Information on the three warlords

Wu Peifu (1874-1939), a native of Penglai, Shandong Province, entered a private school at the age of 6, and became a scholar at the age of 22 in 1896. Later, he joined the army to avoid disaster. From the Nie Shicheng Department of Huai Army, Goshha (orderly) started, "With his scholar's skills, he was appreciated by Cao Kun, and his official career prospered, and he became a general of the direct warlord. Through the direct Anhui War in 192 and the first direct service war in 1922, Wu Peifu mastered the most direct troops and power and became a hero. He suppressed the workers' strike in Beijing and Han, and his hands were covered with workers' blood; Reject dissidents, dispatch troops everywhere, and provoke warlords to scuffle; They are hostile to the revolutionary regime in the south, clamoring for "putting out the red in the north first, and then putting out the red in Guangdong" in an attempt to "unify" China by force.

Cao Kun's bribery to elect the president and the perverse behavior of the direct warlord aroused strong opposition from the people of the whole country, and Zhang Zuolin, a direct warlord, with Japanese support, was unwilling to live in the northeast and attempted to control the Beijing government. The direct service conflict intensified, and the second direct service war broke out in 1924. The war ended with a direct defeat, Cao Kun captured and Wu Peifu fled to the south. Since then, Wu Peifu has tried several times to make a comeback, and sometimes joined forces with Feng Yuxiang and Sun Chuanfang to fight against Feng, but under the offensive of the Northern Expeditionary Army, the main force was annihilated in Wuhan and finally moved to Beijing. After the July 7th Incident, in order to implement the policy of "controlling China with China", Japan tried to pull Wu Peifu as the head of the national puppet government. After Wang Ching-wei publicly surrendered to Japan in 1938, Japan even planned "cooperation between Wang and Wu", and even put forward a plan of "Wang was in charge, Wu was in charge of the army, and it was equally divided", but it was rejected by Wu Peifu. On December 4th, 1939, Wu Peifu died.

Wu Peifu, as the central figure after Yuan Shikai and Duan Qirui were succeeded by the Northern Warlords, though like other warlords, he devoted his troops to suppressing the revolution, but he was totally different from other warlords in two aspects. First, he worshipped Guan Yue, a great figure in Chinese history, all his life. When he failed, he did not go abroad or live in a concession. Second, Wu has been an official for decades, ruled the territory of several provinces, and led hundreds of thousands of soldiers. He has no private savings, no land property, and a clean name. Compared with those warlords at the same time, it is finally commendable. " (Dong Biwu: Japanese attempt to move a new puppet) Wu Peifu's national integrity as a traitor should be affirmed. This paper tries to make a preliminary discussion on the ideological roots of Wu Peifu's refusal to be a traitor.

Wu Peifu's refusal to be a traitor at the national crisis is inseparable from his personal experience. First of all, Wu Peifu was educated in a private school since childhood, and he was familiar with Confucian classics, and he was very familiar with Confucius and Mencius. In more than twenty years from childhood to youth, although Wu Peifu had interrupted his study in a private school because of his father's death, he did not give up his studies because of this. He still insisted on self-study in various ways and worked hard to pass the imperial examination. In 1896, he was admitted as a scholar in the 37th place in the college entrance examination. Although it can't be said that he was extremely profound in his old studies, it also reflects that he did put some effort into it. At this point, he is significantly different from Zhang Zuolin, a gangster, and Cao Kun, a cloth dealer. The emphasis of Confucianism on the country and the nation and the cultivation of patriotic sentiments of Chinese people have an inestimable influence. As a "Confucian general" among the northern warlords, Wu Peifu likes to train his subordinates with Confucian "loyalty, filial piety, courtesy and righteousness"; Compared with other warlords, Wu Peifu also has a clearer understanding of national justice.

In the military training, Wu Peifu not only attaches importance to military education, drills and military equipment, but also often instructs officers and men with Confucianism, asking them to "admire heroes of ancient times, recite the admonitions of ancient philosophers, be good at reading the Spring and Autumn Period, and practice loyalty, so as to achieve Tadakuni's patriotic ambition, and be brave and practical", and "to learn from the earth ... will share joys and sorrows with the foot soldiers, * *. He worships Guan Yu, the embodiment of folk loyalty, and Yue Fei, who is loyal to the country. He often denounces the traitorous behavior of Anhui and Feng departments with anti-imperialist patriotism, which makes people think that he is a "revolutionary general" in Beiyang.

For himself, Wu also put forward the "three noes": "No concession, no private wealth and no foreign debts". Although some people accused him of grandstanding, to some extent, he did. Wu Peifu did live up to his creed. In employing people, Wu Peifu refused to use relatives, and personally ordered that Wu's "Heaven, Hand, Tao, Yuan and Long V" would never be used. This kind of employment is still relatively rare among the northern warlords.

During the Second World War of Direct Vocation, Wu Peifu was defeated in Tianjin. Surrounded by Yen Hsi-shan, Feng Yuxiang and Feng Jun, he refused the suggestion that his men hide in the Concession to ensure safety on the grounds that "it would be harmful to the country to shelter outsiders". Wu Peifu refused to go to the concession even when his dental disease worsened and his life was threatened, and eventually he died at home.

In p>1927, after Wu Peifu hid in Sichuan under the attack of the Northern Expeditionary Army, Major General Arakawa Jiro, commander of Japan's first foreign fleet, sent his secret service chief to contact Wu, saying that Japan could support "1, rifles, 2, machine guns, 5 cannons, and a number of bullets, in addition to helping millions" to help Wu Peifu make a comeback, which was rejected by Wu Yan. In the case of Wu's defeat and the urgent need for financial support, it is indeed commendable for an old warlord to be persuaded by Japanese inducements, which should have a great relationship with Wu's Confucian education in his early years. Wu Peifu's growing environment also has a certain influence on his alienated and even hostile attitude towards Japan. Penglai, Wu Peifu's hometown, is the hometown of Qi Jiguang, a national hero who fought against Japan. Qi Jiguang's anti-Japanese deeds are deeply rooted in the local people's hearts and are respected and loved by the people. Wu's father named Wu Ziyu after Qi Jiguang's word "Peiyu" because he admired Qi Jiguang. Wu himself has never forgotten this, and he has always been proud of being a fellow countryman in Qi Jiguang. Penglai is not far from ahava in the Sino-Japanese War. During the Sino-Japanese War, Japanese warships shelled the coastal governments of Dengzhou (Yantai), and Penglai was not spared. Penglai Pavilion was destroyed by gunfire. Wu Peifu's personal experience of Japanese aggression and humiliation after the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 also had a certain influence on his thoughts. Wu Peifu reflected his anger at Japanese aggression in the Song of Deng Penglai Pavilion written for his army:' The North Sea is full of states, and the Bohai Sea is full of storms! Think of the happiness of the people of Jijiang Liaoshen in those days. There is a fence in front of Changbai Mountain, and the front of Heilongjiang is the battleground. Up to now, the enemy is in a vertical and horizontal direction, and the situation is evil. Sino-Japanese War, land stripping, Jiachen War, sovereignty falling, the country remains the same. The yi people are scattered. When I was ordered to lift the sharp brigade, I restored the old mountains and rivers in World War I, but I returned, and I will always travel in Pengshan and read Mituo. " (Tao Juyin: The Biography of General Wu Peifu)

It is precisely because of this ideological foundation that Wu Peifu was able to "try to negotiate with Japan without losing China's sovereignty, to end the Sino-Japanese war, to return to what he wanted and to listen. If it is similar to the "temporary" and "reform" regimes, it is dependent on others, does not dare to go out of the mountain, and is determined to fight the war to the end "to answer the inducements of the Japanese invaders.

objectively speaking, Wu Peifu, as a direct line, has always been closely associated with Britain and the United States, but has a cold relationship with Japan. When Japan plundered China's rights and interests, it electrified several times to oppose it; In addition, in order to compete for the control of the Beijing government, there have been several scuffles with the Anhui and Feng warlords supported by Japan, and they have accumulated feuds with each other.

In the struggle against Anhui and Fengxi, Wu Peifu repeatedly used opposing its obsequiousness and traitorousness as an excuse to go to war with it. In 1919, in the struggle against the Paris Peace Treaty, Wu Peifu repeatedly sent electricity to support the patriotic movement of students, opposed the signing of the peace treaty by the Beijing government (Anhui Department), demanded the recall of Cao Rulin, Lu Zongyu and Zhang Zongxiang, and cancelled the secret agreement between China and Japan. Wu Peifu even suggested: "On the Shandong issue, we need to make a final solution to Japan with considerable strength" to create public opinion for overthrowing the Anhui government.

In p>1922, during the Washington Conference, the Liang Shiyi government (Fengxi) engaged in pro-Japanese diplomacy and redeemed the Jiaoji Railway occupied by Japan with Japanese loans. Wu took the opportunity to unite with the immediate generals, and charged Liang Shiyi with "hooking up, betraying the country and flattering foreigners, and being willing to be Li Keyong.". Zhang Bangchang and Fu T-shirt. " He also pointed out that "the country can't be safe if people don't go." "May I ask today's citizens who recognize the traitors?"

after Japan invaded the three northeastern provinces and fostered the establishment of the puppet Manchukuo, Wu Peifu denounced Japan by electricity even though it had no military power, denouncing that "it is a vassal of Japan to pretend to be an independent country of Manchuria, but it is a name of occupation in words and a reality of plunder in words".

Wu Peifu started out by opposing the pro-Japanese Anhui and Feng schools, and suffered many losses from the Japanese in the wars with them, so it kept a considerable distance from Japan. After the outbreak of the Zhi-Wan War, the Anhui Department fought Wu with Japanese excellent weapons, which took advantage for a while and caused great difficulties to Wu Jun. The Japanese guards in Tianjin also cooperated with the Anhui army to drive the straight army away from the railway line. It was only later that Wu Peifu took advantage of the sudden change of the weather and the weapons superiority of the Anhui army could not be exerted. Only under the attack of the Fengjun army did he defeat the Anhui army, forcing Duan Qirui to step down and Xu Shufeng hid in the Japanese embassy.

In a direct battle, Fengjun defeated Tianjin and tried to withdraw from Tianjin to Shanhaiguan Pass. After the direct troops chased Tianjin, the Japanese, in the name of the representative of the diplomatic envoy, protested against Wu Peifu on the pretext that the China army could not be stationed in Tianjin under the Xin Chou Treaty, trying to cover the retreat of the Fengjun army. Wu Peifu was extremely dissatisfied with this, and told American reporters that if Japan intended to interfere, it would go all the way to Tokyo.

The day before Feng Yuxiang defected in the Second Direct War, Ji Fengxian, commander of Japanese troops stationed in Tianjin, called Wu Peifu to forbid the direct troops to use the only available Qinhuangdao pier at that time when they retreated. The vanguard of Fengjun's south to Luanhe River is the Heilongjiang cavalry brigade led by the Japanese. For the failure of the second direct service war, Wu Peifu will also write a note on the Japanese.

Although the Japanese have tried Wu Peifu many times, after a direct war, they sent Wu Peifu's good friend, Masujiro Okano, as Wu's adviser, and tried to woo Wu by providing military equipment, but Wu did not accept it. After the Japanese occupation of North China, in order to carry out the policy of "controlling China with China", they tried to pull Wu out of the mountain and act as the head of the puppet government, and made the "Wu Peifu Work" plan for this purpose, which cost 3 million yuan before and after. In order to get in touch with Wu Peifu, Okano Masujiro was transferred to Peiping as "please express"; Daisaku Kawamoto, the head of Japanese spy, also specially worshipped Wu Peifu as a teacher, "learning from the master's life and moral articles", in an attempt to win over Wu Peifu with the relationship of old friends and mentoring.

After Wang Jingwei publicly voted, Japan adjusted its policy of "peaceful movement" and planned "cooperation between Wang and Wu". Under the Japanese instigation, Wang Ching-wei first wrote a letter to Wu Peifu, pulling Goh Chok Han as a traitor. After Wu's reply was rejected, Wang Ching-wei personally ran to Peiping and invited Wu to meet at the official residence of the commander-in-chief of the Japanese North China Army to discuss cooperation matters. He was also told by Wu that "we are from China; Talking about China, if you want to talk about it, you can talk about it in China people's homes.

generally speaking, the direct warlords developed under the support of Britain and the United States have a relatively cold attitude towards Japan. After the Japanese invasion of China broke out, except for a few direct generals, such as Qi Xieyuan, who defected to Japan and became traitors, most direct generals, such as Feng Yuxiang, Lu Zhonglin and Yu Xuezhong, were anti-Japanese and patriotic. Even Cao Kun, who was bribed to become president, refused the Japanese request to let him go out of the mountain and refused to be a traitor. Therefore, Wu Peifu's choice to be an improper traitor is not unrelated to his own faction.

in addition to Wu Peifu's personal factors, in order to prevent Wu from defecting to the enemy, the two parties have also done a lot of work to win over Wu Peifu. On New Year's Day in 1939, Kong Xiangxi wrote a secret letter to Wu Peifu, expressing that he was "deeply concerned" about Wu's situation. Comrade Dong Biwu also wrote an article, hoping that Wu Peifu could "celebrate the whole night" and "not be a puppet of the Japanese aggressors"; Patriots from all walks of life also hope that Wu Peifu can keep its integrity and not be used by the Japanese. Under the influence of various factors, Wu Peifu finally made the right choice. Wu Peifu joined the army at the age of 28, and died at the age of 66. All his life, he made expeditions to the east and the west, which can be described as "great achievements". However, the goals he worked hard and pursued ran counter to the interests of the people and the trend of historical development, which only brought him a lot of blame. However, his "inaction"-"not borrowing foreign debts, not living in concessions, not accumulating private wealth" and finally "not being a traitor" won him a little respect. For Wu Peifu, his inaction is more rare and valuable than his action.

Sun Chuanfang

Sun Chuanfang (1885-1935) was born in Licheng, Shandong Province. Graduated from the Japanese Army NCO School in 198. In August, 1921, he served as the garrison commander of the upper reaches of the Yangtze River and the commander of the second division, and became the leader of the direct warlord. In January 1923, he was appointed as the military superintendent of Fujian. In 1924, during the Jiangsu-Zhejiang War, he sent troops to Zhejiang, and served as the patrol ambassador of Fujian and Zhejiang and the supervisor of military affairs in Zhejiang. In 1925, he was defeated in the Fengzhe War, occupied Shanghai, Jiangsu and Anhui, and became the commander-in-chief of the allied forces in Zhejiang, Fujian, Jiangsu, Anhui and Jiangxi provinces. In November, 1926, he was defeated by the Northern Expeditionary Army on the battlefield in Jiangxi, and took refuge in Zhang Zuolin, where he joined forces with the Zhang Zongchang Department of the Fengzhi-Lu Allied Army to fight against the Northern Expeditionary Army. In 1927, it lost the territory of Jiangsu and Anhui, counterattacked Nanjing in August, and was defeated in Longtan. He fled to Shenyang in 1928, and then fled to Dalian and Tianjin. In November 1925, he was killed by Shi Jianqiao to avenge his father.

Zhang Zuolin

Zhang Zuolin (March 19, 1875 —— June 4, 1928), a warlord leader, was named Rain Pavilion. Born on March 19th, 1875 in Xixiaowa Village, Haicheng County, Liaoning Province (now Zhangjiawopengtun, Yejia Village, Dongfeng Town, Dawa County, Panjin City).

Zhang Zuolin was born in a poor family when he was a child. He was a pig farmer. At the age of 12, he went to a private school to eavesdrop. After being discovered by his teacher Yang Jingzhen, he was allowed to study for free. At the age of 14, his father died and went to Zhen 'an County (now Heishan County) with his mother to join his grandfather. I sold steamed buns for a living, worked as a peddler, studied carpentry, and then studied veterinary medicine and horse racing with my stepfather.

In p>1894, he was exiled to Yingkou because of his father's revenge and murder. When the Sino-Japanese War broke out, he joined the Yijun stationed in Tianzhuangtai, Yingkou. Later, due to his outstanding performance, he was promoted to be the guardian of Yijun and Song Qing, and later to be a corporal. After the failure of the Sino-Japanese War of 1895, he was repatriated in March 1895, returned to his hometown and joined the grass. In 192, he was incorporated by the government, and served as the patrol cavalry to help and unify the band. He was promoted to Taonan town guard because of his meritorious service in fighting bandits.

after the Wuchang uprising, Zhang Zuolin took up his duties as the deputy director of the military department of the Fengtian National Security Council, suppressed the revolutionary army, was promoted by the Qing court, became the "minister of training outside the customs", and was rewarded with a flower feather. He was appointed as the general manager of the patrol battalion, which was in charge of the military power of the Fengtian army, and became the largest military leader in the province. After Yuan Shikai became the president, he was appointed as the commander of the 27th Division in 1912. After Yuan Shikai proclaimed himself emperor, he was made a viscount and a general of Shengwu, and was in charge of Fengtian military affairs and a patrol ambassador. After Yuan's death, he was appointed as the governor and governor of Fengtian by the Beijing government, and the inspector of the three northeastern provinces. With the help of Japan, he controlled the three provinces of Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang and became the leader of Fengxi. Since then, Zhang Zuolin, based in the northeast, has expanded its power into the customs. Before the outbreak of the Zhi-Wan War in July, 192, he took control of the Beijing government with his immediate family.

in April p>1922, the first direct war was launched. After the defeat, Zhang Zuolin elected himself as the commander-in-chief of the security in the three northeastern provinces under the pretext of the "Parliament of the Three Northeast Provinces" and declared northeast autonomy. In 1924, he launched the second direct war, defeated the direct warlords and controlled the Beiyang government. In 1926, he was called Commander-in-Chief of An Guojun. In April 1927, he killed 35 patriotic progressives, including Li Dazhao, a producer of * * *.

On June 18th, 1927, Zhang Zuolin was appointed as Marshal Lu Haijun of Beiyang Military Government, exercising sovereignty on behalf of the Republic of China, becoming the supreme ruler of the country, and forming the 32nd and last session of Beiyang Warlords' rule.