Geography review outline for the first volume of the second grade of junior high school with pictures

Your demands are too high! Aren’t there pictures in the book?

Chapter 5 China’s geographical differences

1. Division of four geographical regions

⑴The special geographical significance of the Qinling and Huaihe River lines:

①The 0℃ isotherm of the monthly average temperature in January;

②The 800㎜ annual precipitation isotherm;

③The dividing line between the warm temperate zone and the subtropical zone;

④The dividing line between humid areas and semi-humid areas;

⑤The dividing line between subtropical monsoon climate and temperate monsoon climate;

⑥The dividing line between southern and northern regions.

⑵ The special geographical significance of the Greater Khingan Mountains - Yinshan Mountains - Helan Mountains - Bayan Har Mountains - Gangdise Mountains:

① The annual precipitation line is 400㎜;

②The dividing line between semi-arid and semi-humid areas;

③The dividing line between monsoon and non-monsoon areas;

④The dividing line between northwest and northern regions;

⑤The boundary line of the inner flow area and the outer flow area.

2. Northern and Southern Regions

Northern Region and Southern Region

Climate Type Temperate Monsoon Climate Tropical and Subtropical Monsoon Climate

Vegetation Type Temperate Zone Deciduous broad-leaved forest, subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest

Crops, food crops, wheat and rice

Sugar crops, sugar beets, sugar cane

Oil crops, peanuts, soybeans and rapeseed

Main fruits apples and citrus

3. Northwest region and Qinghai-Tibet region

1. Dry northwest region

Location: west of the Daxingan Mountains;

Climate: Yadan landform formed by wind.

Ground landscape: There is the Taklimakan Desert, the largest desert in my country.

From east to west, the vegetation changes from grassland to desert grassland to desert.

2. The alpine Qinghai-Tibet region

Topography features: continuous snow-capped mountains and widespread glaciers.

⒊Regions dominated by animal husbandry

Irrigation agriculture in the northwest region (ice and snow melt water) Temperate grassland pastures of Sanhe horses and Sanhe cattle in Inner Mongolia pastoral areas

Xinjiang pastoral areas Xinjiang fine-wool sheep in mountain pastures

Valley agriculture in Qinghai-Tibet region

(lower altitude) Alpine pastoral areas in Qinghai

Pasture yaks,

Tibetan sheep

Tibetan Pastoral Areas

Chapter 9 Understanding Provincial Regions

1. The National Political and Cultural Center—Beijing

⒈Geographical Location : Located on the northern edge of the North China Plain, facing the Bohai Sea.

Topography characteristics: high in the northwest and low in the southeast.

Climate type: temperate monsoon climate.

⒉City functions: the country’s political, cultural and international exchange center.

2. Special Administrative Regions - Hong Kong and Macau

⒈Geographical location: adjacent to Guangdong Province.

⒉Hong Kong: July 1, 1997; Macau: December 20, 1999.

⒊The way Hong Kong expands urban construction land: "Going up to the sky" - building high-rise buildings, "going down to the sea" - reclaiming land.

⒋Economic development in Hong Kong and Macao

⑴The tertiary industry in Hong Kong and Macao is developed;

⑵Hong Kong is an international trade center, transportation center, information service center and tourism center ;

⑶Gaming tourism is an important pillar industry for Macao's economic development;

⑷Foreign trade is an important pillar industry for Hong Kong's economic development.

⒌The mainland of China is Hong Kong’s largest re-export trading partner.

3. The sacred territory of the motherland - Taiwan Province

⒈Geographical location: It faces the East China Sea to the north and faces Fujian Province across the Taiwan Strait. It is the largest island in my country.

⒉The reputation of Taiwan Island: "Pearl on the Southeast Sea of ??the Motherland", "Rice Warehouse on the Sea", "Oriental Sweet Island", "Hometown of Fruits", "Sea of ??Forests", "Southeast Salt Bank" and "Asian Natural Botanical Garden" .

⒊Taiwan Island’s resources: Camphor tree is the most famous tree species, and camphor production ranks first in the world.

⒋Export-oriented economy:

⑴ Formation of an “import-processing-export” economy;

⑵ Among Taiwan’s export commodities, industrial production Finished products account for the largest proportion.

⒌Distribution of Taiwan’s industries:

⑴Distribution characteristics of industrial centers: mainly distributed in the west. The reason is that the west has a concentrated population and high quality; it has a famous seaport and convenient transportation; it is mainly plains with flat terrain; and it has a long history of development.

⑵Taiwan’s “Silicon Valley”—Hsinchu Science Park (Taipei).

⒍Ethnicity: Han, Gaoshan, etc.

4. Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, an important front for the development of the western region

⒈Geographical location: The Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, located in the northwest border of my country, is the largest province in my country.

⒉Topography characteristics: "Three mountains sandwiched by two basins"

⒊Distribution of oases: piedmont plains on the edge of the basin and some areas along the river;

Main water sources From mountain precipitation and ice and snow meltwater.

⒋Agricultural characteristics: oasis agriculture (irrigated agriculture); construction of water conservancy facilities such as diversion canals, irrigation canals, and karez wells.

Main crops: wheat, corn, sorghum.

Specialty agricultural products: mainly cotton and sugar beet.

⒌The significance of West-East Gas Transmission (gas pipeline transportation):

①For the West: Enable large-scale development of local natural gas resources;

Enable natural gas products Transport large quantities to the eastern market;

Rapidly increase local fiscal revenue;

Drive the development of other related industries and increase employment opportunities.

②For the East: Alleviating the energy shortage problem in the East;

Natural gas is a clean energy source and is very beneficial to the environmental improvement of the East.

Chapter 7 Understanding the Regions in the Province

1. The Pearl River Delta, an open area facing the ocean

1. Favorable factors for opening up to the outside world

① Location factors: It is located in the southeast of Guangdong Province, on the lower reaches of the Pearl River, adjacent to Hong Kong and Macao, and across the sea from Southeast Asia. It has convenient sea and land transportation and is known as the "Southern Gate" of my country.

② Human factors: superior natural conditions, large population, developed economy, and a long history of opening up to the outside world. It is a famous hometown of overseas Chinese in the country.

③Policy factors: The Pearl River Delta is the first region in my country to open to the outside world.

⒉ Export-oriented economy

⑴ A large number of processing and manufacturing enterprises with large labor force requirements have been established;

⑵ Main trade channels for export products (foreign investment Origin): Hong Kong and Macao;

⑶ Cooperation model with Hong Kong and Macao: "Front shop, back factory";

⑷ Compared with Hong Kong and Macao, the Pearl River Delta is against the trend: advanced Technical equipment, economic management methods and the latest industrial and commercial information;

⑸One of the world's largest production and export bases for electronics and daily consumer goods.

2. Xishuangbanna, a special tourist area in the southwest border

⒈Geographical location: It is located at the southernmost tip of the Hengduan Mountains, bordering Laos and Myanmar to the south, and connected to Thailand by the Lancang-Mekong River. , Vietnam and other waterways connected.

⒉ Tourism resource advantages: ① Located on the border, border tourism and outbound tourism can be developed nearby;

② It has original tropical rainforest;

③ There are The diverse ethnic customs are dominated by the Dai people.

⒊ Factors for the decline in tourism development: ① The competition in the tourism market is becoming increasingly fierce;

② The tourist attractions are relatively scattered and have no scale, which weakens the competitive strength;

③Illegal vendors trick tourists into shopping, which affects reputation.

⒋ Countermeasures for the decline in tourism development: ① Transform existing attractions and actively respond to market competition with large-scale operations;

② Strengthen the planning and transformation of attractions to avoid duplication of construction ;

③Strengthen the supervision and management of tourist attractions, severely punish illegal traders, and standardize the order of tourism business.

Chapter 8 Understanding Trans-Provincial Regions

1. The Loess Plateau, a special terrain area with crisscrossed ravines

⒈ Surface characteristics: crisscrossed ravines and fragmented areas.

⒉ The "Feng Cheng Theory" believes that the loess material in the Loess Plateau was blown from the deserts and Gobi in Central Asia, Mongolia and other places.

⒊Reasons for serious water and soil erosion

Natural reasons: ① ravines and fragments;

② Precipitation is concentrated in the summer months, with frequent heavy rains;

③Loess has a loose structure and many substances are easily soluble in water.

Man-made reasons: ① Deforestation and land reclamation have destroyed ground vegetation;

② Mining, road construction, etc. do not pay attention to soil and water conservation, destroying ground vegetation.

⒋Consequences: ① Water and soil erosion takes away fertile soil on the surface, reducing crop yields;

② Increases, expands, and deepens ravines, resulting in a reduction in cultivated land area;

③Transporting large amounts of sediment to the lower reaches of the Yellow River has caused huge difficulties in river regulation and flood control.

⒌Fragile ecological environment: ①Fragmented terrain and arid climate;

②Severe water and soil erosion, frequent droughts and floods;

③The environment After being damaged by human activities, it is difficult to recover.

⒍Ecological construction: ①Biological measures: planting trees and grass, etc.

②Engineering measures: building terraces, building retaining dams, etc.;

③Reasonably arrange production Activities: Convert farmland to forests and grasslands on steep slopes, and reduce the number of grazing livestock in overgrazed areas.

2. Areas with rivers as lifelines - areas along the Yangtze River

1. Topography: Mainly plains and low mountains and hills.

⒉Climate characteristics: subtropical monsoon climate.

⒊Tie function:

The riverside zone with the Yangtze River as the axis, the coastal economic belt running through the north and south, and the vast area in the west form a pattern of the English letter "H". The zone along the Yangtze River connects the economically developed coastal areas and the resource-rich areas in the west, and is the link between the east and the west

⒋Radiation effect: Through numerous north-south tributaries and traffic arteries, the economic and technological advantages along the river can be extended to the north and south Radiation makes the economies of the north and the south of our country integrated. It has a strong radiation and driving effect on regional economic development.

⒌Four urban agglomeration centers: Chongqing, Wuhan, Nanjing, and Shanghai.

⒍Industry along the river

⑴The four major industrial bases

The steel and coal industrial bases centered on Panzhihua and Liupanshui.

The electric power, metallurgy and other industrial bases centered on Yichang and Chongqing,

The industrial base centered on Wuhan is an important base for my country’s steel and light textile industries,

The industrial belt formed by cities such as Shanghai, Nanjing and Hangzhou is my country's largest comprehensive industrial base.

⑵ The four major industrial corridors along the river: steel, automobiles, petrochemicals, and light textiles.

⒎Ecological environmental issues and management and protection:

⑴Area with severe soil erosion in the Yangtze River Basin: the upper reaches.

⑵The area where the Yangtze River flood disasters are most concentrated, severe and frequent: the lower reaches.

⑶The acid rain area in central China is the area with the largest acid rain pollution range and the highest central intensity in the country.

The southwestern acid rain area is second only to the acid rain area in central China.

Chapter 9: China Going Global

⒈The world in the 21st century is a world in which the economy is becoming globalized.

⒉ Promote the sustainable development of the region: exploit strengths and avoid weaknesses, and develop the economy in accordance with local conditions; strengthen connections between regions, give play to their respective advantages, divide labor and cooperate, achieve mutual benefit, and make full use of resources.