What is the origin of the winter solstice? How did China's dynasties spend the solstice winter?

The earliest record of the Winter Solstice Festival originated from the Han Dynasty, and became a national festival of China people in the Tang and Song Dynasties, and it has been passed down to this day. Even in many ancient books, there is a record that "the solstice in winter is like the New Year". In ancient times, people thought that the winter solstice was a natural transformation of Yin and Yang and a blessing from heaven. Therefore, most days are closed, the army as a whole, the frontier fortress is closed, the business trip is closed, the court does not care, and officials have a holiday. Friends and relatives exchange food, visit each other, and happily live a "quiet life" festival. There are many names for the annual feast on the winter solstice, such as "eating meat on the winter solstice", "offering winter solstice dishes", "offering winter solstice groups" and "worshiping winter with wonton". So what is the origin of the winter solstice? How did the winter solstice come about? According to the records of the Zhou Dynasty, people worship heaven in the suburbs on the winter solstice. Since the first month of the weekly calendar is 1 1 month in the summer calendar, the first month of the Zhou Dynasty is equal to our present 1 1 month, so there is no difference between celebrating the New Year and celebrating the winter. It was not until Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty adopted the summer calendar that the first month and the winter solstice were separated. Therefore, it can be said that the "Winter Festival" was not celebrated until after the Han Dynasty. Due to the different calendars, people have been inheriting the weekly calendar, thinking that after the winter solstice, it is the beginning of a year (there is a saying that you are one year older after eating jiaozi), which is why the winter solstice is so valued by the people. However, such a wrong inheritance makes the folk concept very different from the summer calendar used in Japanese learning. This erroneous concept should be corrected and the correct calendar should be passed down. From the perspective of solar terms, the winter solstice is a very important solar term in the China lunar calendar, and it is also a traditional festival of the Chinese nation. The winter solstice is commonly known as "Winter Festival", "Dragon Solstice Festival" and "Asian New Year Festival". As early as more than 2,500 years ago in the Spring and Autumn Period, China had observed the sun with the earth, and determined the winter solstice, which was the earliest of the 24 solar terms, and the time was 65,430 in the solar calendar every year. The ancients believed that by the solstice of winter, although it was still in the cold season, spring was not far away. Everyone who goes out at this time will go home for the winter vacation, which indicates that there will be a home at the end of the year. People in Fujian and Taiwan believe that the annual winter solstice is a festival for family reunion, because it is a day to worship ancestors. Going out and not coming home is a person who denies his ancestors. In addition, people have predicted the future weather according to the weather quality and the arrival order of winter solstice. As the saying goes: "the solstice in winter is at the beginning of the month, and it should be cold at the end of the year;" The winter solstice is at the end of the month, and the first month should be cold; The winter solstice is in the middle of the month, without snow and frost "(this is based on the arrival of the winter solstice, and it is speculated that the cold current will reach Taiwan Province Province sooner or later); As the saying goes: "the winter solstice is dark, and the new year's goods are rare; The winter solstice is sparse, and the New Year is dark "(meaning: if there is no sun on the winter solstice, then the New Year will be sunny, on the contrary, if it clears up on the winter solstice, it will rain) 1) Opening period: primitive society-Han Dynasty; Features: China's wood structure construction technology has been gradually improved. People have mastered the technology of tamping soil, burning bricks and building stone buildings. 2) Development period: Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties; Features: The output, quality and wood framing technology of bricks and tiles are improved. A large number of Buddhist buildings have been built. 3) Maturity: Sui and Tang Dynasties; Features: The application of bricks is more extensive, the firing of glass is more advanced, and the proportion of building components is gradually finalized. 4) Great transformation period: Song Dynasty; Features: The specifications of buildings in Song Dynasty are generally smaller than those in Tang Dynasty, but they are more beautiful, gorgeous and varied, and various complex halls, attics, platforms and other forms have appeared. 5) Development period: Yuan Dynasty; Features: A large number of Tibetan Buddhist temples and Islamic temples have been built. The architectural art of Tibetan Buddhism and Islam has influenced the whole country. 6) Peak period: Ming and Qing Dynasties; Features: The output of bricks has greatly increased, and the quantity and quality of glazed tiles have surpassed that of any previous dynasty. Official buildings have been highly standardized and modeled. 2. Representatives and characteristics of existing ancient wooden structures. 1) Some buildings of nanzenji and Beijuji Temple in Wutai Mountain: built in the Tang Dynasty; Features: The roof slope of the single building is gentle, the eaves are far-reaching, the proportion of bucket arches is large, the columns are thick, and the style is solemn and simple. 2) Notre Dame de Jinci in Taiyuan, Shanxi, Jing Qing Temple in Quanzhou, Fujian, longxing temple in Zhengding, Hebei, and Guobao Temple in Ningbo, Zhejiang: built in the Song Dynasty; Features: the roof slope is increased, the eaves are not as far-reaching as the previous generation, and the doors and windows of important buildings mostly use diamond partition fans, and the architectural style tends to be soft. 3) Dule Temple in Jixian County, Tianjin, Shanhua Temple in Datong, Shanxi and Huayan Temple: built in Liao; Features: Close to the style of Tang Dynasty, original "column dropping method". 4) Yongle Palace in Ruicheng and Guangsheng Temple in Hong Tong: built in Yuan Dynasty; Features: "column lowering method" is widely used, and the beam frame structure is newly created. Many parts are made of natural bending materials and slightly cut. 5) Beijing Forbidden City and Shenyang Forbidden City: built in Ming and Qing Dynasties; Features: the cornice is shallow, and the proportion of bucket arch is reduced. Except for small buildings, important buildings do not use the "column drop method". 3. Three building documents; Architectural French Style in Song Dynasty, Garden Metallurgy in Ming Dynasty, Industrial and Commercial Engineering Practice. 4. Modelling and basic components of ancient buildings in China; Platform: common platform, higher platform, higher platform and highest platform; Function: Supporting the building, preventing moisture and corrosion, and making up for the shortage of small single buildings in ancient China. Roof: wooden column, bay, cross beam and bucket arch; Roof: hall, inclined, suspended, hard, pyramid-shaped roof and roof. 5. Classification, characteristics and grades of colored paintings; Printing color painting: the middle picture is composed of various dragon and phoenix patterns, supplemented by flower patterns. Drain powder and paste gold. The highest level. Rotating color painting: the picture rotates like a scroll with petals, and sometimes dragons and phoenixes can be painted. The level is second only to that of the seal. Su-style color painting: the pictures are landscapes, people's stories, flowers, birds, insects and fish. The grade is lower than the first two. 6. The characteristics of ancient architecture in China. 1) Building materials: wood. 2) Structural mode: frame structure: lifting beam type, bucket type and well type; 3) Spatial layout: flexible. The load-bearing and retaining structures have a clear division of labor. 4) Single building components: standardization. Modular system. 5) Plane layout: introverted, multi-level, balanced and symmetrical. 6) Create the structural form of the bucket arch 7) Use the means of color decoration. 7. The types of China's ancient tonal planning: urban system: Taking Chang 'an City in Sui and Tang Dynasties as an example, the zoning is neat and the plane is rectangular. Miyagi is located in the middle of North Guo Cheng, with Forbidden Park in the north and Imperial City in the south. Outside Miyagi Imperial City is Li Fang District. Established two cities, East and West. Street system: After the Northern Song Dynasty, the city wall of the square was demolished, and the residential area developed from the small streets in the original square into rows of alleys (hutongs), with businesses arranged along the city streets. 8. Features of ancient urban planning in China: 1) It was designed according to a certain system, which had a great influence on the planning and layout of the capital after Sui and Tang Dynasties. 2) Pay attention to the location of the city: close to mountains and waters. 3) Grid street system is given priority to, with neat division. From the Warring States to the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty, the city system was implemented. After the mid-Northern Song Dynasty, the street system was adopted. 4) The plane layout with symmetrical central axis is adopted, and important buildings such as palaces, altars and temples are all located on the central axis. 5) Pay attention to the utilization of water resources and the greening of the city, divert water into the city and plant flowers and trees. 9. Ancient Great Wall Architecture: Qin Changcheng: Location: Lintao-Liaodong; Han Great Wall: Origin and destination: Puchanghai (now Lop Nur)-Liaodong; Ming Great Wall: origin and destination: Jiayuguan-Yalu River; Structure: city wall, enemy platform, beacon tower and battery; Important paragraphs: Badaling Great Wall in Beijing and Jinshanling Great Wall in Sabei; Important passes: Shanhaiguan, Juyongguan and Jiayuguan; 10, the origin and evolution of palace architecture: Pre-Qin: Features: a closed courtyard with doorways, anterooms and back rooms as the central axis and east and west wings; Famous palaces: Erlitou Palace in Yanshi, Henan, and Feng Chu Palace Site in Qishan, Shaanxi; Qin and Han Dynasties: Features: There are small palaces in the big palace, which are divided into one area in the big palace. The front hall of Weiyang Palace is long and narrow, and there are east and west wings on both sides of the main hall to handle government affairs. Famous palaces: Changle Palace, Weiyang Palace and Zhangjian Palace; The Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty, the Southern and Northern Dynasties: Features: There are east and west halls around the Taiji Hall in the Great Dynasty to handle daily affairs; Sui and Tang Dynasties: Features: Based on the planning principle of symmetrical axis, and attached to the Zhou Li three dynasties system; Famous palaces: Taiji Palace and Daming Palace; Song: Features: There is an Imperial Street in front of Fengdanmen in the center of the south of the city, and there are Imperial Street corridors on both sides of the street; Famous Palace: Tokyo Palace in Northern Song Dynasty; Yuan: Features: Inheriting the palace traditions of Tang and Song Dynasties, maintaining the nomadic customs and the architectural styles of Lamaism and West Asia; Famous Palace: Yuan Dadu Palace; 1 1. Layout and furnishings of Ming and Qing palaces: 1) Layout: A. Axis symmetry: the buildings on the axis are tall and gorgeous, and the buildings on both sides of the axis are low and simple. B. Zuo Zu You She: A. Zuo Zu: In the left front of the palace, an ancestral temple was set up for the emperor to worship his ancestors. B. Youshe: There is a national altar in front of the right side of the palace for the emperor to worship the land god and the god of food. C. Bedrooms of the former and later dynasties: A. The former dynasty: the place where the emperor ruled the political affairs and held ceremonies. B, the back bedroom: the place where the emperor and queen live and live. 2) furnishings outside the palace: a. huabiao: a special symbol of royal architecture. B, Shishi: The lion's paw is a ball, and the female teacher's paw is a young lion. The former symbolizes the unity of the world, while the latter symbolizes the continuation of future generations. C sundial: used to measure time in ancient times. D. Jialiang: an ancient standard measuring instrument. It symbolizes the unity and prosperity of the country. E. auspicious tank: a water tank filled with clear water in front of the palace to prevent fire. F, tripod incense burner: used to burn sandalwood and pine branches. Copper turtle and crane: a symbol of longevity. 12, a famous ancient altar temple building; This ancestral hall is located on the left side of Tiananmen Square, where the emperor offered sacrifices to his ancestors. Shejitan is located on the right side of Tiananmen Square, where the emperor offered sacrifices to the land and the god of food. Located in the southeast suburb of Beijing, the Temple of Heaven is a place where emperors worship heaven every winter to the Japanese. Ditan, located in the northern suburb of Beijing, is the place where the emperor worships the sun every summer. Ritan, located in the eastern suburb of Beijing, is a place where emperors are offered sacrifices to the sun. Located in the western suburbs of Beijing, the Moon Altar is dedicated to the emperor's sacrifice to the moon. Confucius Temple: The Confucius Temple in Qufu, Shandong Province is the largest and earliest Confucius Temple in China. Wu Temple: The largest and best-preserved temple in China is Guandi Temple in Jiezhou, Yuncheng, Shanxi. Ancestral Temple: Hu's Ancestral Temple in Longchuan, Jixi County, Anhui Province, and Chen's Ancestral Temple in Guangzhou. 13, China's famous ancient mausoleum building: Qin Shihuang Mausoleum: located in Lintong County, Shaanxi Province; Features: The largest imperial mausoleum in ancient China. Han Tomb: Located in Xingping County, Shaanxi Province; Features: The largest mausoleum in the Western Han Dynasty. Tangganling: located in Ganxian County, Shaanxi Province; Features: The best preserved of the eighteen tombs in the Tang Dynasty. Ming Tombs: Located in Changping District, Beijing; Features: Changling is famous for its magnificent ground buildings, and Dingling excavated the underground palace; Northern Song Dynasty Mausoleum: Located in gongyi city, Henan; Features: the structure is complete, which provides a very favorable condition for studying the stone carving art of the mausoleum system in Song Dynasty. Qing Dongling: located in Zunhua, Hebei; Features: Its plane layout follows the old system of the Ming Tombs, but a crescent city is added to the upper part of the tomb. Qing Xiling: Located in Yixian County, Hebei Province; Features: Qing Xiling is the same as Qing Dongling. 14, soil sealing evolution: 1) side: Features: rammed with loess layer by layer on the underground palace; Famous mausoleums: Qin Shihuang Mausoleum and Han Maoling Mausoleum; 2) Taking the mountain as the mausoleum: Features: Using natural mountains; Famous Mausoleum: Gan Tang Mausoleum; 3) Baocheng Baoding: Features: A tall brick city was built on the underground palace and filled with earth. Brick city is a treasure city, and the soil in the city is higher than the city wall to form a dome, which is called Baoding; Famous tombs: Ming Tombs, Qing Dongling, Qing Xiling; 15, cemetery building: 1) Sacrificial building area: use: for sacrifice; Buildings: Lingen Hall, Attached Hall, Entrance, Altar, etc. 2) Shinto: use: the guiding avenue leading to the altar and the treasure city; Architecture: stone beast, stone man; 3) Mausoleum guard: Purpose: Special protection and management of the cemetery; Buildings: government offices, municipal offices, residences, etc. 16. Tomb structure: soil cave tomb: The tomb form is simple. Wooden Tomb: Built of wood, it looks like a big wooden box. The coffin is placed in the middle of the coffin, surrounded by several squares on both sides and up and down, which is called the compartment for placing funerary objects. Yellow sausage puzzle: a frame structure made of cypress square. The yellow intestine refers to the yellow heart of cypress, and the title means that all wood is inward. Tomb No.1 of Han Tomb in Dabaotai, Beijing is a mature form of the mystery of Huangchang. Masonry tomb: It is made of masonry. From the Han Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, masonry tombs developed continuously. 17, funerary objects; 1) Primitive society: a. Early period: pottery, stone tools and bone implements. B. Late stage: polarization between the rich and the poor. Some graves are buried with exquisite jade and ivory products. 2) Class society: A, the polarization between the rich and the poor is wide. B, Shang and Zhou dynasties: bronzes, jade articles, etc. Human sacrifice. C. Warring States period: figurines. Han dynasty: pottery, including models of warehouses, stoves, wells, mills and pavilions, as well as models of pigs, dogs and chickens. E, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties: ceramic utensils, ceramic models, pottery figurines and tomb animals. F, Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties: pottery figurines. G. Song-Ming and Qing Dynasties: Practical articles and treasures, including ceramics, gold and silver wares and jade articles.