitation accounts for more than 60% of the annual total. Winter and spring are dry, and rain and snow are scarce.
In the winter half year (165438+ 10 to March of the following year), the monsoon circulation alternated obviously, controlled by Siberian cold air, prevailing northerly airflow, cold and dry; In the summer half year (April ~ 65438+ 10), the Pacific subtropical high invaded southward, and the southerly airflow prevailed, with high temperature and wet weight.
The climate changes greatly throughout the year, with rainfall reaching 749 mm in rainy years and only 180 mm in dry years ... The longest frost-free period is 202 days, and the shortest one is only 1 17 days. The annual average temperature is 7.8℃ ~ 10.3℃, which can reach 9℃ ~1℃ in the hottest year and only 7℃ ~ 9℃ in the coldest year. The sunshine hours are 2675.8 hours on average in several years, with the maximum of 299 1.3 hours and the minimum of 2359.6 hours.
Meteorological disasters are frequent droughts in spring and summer, and heavy rain, strong wind and hail in some areas are the main meteorological disasters in various areas of Taiyuan City. In particular, drought and hail are encountered almost every year.
Climatic characteristics of four seasons
In spring (March to May), the temperature rises rapidly, with plenty of sunshine, less precipitation, large evaporation and many windy days. The average temperature is 9℃ ~ 65438 02℃. In mid-March, the soil was completely thawed, and the daily average temperature was stable above 3℃. In mid-April, the daily average ground temperature was stable above 10℃. 5 cm ~ 10 cm underground, the daily average ground temperature is stable above 12℃, which can meet the needs of crop sowing and emergence under normal heat conditions. The total precipitation in spring is only 50 mm ~ 65 mm, accounting for 13% ~ 15% of the total precipitation in the whole year, and the windy days account for 40% ~ 60% of the whole year.
Summer (June-August) is characterized by high temperature, high humidity and concentrated precipitation. From late July to early August, the average precipitation is 250 mm ~ 280 mm, accounting for 58% ~ 65% of the annual precipitation, and the average temperature is 22℃ ~ 24℃.
In autumn (September ~165438+1October), the temperature drops rapidly, the wind is light and the sun is shining. The average temperature is 8℃ ~ 10℃. The average daily temperature dropped below 15℃ in late September and below 3℃ in early October. Basically, it can meet the heat required by sowing and emergence of winter wheat and having 2 ~ 4 tillers before winter.
Winter (65438+February ~ February of the following year) is cold, dry, sunny and windy. The average temperature is -5℃ ~-9℃, and the cold period (5-day average temperature is less than or equal to -5℃) lasts for 50 ~ 60 days. June 5438+ 10 is the coldest month in the whole year, with an average temperature of -8.0℃ ~-5. 1℃. The average precipitation is only 8 mm ~ 14 mm, accounting for 2% ~ 3% of the total annual precipitation. The number of sunny days is about 40 days, accounting for about 40% of the total sunny days in the whole year. The soil was completely frozen in the whole winter, and the depth of frozen soil reached 60 cm ~ 106 cm.
Regional climate characteristics
Taiyuan is surrounded by mountains in the east, west and north, with an alluvial plain in the middle. The terrain is complex, the vertical change of the atmosphere is great, and the terrain and climate are obvious. At the same time, the temperature difference between the highest altitude and the lowest altitude in China can reach 65438 02℃. According to the principle that the daily average temperature is greater than or equal to 22℃ in summer, less than or equal to 10℃ in winter and 10℃ ~ 22℃ in spring and autumn, Taiyuan area can be divided into the following four types:
The warm areas with four distinct seasons include Chengnan District, Beishi District, Hexi District, Nanjiao District, Beijiao District, Qingxu County and other basin Pingchuan District with an altitude of 760-900 meters. These areas are 7 1 day long in spring, 56 days long in summer, 6 1 day long in autumn and 177 days long in winter.
The areas with long winter and short summer are the hills of Dongshan and Xishan, the hills of Yangqu County and Gujiao City, and the valley of loufan county, with an altitude of 600 meters to1200m. These areas are 7 1 day long in spring, 5 1 day long in summer, 6 1 day long in autumn and more than 80 days long in winter.
The cold areas that are not obvious in summer are Dongshan, Xishan, Yangqu County, Gujiao City and mountainous areas with an altitude of 1200m ~ 1500m in loufan county. These areas are 7 1 day long in spring, 56 days long in autumn and 202 days long in winter. The summer climate is very cool, and the weather with the temperature above 22℃ is only about 30 days.
The area with long winter and no cool summer is a mountainous area with an altitude of 1500m above sea level. There is no summer in these places. Spring and autumn are about 140 days, and winter is 220 days. The climate is rather cold.
Section 2 Radiating sunlight
radiation
The annual total solar radiation is 5442.8 MJ/m2 ~ 5652.18 MJ/m2. Its geographical distribution is more in the north and less in the south, and more in the west and less in the east. The total solar radiation from April to August accounts for about 65% of the total solar radiation in the whole year, and May is the month with the largest total radiation, which is 666 MJ/m2. The total solar radiation from 165438+ 10 to 65438+February only accounts for 2 1% of the total annual radiation, while 65438+February is the month with the least total radiation, only 250 MJ/m2.
sunlight
The total sunshine hours in Taiyuan are 2360 ~ 2796 hours. The sunshine hours are the most in May, accounting for 10.5% of the annual sunshine hours. February has the least sunshine hours, accounting for about 6.8% of the annual sunshine hours.
The geographical distribution of sunshine percentage is less in the south and less in the north, and less in the basin than in the mountainous area.
The third quarter precipitation
deposit
The average annual precipitation in Taiyuan is 420 mm ~ 457 mm, which is 6 1 mm ~ 98 mm lower than that in Shanxi Province. The distribution of total precipitation gradually decreases from south to north. The annual precipitation in the basin and Pingchuan area is 440mm ~ 457mm. The annual precipitation in hilly areas is generally 4 14 mm ~ 440 mm, and the precipitation in mountainous areas increases with the elevation of terrain. The annual precipitation in mountainous areas above the altitude of 1300m can reach 500mm, and the altitude of Meidonggou in Gujiao City is 1600m, with an average annual precipitation of 550 m ~ 600 mm.
Precipitation variability
The maximum precipitation year in Taiyuan is 1969, with an annual precipitation of 749mm；; The minimum precipitation year is 1972, and the annual precipitation is only 180mm. The annual precipitation frequency is 300 mm to 500 mm, accounting for about 58% of the total statistical years. The annual precipitation with 80% guarantee rate is above 350 mm, the annual precipitation with 60% guarantee rate is above 430 mm, and the annual precipitation is less than 200 mm or more than 700 mm, once every 30 years. The precipitation frequency in higher mountain areas is basically the same.
maximum precipitation
According to the meteorological data of Taiyuan, on July 27th 1969, the maximum daily precipitation was183.5mm. According to the records of Meidonggou Hydrological Rainfall Station, on August 4th, 996, the maximum daily precipitation was 3 14 mm, and the maximum hourly precipitation was 88.3mm./kloc. ..
The precipitation in Taiyuan Basin is above 100 mm for 4 ~ 5 consecutive days, with an average of 4 years, mostly from late July to early August.
rainy day
The number of annual precipitation days in all parts of the city, the number of precipitation days with daily precipitation greater than or equal to 0. 1 mm, is about 80 days on average throughout the year. The frequency from July to September accounts for 45%, the most; The average number of precipitation days with daily precipitation greater than or equal to 5 mm is 27 days throughout the year. Among them, the frequency of occurrence from July to September accounts for 60%; The average number of precipitation days with daily precipitation greater than or equal to 10 mm is 15 days throughout the year, and the frequency of occurrence from July to September accounts for 68%; The average number of precipitation days with daily precipitation greater than or equal to 50 mm is 1 day, and the frequency of occurrence is 60% in July and 40% in August.
snow
The earliest snowfall date in Taiyuan appeared on1October 24th 1960 65438+24. The average first snow day is165438+1October 27th, and the average last snow day is March 26th. The latest first snow date appeared on May 6th, 1960. The average annual snowfall days are 17. 1 day, and the average annual snow days are 19.9 days. The maximum snow depth in all parts of Taiyuan is Taiyuan 16cm, southern suburb 17cm, northern suburb 14cm, Qingxu county 12cm, Yangqu county 16cm, Gujiao city 15cm and loufan county 20cm.
The fourth quarter temperature and ground temperature
temperature
Annual average temperature The annual average temperature in China is 7.8℃ ~ 10.3℃. Among them, the average annual temperature in urban areas and plain areas of counties (cities) is 9.5℃ ~10.3℃; The annual average temperature in mountainous areas is 7.8℃ ~ 9.2℃. The annual average temperature gradually decreases from south to north.
The extreme maximum temperature generally appears from late June to the end of July, ranging from 36. 1℃ to 39.4℃. On July 24th 1955, the temperature in Taiyuan reached 39.4℃, the highest in the city. The extreme minimum temperature occurs in most areas from 65438+February to 65438+ 10 in the following year, and also occurs in some areas in February. 1985 65438+On February 8th, the temperature in loufan county was -26.8℃, which was the lowest in the city. The period from mid-late June to early August is the hottest period in a year, while the period from mid-February of 65438 to the next year1late October is the coldest period in a year.
The annual average monthly temperature is between 28.5℃ ~ 3 1. 1℃, with Yangqu County being the most important.
The monthly average temperature in Taiyuan is-5.10 at 65438+1℃ ~-8.0℃, which is the lowest in the whole year. In July, except loufan county, the average temperature was 265,438 0.7℃, and the average temperature in most other areas was between 23℃ and 24℃, which was the highest monthly average temperature in the whole year. The average temperature in April is 9.6℃ ~ 12.3℃, and the average temperature in October is 8.6℃ ~ 10.9℃. The monthly average temperature is the largest in autumn, followed by spring and the smallest in summer. From February to March, the monthly average temperature ranges from 6.2℃ to 7.2℃; From June 10 to June 1 10, the monthly average temperature varies from 7.7℃ to 8.4℃. Compared with the monthly average temperature in summer, the temperature rises and falls faster in spring and autumn.
The average monthly temperature in Taiyuan changes greatly from year to year. Take Ethereum as an example, the average temperature is the lowest in June 65438+ 10, with a difference of 5.8℃ between June 1955 and June 1979 of minus 4.2℃. In July, the highest average temperature of 1955 was 25.6℃, and the lowest temperature of 1969 was 22. 1℃, with a difference of 3.5℃.
The daily variation of temperature is represented by the observed value in Taiyuan, and the daily range of annual average temperature is 65438 03.4℃. The diurnal range between spring and early summer is large, and the largest month appears in May, reaching 15.2℃. The daily temperature difference is the smallest in summer, and the smallest month appears in August, which is 10.8℃. Generally speaking, the daily range gradually decreases from north to south.
The daily variation of temperature has a certain periodicity. Usually, the highest temperature appears around 15, and the lowest temperature mostly appears before sunrise. The lowest temperature appears around 6 o'clock in spring and summer, around 7 o'clock in autumn and around 8 o'clock in winter.
Accumulated temperature The average daily temperature in Taiyuan is stable at or above 0℃ for about 250 days to 270 days, and the accumulated temperature is at or above 3,800℃ to 4 180℃. With the increase of altitude, the total accumulated temperature decreases. The total accumulated temperature decreases about 130℃ ~ 150℃ with every increase of 100 m. The growth period of crops is shortened by 5-7 days.
The average duration of several years when the temperature is greater than or equal to 5℃ is 200 ~ 230 days, starting in late March and ending in early October, which is 165438+.
The average number of days greater than or equal to 10℃ is 175 days to 190 days. From the middle and late April to the middle of 10, 80% of the accumulated temperature is guaranteed to be between 3500℃ and 3900℃.
The average number of days greater than or equal to 15℃ is 125 days to145 days, and the accumulated temperature from the end of April to the middle and late September is 2600℃ ~ 3 100℃.
earth temperature
Geothermal loess, a kind of ground cover, has poor water storage, small heat capacity, low thermal conductivity, rapid and large geothermal change, rapid heating in spring, rapid cooling in autumn, strong heat absorption in summer and large heat dissipation in winter.
The annual variation trend of ground temperature is basically consistent with air temperature. The ground temperature is higher than the air temperature in summer and depends on the terrain in winter. The annual variation of ground temperature is much greater than that of air temperature.
The annual average ground temperature is 9.3℃ ~ 12.8℃.
The extreme maximum temperature on the ground is between 63.8℃ and 68.5℃, which usually appears in July and August. The extreme minimum temperature on the ground is -25℃ ~-3 1. 1℃, which generally appears in1~ February.
Soil temperature Soil temperature decreases with the increase of soil depth. The comparison of monthly average soil temperature and air temperature varies with seasons. The soil temperature increases with the increase of depth in winter, decreases with the increase of depth in summer, and the transition period is spring and autumn.
Except for 65438+ 10 and 65438+February, the average ground temperature in other months is higher than the average temperature.
Tropical/heat island effect
Taiyuan has concentrated industrial enterprises and dense population, and the heat island effect is obvious. According to the climate observation data, the average temperature in Taiyuan 10 day is 2℃ ~ 3℃ higher than that in the suburbs in the north-south direction; East-west, the urban area is higher than the suburbs 1℃ ~ 1.5℃. There are two heat island centers, one in Taigang and the other in Liuxiang North Road and Wuyi Square.
Section 5 Wind pressure
wind
Taiyuan is a monsoon climate zone, which is controlled by different air masses in winter and summer, resulting in obvious seasonal winds. Due to the influence of local topography, the prevailing wind direction in urban and southern suburbs is mainly northerly wind; Loufan county is dominated by southwest wind; The northern suburb is dominated by northwest wind in winter and southeast wind in summer. West wind is common in Gujiao city; The southwest wind prevails in winter in Qingxu County, and the northeast wind prevails in other seasons. Yangqu County has a northeast wind for more than half a year in winter and a southerly wind for more than half a year in summer.
The annual average wind speed is 1.8 m/s ~ 2.4 m/s, among which, except for the northern suburbs, all the other areas are above 2 m/s ... Spring is in the period of alternating cold and warm air masses, and the wind speed is relatively large. The wind speed is small in autumn and winter. The number of windy days with wind speed greater than or equal to 17m/s is between 3.8 days and 3 1.5 days. Among them, the annual average number of windy days is 3 1.5 days in Taiyuan, 19.3 days in Gujiao, 18.6 days in Yangqu, 6.4 days in northern suburbs and 3.8 days in loufan county.
The wind speed has obvious seasonal variation. In June, 5438+ 10, the average wind speed in most parts of the city was between1.7m/s and 2.3m/s. In April, cyclone activity was frequent, which was the season with the highest wind speed, with the average wind speed between 2.6m/s and 3.3m/s, and the wind speed was generally small in summer. Between 1.5m/s -2. 1 m/s. During the period of 5438+ 10 in June, the wind speed in most areas was between1.5m/s and 2.1m/s. ..
atmospheric pressure
The average annual ground pressure in Taiyuan is between 884.8 hectopascals and 927.9 hectopascals. The distribution state decreases from southeast to northwest, and the variation range is within 43. 1 hectopascal. The annual variation basically belongs to continental type, with the highest in late autumn and early winter in1~1February, and the highest monthly average pressure in Pingchuan is 929.7 ~ 935.0 hectopascals, which occurs in1February. 890.4 hectopascals to 920.4 hectopascals occurred in165438+1October. The lowest in summer is July, and the monthly average pressure is 877.9 hectopascals ~ 9 18.7 hectopascals. The annual variation range is 12.8 hectopascals ~ 16.3 hectopascals.
The monthly variation of ground pressure is smaller in winter and summer, and larger in spring and autumn. The atmospheric pressure in mountainous areas began to decline from 1 1 month, and it began to decline from1February in Pingchuan, with the fastest decline in spring and the lowest in July. After July, the air pressure began to rise, especially from August to 10. The extreme maximum pressure is 905.5-952.4 hectopascals, and the extreme minimum pressure is 864.6-907.5 hectopascals.
The diurnal variation of air pressure has obvious periodicity. Under normal circumstances, the diurnal variation presents a pattern of two highs and two lows. In addition to the highest and lowest values, there are the second highest and second lowest values in a day. The highest and lowest values appear at 6: 00 ~ 10 and 15 ~ 17 respectively, and the second highest and second lowest values appear at 2 1 ~ 22: 00 respectively.
Section 6 Humidity
absolute humidity
The annual average absolute humidity in China is between 7.3 and 9.3 hectopascals, and the distribution tends to decrease obviously from southeast to northwest, with obvious monthly changes. The monthly average maximum value appears in July, and its maximum absolute humidity is 16.8 hectopascals ~ 210 hectopascals. The monthly average minimum value appears in 65438+ 10, and its absolute humidity is 1.6 hectopascals to 2.0 hectopascals. The annual maximum absolute humidity is 28.4 hectopascals to 33.9 hectopascals, which occurs in summer and August. The minimum absolute humidity is 0.0 hectopascals to 0. 1 hectopascals, which occurs in winter1and February. The diurnal variation of absolute humidity varies with the seasons, with the minimum before sunrise in winter and the maximum in the afternoon, and the diurnal variation is very small. The diurnal variation in summer has two high points and two low points, the low point is near sunrise and the second high point is before noon 1 1. The second lowest point appears from 16 to 18, and the highest point appears from 22: 00 to 23: 00. The diurnal variation in spring and autumn is similar to that in summer, but the high and low values appear at different times.
relative humidity
The annual average relative humidity in Taiyuan is 53% ~ 60%, and its distribution gradually increases from northwest to southeast, but there is a relatively low value area in Gujiao area. In a year, the relative humidity changes the most in summer, followed by autumn and the least in winter and spring, and the extreme value of the minimum relative humidity in winter and spring is recorded everywhere.
The relative humidity in spring is the smallest in the whole year, and the monthly minimum value appears in April, which is 465,438+0% ~ 49%, which is determined by the climatic characteristics of Taiyuan's rapid temperature rise and high wind speed in spring. The relative humidity increases sharply in summer, with the highest in the whole year and the highest in August, ranging from 69% to 77%. Relative humidity begins to decrease in autumn.
Relative humidity has obvious diurnal variation, usually the highest relative humidity appears before sunrise, and the lowest relative humidity appears around 15. On cloudy days, the daily variation of relative humidity is very small.
Section 7 Evaporation
The evaporation in Taiyuan is the largest in summer, followed by spring, smaller in autumn and smallest in winter.
Section 8 Fog-free Period
fog
The annual average number of foggy days is 12 ~ 13. The maximum number of foggy days in a year is 25 days, which occurs at1976; Fog days last at least two days, and appear in 1957. Fog mostly appears in autumn, and it is relatively rare in spring and summer.
frost-free period
The frost-free period is longer in Pingchuan areas such as Qingxu County, southern suburbs and northern suburbs. The first day of the frost-free period begins in late April, and the whole day is in early October of 10. The frost-free period with 80% guarantee rate is as long as 135 days to 157 days. As the terrain rises, the decline rate of frost-free period is 4 ~ 5 days per 100 meters. Mountain areas with an altitude of1300m or more, such as Tianlong Mountain in the southern suburbs, Matoushui in the northern suburbs, Jijiazhuang in Gujiao City, etc. The frost-free period with 80% guarantee rate is about 130 days. The frost-free period in some mountainous areas of loufan county, Gujiao and Yangqu is about 120 days. The frost-free period in Gujiao City and some alpine mountainous areas in loufan county is only about 100 days.
Section 9 Phenology
northern suburbs
The meteorological station in the northern suburb of Taiyuan began to observe phenology from 1988. The animals and plants observed include domestic swallow, Canadian poplar, weeping willow, elm, jujube, dandelion and plantain. The main characteristics of phenological changes are as follows: from late winter to early spring, from late March to early April, woody plants poplar, willow and elm are in the pre-bud and bud-opening period; Herbs dandelion and plantain are in the early stage. In the middle and late April of spring, poplar, willow, elm and jujube spread their branches and leaves, and dandelion and plantain also began to spread their branches and leaves. From mid-April to early May, swallows began to move from the south to Taiyuan. In autumn, the leaves of poplar, willow and elm turn yellow and begin to shed leaves. Jujube ripens in the first half of September. Swallows began to move south from late August to late September. In early winter, from the middle and late June to June10/0, the woody plants entered the yellow-withered period and all their leaves fell off. The herbs are all yellow.
yang qu xian
The temperature in the mountainous area of Yangqu County is very different from that in Pingchuan, and the natural seasons are also very different. Under normal circumstances, Pingchuan is half a month earlier than the mountainous area. The phenological phenomenon of Pingchuan is: in March 18, the surface soil of supper freezes. On March 3 1 day, Salix matsudana germinated. In March 10, the river began to melt. On March 17, the soil surface was thawed. On April 7th, I began to hear thunder. On April 26, the pear tree blossomed. On May 12, corn emerged. In May 17, potatoes appeared. On June 6th, marijuana appeared. On June 8, Ailanthus altissima bloomed. On June 25th, naked oats appeared. On July 17, potato buds appeared. July 17, headed by Xiaomi. July 18, millet jointing. On July 29th, the soybean bloomed. On August 3, the ears of grain hung seeds. In August 1 1, adzuki beans bloom. In August 1 1, buckwheat blooms. August 16, heading of naked oats. On September 20th, adzuki beans matured. On September 30th, the potatoes were ripe. On September 3 1 day, the soybean matured. 165438+1October 15, the millet is ripe. 10 June 14, the corn is ripe. 165438+1October 14, the soil surface layer freezes at night and disappears at noon. 65438+February 15, the river is frozen.
loufan county
In late February, the surface began to thaw. In mid-March, 30 cm of soil began to thaw. In late March, it finally snowed. The goose began to sing. In mid-April, apricot trees bloom, elm money is scattered, and domestic swallows begin to sing. Potatoes, corn, sorghum and millet began to sow. In late April, cuckoos began to sing and apricot blossoms fell. At the beginning of May, Xiaomi surfaced. At the beginning of June, all crops emerged, and some started jointing and tillering. In early July, apricots ripened and corn headed. In late July, the wheat harvest began. In mid-August, the field management of autumn crops was strengthened, and crops were generally heading, filling and pod setting. In early September, the crops began to ripen. In late September, the geese moved south. Apricot leaves began to turn yellow in early June 5438+ 10, and crops were harvested in late June 5438+ 10. 165438+ In late October, the soil began to freeze.
qing xu county
There is no systematic phenological data in the county. In recent 40 years, the normal annual phenological phenomenon is: in late February, the surface soil freezes during supper. In early March, the ice of lakes and rivers melted, elms sprouted and winter wheat turned green. In mid-March, the soil thawed, weeds turned blue, geese flew north and bees swarmed. On March 20th or so, the willows sprouted. At the beginning of April, roses germinate, peaches and apricots bloom, Yan returns, and finally frost. Around April 9, the final frost. In mid-April, the grapes germinated. In late April, jujube trees germinated, and cotton, corn, soybeans and melons began to sow; Frogs began to sing; In early May, winter wheat jointing, thunder, sorghum sowing, cucumber shelves. In early May, roses and acacia trees were in full bloom in Liu. In mid-May, elms scattered, willows flew, wheat headed, and black cutworm adults appeared. In late May, jujube trees bloom, millet seeds are sown, wheat blooms, and cuckoos begin to sing. At the beginning of June, apricots began to mature. In early June, cicadas began to sing. In mid-June, grapes are in full bloom and jujube flowers are in full bloom. In late June, peaches began to ripen, acacia blossomed, wheat matured, cicadas began to sing, and cotton sprouted. At the beginning of July, millet jointing. In mid-July, corn headed. In late July, the grapes began to change color, the Sophora japonica began to bloom, and the cuckoo finally sang. In early August, crickets began to sing and garlic ripened. In mid-August, reeds are in full bloom. In late August, the millet was replanted and headed. In early September, Yan Nanfei, bordeaux. In mid-September, the autumn harvest began. In late September, the grapes ripened. At the end of September, cicadas finally sang, wild flowers bloomed and winter wheat was sown. /kloc-in early October of 0/0, the grass withered and yellow. About 65438+ 10 month 10, the first frost. In the middle of 5438+ 10, the geese flew south and the weeds were all yellow. 10 in late June, all the leaves of jujube trees fell, and crickets finally sang. 1 1 At the beginning of October, the leaves of apricot, Canadian poplar and elm all fell, the river began to freeze, the ground began to freeze, and the grape branches were buried in the soil. 165438+ In mid-October, the lake froze.
Section 10 Meteorological Observation
Meteorological observation in the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China
Modern meteorological observation began in the 28th year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty (1902). Cen Chunxuan, governor of Shanxi Province, founded Shanxi Agriculture and Forestry School in Taiyuan and began to use instruments for meteorological observation. In the first year of the Republic of China (19 12), the school was changed into a specialized agricultural school. In the third year of the Republic of China, the school set up a meteorological observatory, which was located in Xinghualing. Meteorological elements recorded include sunshine hours, temperature, precipitation and some weather phenomena 17.
In the 11th year of the Republic of China (1922), Shanxi Dalin District Department established a forestry experimental field in Taiyuan North, and added meteorological observation contents. In the Republic of China 16, the forestry experimental site was under the jurisdiction of Shanxi Provincial Department of Industry, and meteorological records were reported to Shanxi Provincial Government, the Department of Industry and the Central Meteorological Research Institute. The equipment and technical operation are relatively standardized. In the 21st year of the Republic of China, the Construction Department of Shanxi Province purchased more than 400 mu of land in Xutan Village, set up an agricultural experimental field in Shanxi and established a weather station.
After the Japanese invaders occupied Taiyuan, the meteorological observation at the Meteorological Station of Shanxi Agricultural College, the Forestry Experimental Field of Shanxi Provincial Department of Industry and the Meteorological Station of Shanxi Agricultural Experimental Field all stopped. In the 28th year of the Republic of China (1939), the Japanese puppet government changed the former Shanxi agricultural experimental field into Shanxi agricultural experimental field, and set up an agricultural affairs unit to conduct agricultural experiments and meteorological observation. At the same time, the Japanese puppet troops built a new Taiyuan weather station in Taiyuan.
After the victory of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, the former Shanxi Agricultural Experimental Field was renamed as Shanxi No.1 Agricultural Experimental Field, and took over the instruments and equipment of Taiyuan Meteorological Station built by the Japanese army, and resumed agricultural experiments and meteorological observation. In the thirty-fifth year of the Republic of China (1946), central weather bureau North China Meteorological Observatory sent personnel to build Yangquan and Taiyuan meteorological stations. Taiyuan weather station is located in Shanxi University. At that time, the name used by Taiyuan Meteorological Station was "Taishan Meteorological Station".
Meteorological observation in New China
1949 In May, the North China Aviation Department of the China People's Liberation Army sent personnel to set up Taiyuan Aviation Station and Taiyuan Aviation Meteorological Station, which not only undertook aviation military tasks, but also served as a national meteorological station network for 24-hour observation. Since 1950, the task of making weather forecast has been added. At this time, the Qinxian Civil Aviation Airport, which was taken over by the People's Liberation Army, also began meteorological observation.
1954, Shanxi Provincial Government established Shanxi Meteorological Bureau. In June 5438+10 of the same year, Taiyuan Meteorological Observatory was established in Xutan Village. In 65438+February, the station added high-altitude meteorological detection. 1959, Taiyuan Meteorological Observatory was renamed Shanxi Meteorological Observatory and moved to Yinjiabao Village. After 1960, weather stations were built in Qingxu County, Yangqu County, loufan county, Gujiao City and the southern and northern suburbs of Taiyuan City.
1975 Taiyuan Meteorological Bureau was established in May to be in charge of meteorological work in Taiyuan area.
The meteorological observation institutions in Taiyuan are not only the municipal meteorological stations in Qingxu County, Yangqu County, loufan county, Gujiao City, southern suburbs and northern suburbs, but also provincial meteorological stations and provincial observation stations, all of which are standardized and standardized national designated stations.
1960 to 1982 in order to meet the needs of agricultural development, 40 rural meteorological posts were established in rural people's communes and more than 50 rural meteorological personnel were trained. In addition, Taiyuan Children's Palace, Taiyuan Iron and Steel Company and some parallel troops also set up small weather stations to carry out meteorological observation records according to their own needs, providing special information and services for children's popular science education, national economic construction and national defense construction. After 1982, except for a few meteorological posts, most of them have been cancelled.
The meteorological observation work of the National Meteorological Observatory Network can be roughly divided into ground meteorological observation, high-altitude detection, weather radar, satellite cloud image data reception and agricultural meteorological observation. Municipal meteorological stations mainly carry out ground meteorological observation, and northern suburban stations carry out agricultural meteorological observation. Ground meteorological observation items include: air pressure, temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind direction and speed, sunshine, radiation, evaporation, ground temperature, frozen soil, cloud shape, cloud amount, visibility and weather phenomena. Instruments used for observation include mercury thermometer, barometer, barometer, thermometer, hygrometer, rain gauge, rain gauge, anemometer, heliograph, evaporator, etc. Cloud shape, cloud amount, visibility, weather phenomena, etc. Observed by meteorological observers with the naked eye.
Starting from 1950, Shanxi Meteorological Observatory used theodolite to detect wind direction and speed at the height of 10 meters to about 20 kilometers. 1954 adds a radiosonde to detect the air pressure, temperature and humidity at high altitude. 1974 the provincial meteorological observatory added satellite cloud image receiving equipment. 1976, weather radar was used to detect high-altitude clouds and precipitation 200 kilometers away.
PC- 1500 computer has been used in meteorological exploration in Taiyuan since 1985.
From 1988, the Meteorological Observatory in the northern suburbs of Taiyuan began to carry out agrometeorological observation, including crop development period, growth status, density, field work, natural disasters, soil moisture and so on. Meteorological stations in five other counties also began to measure soil moisture.
As of 1996, there are about 40 technicians engaged in weather forecasting in the city. * * * There are 6 county-level weather stations, forming the meteorological observation network of the whole city. The main services provided by meteorological stations at all levels in Taiyuan are: long-term, medium-term and short-term weather forecasting services; Meteorological information services include rain information, soil moisture report, temperature information, agricultural meteorological ten-day report and disaster information; Agricultural meteorological forecasting services, thematic climate analysis, forest fire risk forecasting, and on-site meteorological services for large-scale social activities in the provincial capital basically meet the needs of agricultural production and various construction and development in Taiyuan City.
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