Grade 7, 8th grade Geography Outline.

Why Asia is the largest continent: 1) The largest area 2) The widest latitude 3) The longest distance from east to west.

1. Geographical location of Asia:

(1) Asia is located in the Eastern Hemisphere, bordering the Pacific Ocean in the east, the Indian Ocean in the south, the Arctic Ocean in the north and the Mediterranean Sea in the west. Asia spans about 90 degrees latitude and 166 degrees longitude.

(2) The western part of Asia is bounded by the Urals, the Turkish Strait and Europe, the southwestern part is connected with Africa through the Suez Canal, and the eastern part faces North America through the Bering Strait.

(3) Asia covers an area of 44 million square kilometers, which is 4.8 times that of Oceania and the largest continent in the world.

The seven continents are Asia, Africa, North and South America, Antarctica and Europe.

2. Asia's complex and diverse natural environment:

(1) With an average elevation of 950m, Asia is the continent with the biggest ups and downs and the smallest disparity in the world. It has the "roof of the world"-the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the vast lowland-the West Siberian Plain, the "top of the world"-Mount Everest, and the lowest point in the world-the Dead Sea.

(2) Mount Everest (8844 meters above sea level) and the Dead Sea (-400 meters above sea level).

③ Western Siberia Plain, the largest plain in Asia.

(4) The topography of Asia is dominated by plateaus and mountains, with the central part towering and the surrounding areas low. Affected by the terrain, the river flows radially.

3. Climate in Asia:

(1) Asia is dominated by temperate continental climate with typical monsoon climate (temperate monsoon climate, subtropical monsoon climate and tropical monsoon climate). Page 6 of the textbook Figure 7.6

(2) Asia is influenced by topographic factors, with more precipitation near the ocean and less inland.

(3) Southeast Asia is the largest rice producer in the world, which is closely related to the summer monsoon.

(4) The influence of the change of prevailing wind direction in Shanghai in winter and summer on the climate:

Northwest wind prevails in winter, and the climate is cold and dry.

Southeast winds prevail in summer, and the climate is hot and rainy.

4. Division of Asia: Asia is divided into East Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, Central Asia, West Asia and North Asia (the Asian part of Russia) according to geographical location, natural and human geographical elements.

5. Population of Asia: It is the most populous continent in the world, with a total of over 3.5 billion, accounting for about 60.5% of the world's total population. Among the 1 0 countries with a population of more than 100 million in the world, there are 6 countries in Asia (East Asia-China, Japanese; South Asia-India, Pakistan, Bangladesh; Southeast Asia-Indonesia).

6. The huge population has intensified the pressure on the natural environment and natural resources, which has become a heavy social and economic burden for some Asian countries. Controlling population and improving population quality are issues that many countries in Asia must attach importance to.

Section 2 Southeast Asia

1. Location: Southeast Asia is in the southeast of Asia, at the "crossroads" between Asia and Oceania, between the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean.

Land neighbors: China, Indian and Bangladeshi.

2. Malacca Strait:

1) position; Located between Malay Peninsula and Sumatra Island.

2) Importance: It is the only place to sail eastward from Europe and Africa to ports in Southeast Asia and East Asia, and it is an important sea passage connecting the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean.

3. Composition: Including zhina Peninsula and Malay Archipelago (the largest archipelago in the world).

Recite the textbook, 12 page, figure 7.20 and 13 page, 7.2438+0 page.

4. Topographic distribution characteristics of Indo-China Peninsula in Southeast Asia: mountains and rivers alternate with each other, showing columnar distribution.

Mountains extend from north to south and rivers from north to south, among which Mekong River flows through Southeast Asian countries the most.

The big cities in Indochina Peninsula are mainly distributed along the Yangtze River and the estuary delta (reasons: fertile soil, flat terrain, convenient transportation and abundant water resources. It is an important agricultural area in Southeast Asia, with dense population and developed agriculture)

5. Volcanic and seismic activities in Malay Archipelago are quite frequent. Indonesia is the country with the most volcanoes in the world on the European continent, and it is called "volcano country".

6. Singapore is a famous "garden city" and Singapore Port is an important natural port in the world.

7. Southeast Asia is dominated by tropical monsoon and tropical rain forest, with high temperature and rainy climate, which is suitable for planting rice, natural rubber and other tropical areas.

West Asia and Brunei-major oil exporters in Southeast Asia; Malaysia-Tin mine production ranks first in the world.

West Asia and Brunei-major oil exporters in Southeast Asia; Malaysia-Tin mine production ranks first in the world.

9. Overseas Chinese: China people who live abroad and obtain the nationality of the country where they live are called China people; Those who still retain China nationality are called overseas Chinese. Southeast Asia is the most concentrated area of Chinese and overseas Chinese, with more than 20 million Chinese and overseas Chinese.

Section 3 South Asia

1. South Asia is separated from the rest of Asia by tall mountains such as Himalayas and Suleiman Mountains, forming a relatively independent geographical unit, which is called "South Asia subcontinent", also known as "India-Pakistan subcontinent" or "India subcontinent".

2. The northern part of South Asia is the Himalayas, the middle part is the Indus Plain and the Constant Plain, and the southern part is the Deccan Plateau (Indian Peninsula). Sri Lanka is an island country.

Kolkata in South Asia is the center of hemp textile industry, and Mumbai is the center of cotton textile industry.

4. India is the second most populous country in the world, a developing country with developed nuclear technology, and a big software country in the world. Its software export volume is second only to that of the United States, and it has mastered the technology of launching satellites.

5. South Asia is the birthplace of Buddhism, Hinduism and other religions. The Ganges Plain is the birthplace of ancient Indian civilization, and the Ganges is regarded as a "holy river" by Hinduism. Section IV West Asia-World Oil Treasure House

1. West Asia, known as "five seas and three continents", is located at the junction of Asia, Africa and Europe, connecting the Indian Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean, and bordering the Arabian Sea, the Red Sea, the Mediterranean Sea, the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea. The Strait of Hormuz and the Turkish Strait are the key points of maritime traffic.

2. The oil-producing countries in West Asia are mainly distributed in the Persian Gulf, and the Persian Gulf and its coastal areas are the regions with the richest oil reserves and the largest oil production and export volume in the world. Saudi Arabia has the richest oil reserves in the world. Saudi Arabia, Iran, Kuwait, Iraq and the United Arab Emirates are important oil producers. The oil produced in West Asia is mainly exported to economically developed regions and countries such as Western Europe, North America and Japan.

Islam, Christianity and Judaism all regard Jerusalem as the holy city.

Oil export route: A: To Japan and Southeast Asia.

Persian Gulf → the Strait of Hormuz → Arabian Sea → Malacca Strait → Pacific Ocean → Japan and Southeast Asia.

B: to western Europe and America

Persian Gulf → the Strait of Hormuz → Arabian Sea → Red Sea → Suez Canal → Mediterranean Sea → Gibraltar Strait → Atlantic Ocean → Western Europe and the United States.

C: to western Europe and America.

Persian Gulf → the Strait of Hormuz → Arabian Sea → Indian Ocean → bypassing the Cape of Good Hope at the southern tip of Africa → Atlantic Ocean → Western Europe and the United States.

Section 5 Japan-The Country of Cherry Blossoms

1. Location: an island country in East Asia, located in the northwest Pacific Ocean.

It borders the Pacific Ocean in the east, the Pacific Ocean and the Korean Strait in the west, and the East China Sea faces China, South Korea, North Korea and Russia.

2. Composition: It consists of four islands: Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu, among which Honshu Island is the largest.

Find out the locations and names of the oceans and islands in the composition in Figure 7.50 on page 28 of this book, and remember them.

The coastline is tortuous and there are many excellent harbors. Kobe and Yokohama are the two largest foreign trade ports in Japan, which are very beneficial to Japan's fishery, shipbuilding, maritime transportation and foreign economic ties.

Topography: It is mainly mountainous and hilly. Mount Fuji is a symbol of Japan, a volcano and the highest peak in the country. The cherry trees at the foot of the mountain form a forest with charming scenery. The plain area is not large, and the largest plain is Kanto Plain.

Fourth, there are many volcanoes and earthquakes.

Reason: Located at the junction of the Asia-Europe plate and the Pacific plate, that is, the volcanic seismic belt around the Pacific Ocean, the crust is very unstable. It is also called "the country of volcanoes". Mount Fuji is a famous active volcano.

5. Economic type: processing trade economy (or export-oriented and processing economy).

Features: Rely heavily on foreign countries, import raw materials and fuels, and export industrial products.

National conditions: lack of resources and narrow domestic market.

Advantages: relying on science and technology, sufficient labor force and excellent harbor.

6. Distribution of industrial zones: Japanese industries are mainly concentrated in the Pacific coast and Seto Inland Sea, which is called "coastal" industrial layout. Reason: In order to facilitate the transportation of raw materials and export products, the freight rate is reduced.

From east to west, there are mainly Keihin Industrial Zone centered on Tokyo and Yokohama, Nagoya Industrial Zone centered on Nagoya, Hanshin Industrial Zone centered on Osaka and Kobe, Setouchi Industrial Zone centered on Kitakyushu and Kitakyushu Industrial Zone.

Chapter VIII Europe Section 1 "Land of Sunset"-Europa

1. Europe is in the eastern hemisphere, and the eastern part of Europe is connected with the Asian continent. It borders the Arctic Ocean in the north, the Atlantic Ocean in the west and the Mediterranean Sea in the south. It is a big peninsula extending from the western part of Eurasia to the Atlantic Ocean. Europe is the continent with the most tortuous coastline in the world.

2. Europe is the lowest continent in the world, and the terrain in Europe is mainly plain, accounting for 2/3 of the whole continent. The main plains are Eastern Europe Plain, Bode Plain and Western Europe Plain, among which Eastern Europe Plain is the largest plain in Europe.

Third, Europe has a dense river network and abundant water. The Volga River is the mother river of Russia and the longest river in Europe. The Danube is the second longest river in Europe and the largest international river in European countries, which has important shipping value.

4. Climate: Temperate maritime climate is dominant.

1. temperate maritime climate: the most typical climate in Europe, mainly distributed in the Atlantic coastal areas of western and central Europe.

2. temperate continental climate: the most widely distributed climate in Europe, mainly distributed in eastern Europe, with a large temperature difference.

3. Mediterranean climate: a typical climate in Europe, distributed in the Mediterranean coastal areas.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) changes in political territory;

1, area:10160,000 square kilometers. 2. Countries: 43 (early 2000).

3. The division of Germany. The disintegration of Yugoslavia

Section 2 Western Europe

1. Western Europe refers to the western half of Europe, accounting for more than half of the European area. Densely populated, there are more than 30 countries, most of which are developed countries.

2. There is a regional organization in Western Europe called the European Union (EU), with 25 member countries, all of which are developed countries. People use a unified currency called the euro.

The capital of Britain is London, the capital of France is Berlin, and the capital of Germany is Rome.

4. EU ranks first in the world in import and export, and it is the largest trade area in the world. Western Europe's industry is dominated by manufacturing, which is an industrial department that processes raw materials and manufactures various industrial products.

Europe's transportation industry ranks first among all continents in the world.

6. The Netherlands, Denmark and other countries are the major dairy countries in the world.

7. The main tourist destinations and their host countries: Tower Bridge in London (Britain), Windmills and Tulips (Netherlands), Nordic Fjords (Norway), Alpine Skiing (Switzerland), Eiffel Tower in Paris (France), Bullfighting in Spain, Leaning Tower of Pisa and Venice (Italy), Parthenon in Athens (Greece).

Section 3 Russia

1. Russia is the largest country in the world, spanning Asia and Europe.

2. Most of Russia is located in the north temperate zone, and the climate is mainly temperate continental climate. Climate characteristics: long and cold winters and short and warm summers.

3. Find out the following knowledge points on page 44 of the book (Figure 8. 17) and remember the location:

Neighboring countries: Finland, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, Belarus, North Korea.

Facing the ocean: North-Arctic Ocean, West-Baltic Sea, Southwest-Black Sea, Caspian Sea; East-(Bering Strait, Bering Sea, Sea of Okhotsk, Sea of Japan) Pacific Ocean.

Topography: mainly plains and plateaus.

From west to east, it is: Eastern Europe Plain, Western Siberia Plain, Central Siberia Plateau, Eastern Siberia Mountain,

Mountains: Urals, the Great Caucasus Mountains.

Rivers: Volga River, known as Mother Volga River, flows into the Caspian Sea; The longest river in Europe; Navigation between the five seas;

4. Find out the following knowledge points on page 46 of the book, as shown in Figure 8. 19 and Figure 8.20, and remember the location:

From west to east, the industrial zone is:

St Petersburg Industrial Zone, Moscow Industrial Zone, Ural Industrial Zone, Novosibirsk Industrial Zone.

The mineral center is from west to east:

Kursk Iron Mine, Tyumen Oilfield, Second Baku Oilfield, Kuzbas Coal Mine.

5. Transportation: Russia's railway network in Europe is very dense, with Moscow as the radiation point; The Asian railway network is sparse, and there is a railway across Asia and Europe, which is called "Eurasian Continental Bridge" and Trans-Siberian Railway in Russian.

6. Find out the following main ports in Figure 8.23 on page 47 of this book:

Murmansk (an ice-free port north of the Arctic Circle), St. Petersburg (Russia's second largest city and major port, near the Baltic Sea), Vladivostok (also known as Vladivostok, the starting point of the Eurasian Continental Bridge)

7. Moscow is the capital and largest city of Russia. It is the political, economic, cultural and transportation center of the country. There are the famous Red Square and the Kremlin.

8. Russian passenger transport is mainly by rail and road, and freight transport is mainly by pipeline and railway.

Most of Russia's territory is in Asia. Why is it a traditional European country?

This is because Russia's politics, economy, culture, transportation center and most cities are concentrated in its European part.

Resources: Russia is rich in natural resources and reserves, and it is one of the few big countries in the world that can be self-sufficient in resources.

Distribution of mineral resources:

(1) Natural gas production ranks first in the world.

(2) The output of crude oil ranks third in the world.

(3) Coal production ranks fourth in the world.

(4) The power generation is the fifth in the world.

Characteristics of industrial development: developed heavy industry, high level of aerospace industry and weak light industry.

Chapter IX America Section 1 America

The full name of America is America. Belongs to the western hemisphere. Located between the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean, it borders the Atlantic Ocean in the east, the Pacific Ocean in the west, the Arctic Ocean in the north and the Antarctic continent in the south.

America is the continent with the longest latitude span and the longest coastline.

The longest mountain range in the world: Cordillera (15000 km), and the longest mountain range in the world: Andes (9000 km).

Department:

1. According to physical geography, America is divided into South America and North America by the Panama Canal.

2. According to political and economic geography, America can be divided into North America and Latin America, and the area south of the United States is called Latin America.

3. Disastrous weather in America: tornado.

Climate: temperate continental climate: the most widely distributed climate in North America.

A continent with a disparity between the rich and the poor:

(1) Rich in resources:

1. The forest area in North America accounts for about 30% of the whole continent, and the coastal fishing grounds account for about 20% of the world's fishing grounds.

2. Venezuela's oil and Brazil's iron ore reserves rank among the top in the world.

Chile's copper reserves rank second in the world.

(2) American economy:

1. The United States and Canada in North America are economically developed countries.

2. Latin American countries are all developing countries, among which Brazil and Argentina have relatively complete industrial systems.

Section 2 America

1, Indians are native Americans. Among the ethnic groups, whites account for 84%, followed by blacks 13%, and there are about 1.6 million Chinese and overseas Chinese.

2. After emigrating to the United States, after a long period of integration, immigrants from various countries gradually converge in culture, language and life, forming a unified American nation. The United States is the largest immigrant country.

3. The territorial composition of the United States: 48 native states, Alaska and Hawaii. The main part is located in the north temperate zone, Alaska is located in the north cold zone, and Hawaii is located in the tropics.

4. The United States is located between the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean, and the terrain is columnar in north and south. The plain area accounts for more than half of the country's total area, and the cultivated land is vast, accounting for about 10% of the world's cultivated land area.

The output and export of agricultural products in the United States are the highest in the world, such as corn and soybeans.

6. Agricultural production in the United States has been mechanized and specialized.

Reasons for the formation of major agricultural belts

Dairy belt: located in the north, the climate is cold and humid, suitable for pasture growth. Moreover, this is the manufacturing belt and city of the United States.

And the population is densely distributed, so animal husbandry is very developed.

Corn belt: it belongs to temperate zone, with low and flat terrain, fertile soil and high temperature in spring and summer, which is suitable for corn growth.

Cotton belt: It used to be a cotton belt, but due to the decline of soil fertility and other reasons, cotton planting has declined. Now it has become animal husbandry.

Various crop areas.

Wheat belt: the terrain here is low and flat, the soil quality is good, and the winter is cold and long, which is suitable for the growth of wheat with strong cold tolerance. The Mississippi River is

Irrigation provides good conditions for development.

Irrigation zone for animal husbandry: There are many plateau mountains, undulating terrain and little precipitation here, which are suitable for developing animal husbandry and irrigated agriculture.

Subtropical crop belt: located along the Gulf of Mexico, it belongs to subtropical monsoon climate, with high temperature and rainy all year round, which is suitable for the growth of subtropical crops.

The growth of.

(Remember P58, Figure 9.2 1, where the main agricultural belts are located. )

7. The United States is a big agricultural country, the most developed industrial country, the base of high-tech industry, the largest economic country in the world, and the largest resource consumer and waste emitter in the world.

8. San Francisco: It is the city with the largest number of Chinese in the United States, and Silicon Valley in the southeast of San Francisco is the earliest and largest high-tech center in the United States.

9. The distribution of high-tech enterprises is mainly related to talents, transportation and environment.

Rivers and lakes: (1), Mississippi River: the largest river in the United States, which flows into the Gulf of Mexico from north to south.

(2) Great Lakes: Lake Superior, Lake Michigan (USA), Lake Huron, Lake Erie and Lake Ontario, among which Lake Superior is the largest freshwater lake in the world. The lake completely located in the United States is Lake Michigan, and the other four lakes are owned by the United States and Canada respectively.

Three industrial zones:

A northeast industrial zone: the earliest developed and most polluted industrial zone in the United States, which is mainly composed of basic industries and processing industries.

B. Southern Industrial Zone: A new industrial zone in the United States, which is an oil and aerospace base.

C. western industrial zone: the "sunshine zone" of the United States, with high-tech industries as the mainstay.

Brazil in the second quarter

1. Brazil is the largest and most populous country in Latin America, and Indians are indigenous to Brazil.

There is almost no racial prejudice in Brazil. In Brazil, whites account for more than half, mulattoes account for about 40%, blacks account for 6%, Indians account for less than 1%, and there are a few Japanese and China people. So Latin America is a mixed-race society.

3. In Brazil and the world: the largest plain, the Amazon Plain; The largest plateau is the Brazilian plateau; Amazon River, the river with the largest water volume and the widest drainage area in the world, covers the largest tropical rain forest on earth, 60% of which is in Brazil. (Remember P63 Figure 9.27)

4. Brazil is mainly located in the tropics, and it is a vast tropical country in the world with a tropical rain forest climate.

5. Brazil's iron ore reserves are large, its texture is excellent, and its output and export volume are among the highest in the world. Itabira open-pit iron mine is mainly distributed in the southeast and is the largest iron mine in Brazil.

6. In modern industry, steel, shipbuilding, automobile and aircraft manufacturing have leapt to the ranks of important producers in the world.

7. Itaipu Hydropower Station, located on the parana river, is the largest hydropower station in the world jointly built by Brazil and Paraguay.

The output of coffee (known as the coffee kingdom), citrus and sugarcane all ranks first in the world.

9. The Brazilian Environmental Report submitted by the Brazilian government shows the determination to change the previous development model at the expense of the environment and turn to a new development model of sustainable development.

10 and1In June 1992, the United Nations General Assembly was held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and adopted a world agenda with sustainable development as its core.

1 1, the role of tropical rain forest: 1) Provide fresh air for the whole world 2) conserve water and protect fresh water resources 3) protect soil and prevent soil erosion 4) regulate global climate 5) provide wood 6) provide a good ecological environment and maintain biodiversity.

12, Brazil's cities are mainly distributed in the eastern coastal areas, and large cities are very concentrated. Urban population accounts for 3/4 of the total population. Sao Paulo is the largest city and industrial center in Brazil, and Rio de Janeiro is the largest port city in China. In order to solve the problem of urbanization, the Brazilian government moved the capital from Rio de Janeiro to Brasilia to promote the development of the mainland.

13, Brazil is a country rich in resources. Green and yellow are the national colors of Brazil. Green symbolizes forest and yellow symbolizes mineral resources.

14, Brazilians are keen on samba.

Chapter X Africa and Oceania

Section 1 "Land of the Sun"-Africa

The full name of Africa is Africa, which means "the place where the sun burns". It is located in the western part of the Old Hemisphere, spanning the north and south of the equator.

It borders the Indian Ocean in the east, the Atlantic Ocean in the west, Europe across the Mediterranean Sea and the Strait of Gibraltar in the north, and Asia in the northeast through the Suez Canal.

Location: The coastline is relatively straight, with few peninsulas, islands and bays. It is the straightest continent in the world.

Latitude position: most of this area is located between the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn, and the equator passes through the middle of this area, and most of the area is located in the tropics, so it is called tropical continent. Africa has a vast savanna area, ranking first among all continents in the world.

Topography: Africa is a typical plateau continent: high in the east and south, low in the north, west and middle.

The largest desert in the world-the Sahara desert-the longest river in the world-the Nile.

The longest rift valley in the world-the Great Rift Valley in East Africa-Mount Kilimanjaro, the highest peak in Africa.

The largest great basin-Congo basin in the world.

Gap between "High" and "Low" Population and Economy

(1) population

1. Total population: Africa has a population of about 800 million, ranking second on all continents.

2. Growth characteristics: the natural population growth rate is high.

3. Problems: A. It has seriously hindered economic development.

B, leading to environmental deterioration and frequent natural disasters.

(2) Economy

1, economic situation: low level of economic development. Export commodities are mainly primary commodities.

2. Reasons for economic backwardness:

(1), the population growth rate is too fast, which consumes a lot of economy. (2) Long-term colonial rule.

A representative of a long history and splendid culture-Egypt

1. Location: Located in the northeast of Africa, the land spans Asia and Africa and belongs to the junction of Asia, Europe and Africa.

2. Egypt's surface features: a large area of desert.

Sahara Desert: The largest desert in the world, with an area of 9.6 million square kilometers and an altitude of 200-500 meters. Due to the control of subtropical high all the year round, the climate is extremely dry, the annual precipitation is less than 100ML, the temperature difference is large, and there are many winds and sandstorms. About13 people live by nomadism.

3. Major rivers in Egypt:

First, the Nile:

B Suez Canal: full length 173km, connecting the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea, and connecting the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean. The income from the canal has become an important economic source of Egypt.

4. Capital and population:

Capital: Cairo. Population:15.77 million.

5. Main crops: wheat and cotton (long-staple cotton)

Part II-Sub-Saharan Africa

1. Sub-Saharan Africa is located in the south of the Sahara Desert, the largest desert in the world, bordering the Indian Ocean in the east and the Atlantic Ocean in the west, and at a low latitude. The terrain inclines from southeast to northwest, mainly in the plateau.

More than 90% people in this area are black, so sub-Saharan Africa is also called "black Africa".

3. The original settlements of African blacks are mainly distributed in the Gulf of Guinea and the Congo Basin, that is, mainly in this area.

West side.

4. Sub-Saharan Africa's economy is backward, and it is dominated by a single commodity. The main export products are minerals, forests, livestock products and other primary products; Imported products are industrial products such as machinery and automobiles. Such economic characteristics have made many African countries lose the market initiative.

Some African countries are trying to develop national industries and diversified agriculture to change the situation that their economies depend on a single product.

6. Africa's natural population growth rate ranks first among all continents in the world, at 2.2%, and sub-Saharan Africa is as high as 3.0%.

Section 3 Oceania-the continent with the smallest land area

1. Latitude: roughly between east longitude 1 100 and west longitude 1400, spanning the eastern and western hemispheres.

2. Land and sea location: between "two oceans and four continents", that is, between Asia, South America, North America and Antarctica, bordering the Indian Ocean in the west and the Pacific Ocean in the east and north.

3. Area: 8.97 million square kilometers, the smallest continent.

The population and cities of Australia are mainly distributed in the southeast coastal areas. Canberra, the capital; China's largest industrial center and port city is Sydney; Melbourne is the second largest city in China. Australia is the smallest continent in the world.

5. Australia's four nicknames are: the World Museum of Living Fossils, a country monopolizing a continent, a country riding on a sheep's back, and a country sitting on a mine car.

6. The representative animals in this country are kangaroos, emus, platypus and koalas.

7. Australia has the most sheep and exported wool in the world.

8. Australia's topography: mountainous in the east, mainly plain in the middle and plateau in the west (figure 10.32 on page 83 of the textbook).

9. Characteristics of climate distribution: Generally speaking, it is a hemisphere distribution that is open to the west.

Do you still remember the climate type and its distribution in Australia (figure 10.34 on page 84 of the textbook)?

Chapter III XI Polar Region

1, the North Pole is located at the northernmost part of the earth, which refers to the vast area (Arctic Circle) north of 66.5 north latitude, including most of the Arctic Ocean, as well as the land and islands along the coasts of Asia, Europe and North America. Greenland is the largest island in the world. (P87 Figure 1 1. 1)

2. Antarctica is located at the southernmost tip of the earth, in a vast area south of latitude 66.5 (Antarctic Circle), including the Antarctic continent and the surrounding Indian Ocean, Atlantic Ocean and Pacific Ocean. (Figure P90 1 1.7)

The Antarctic region is the coldest place on the earth, and it is called "ice continent". In addition, it is also known as the "white desert", "cold pole" and "wind bank" on the earth. Icebergs are a striking natural landscape near the Antarctic continent.

The Arctic is frozen all year round, with more precipitation than the Antarctic, but not as cold as the Antarctic.

Penguin is the symbol of the South Pole and polar bear is the representative of the North Pole.

6. In the Arctic, every direction points to the south; At the South Pole, every direction points to the north.

7. The Antarctic region is the "big warehouse" of natural resources: there are rich minerals buried under it; Store a large number of solid freshwater resources; Inhabited by countless marine life; There are primitive laws of nature.

8. At present, 20 countries have established more than 90 scientific research stations in Antarctica. 1February, 985 14, China's first Antarctic research station, Great Wall Station, was established in king george island, Antarctica. February 26th 1989 Zhongshan Station was established. (Remember that the two stations are in the upper-middle position of P93 1 1. 10).

9. In order to protect the ecological environment of Antarctica and make peaceful use of Antarctica, 1959 12 countries, including Australia and Argentina, signed the Antarctic Treaty. 1983 China formally joined the Antarctic treaty.

10, the highest continent in the world: Antarctica.