Zhan Tianyou's contribution

Zhan Tianyou, born on April 26th, 186 1, died on April 24th,19/9. He was born in Nanhai, Guangdong, and his ancestral home is Wuyuan, Jiangxi. He is the first railway engineer in China, responsible for the construction of the Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway and other projects, and is known as the "father of Chinese railways". Zhan Tianyou was born in 186 1 (the 11th year of Xianfeng in Qing Dynasty) to an ordinary family of tea merchants. Zhan Tianyou, a teenager, is very interested in machines, and often makes various machine models with the children in the neighborhood. Sometimes, he will secretly take apart the bells at home, fiddle with the components inside and ask questions that even adults can't answer. From 65438 to 0872, Zhan Tianyou, who was only 12 years old, went to Hongkong to sign up for the preparatory class for young children going abroad organized by the Qing government. After passing the exam, my father drew a note on a certificate of going abroad, which said, "If there is illness, life and death, everyone will live in peace." After that, he left his parents and came to the United States to study with the ideal of learning western "skills". In the United States, students in preparatory classes abroad witnessed the great achievements of science and technology in North America and Western Europe and marveled at the rapid development of machinery, trains, ships and telecommunications manufacturing. Some students are pessimistic about the future of China, but Zhan Tianyou firmly said, "In the future, there will be trains and ships in China." With the belief of studying hard for the prosperity of the motherland, he studied hard and graduated from New Haven with 1877. In May of the same year, he was admitted to the Department of Civil Engineering of Yale University, majoring in railway engineering. After four years in college, Zhan Tianyou studied hard, ranking first in the graduation examination with excellent results. 188 1 year, of the 120 overseas students who returned from China, only two got their degrees, and Zhan Tianyou was one of them. After returning to China, Zhan Tianyou enthusiastically prepared to contribute his knowledge to the railway industry of the motherland. However, the officials of the Westernization School of the Qing government were superstitious about foreign countries, and blindly relied on foreigners when building railways, regardless of Zhan Tianyou's professional expertise, and sent him to Fujian Naval Academy to learn to drive seagoing ships. 1882 1 1 was sent to the flagship "Wu Yang" as a driving officer to direct the drill. 1883, the Sino-French war broke out. In the second year, the long-planned French fleet entered the Minjiang River in succession, ready to go. However, He Zhangru, the shipping minister of the surrendering faction in charge of Fujian Navy, turned a deaf ear and even ordered: "Don't fire first, and offenders will be beheaded even if they win!" At this time, Zhan Tianyou privately said to Mr. Zhang, the captain of the Wu Yang, "There are many French warships with ulterior motives. Although we have received an order not to fire first, we must never take preventive measures in advance. " Because of Zhan Tianyou's warning, Wu Yang is very alert and ready to fight. When the French fleet launched a surprise attack, Zhan Tianyou braved heavy artillery fire and calmly and tactfully commanded the "Wu Yang" to move forward from left to right; Avoiding enemy fire, seizing fighter planes, and bombarding the French command ship "Walter" with its tail almost killed the commander of the French naval expedition. For this naval battle, Zilin Xibao, founded by British businessmen in Shanghai, also had to be surprised and praised in different places: "Westerners didn't expect China people to fight so bravely. Of the five students aboard the Wu Yang, Zhan Tianyou is the bravest. He is fearless in the face of the enemy. At the critical moment of life and death, he is as calm as ever. He has the courage to save many people in the water ... "From the post-war to 1888, Zhan Tianyou went through many twists and turns and was transferred to China Railway Corporation as an engineer, which was the beginning of his career in China railway. Shortly after taking office, Zhan Tianyou was put to the test. At that time, the Tianjin-Hebei railway from Tianjin to Shanhaiguan was built to the Luanhe River, and a railway bridge across the Luanhe River was to be built. The Luanhe River bed has deep sediments and meets rising water and rapids. The railway bridge was designed by a world-class British engineer, but it failed. Later, Japanese engineers were hired as contractors, which was no good. Finally, the German engineer came out and was quickly defeated. Zhan Tianyou asked China people to do it themselves, but the Englishman in charge of the project had no choice but to agree to Zhan Tianyou's attempt. Zhan Tianyou is a conscientious and down-to-earth person. After analyzing and summarizing the reasons for the failure of three foreign engineers, he dressed in work clothes and conducted field investigation and close-range measurement with the workers. At night, with the help of dim oil lamps, the geological structure of Luanhe River bed was carefully studied, analyzed and repeatedly compared, and finally the position of the pier was determined, and a new method-"pneumatic caisson method" was boldly decided to be adopted for the construction of the pier. Zhan Tianyou really succeeded, and the Luanhe River Bridge was built. This incident shocked the world: one China engineer actually solved a big problem that three foreign engineers could not complete. After Zhan Tianyou won the first battle, he immediately encountered a more severe test. 1905, the Qing government decided to build the first railway in China-Jing-Zhang Railway. Both Britain and China wanted to intervene, but their attempts failed because of the strong opposition of the Russian people. The British and Russian envoys said in a threatening tone: "If the Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway was built by Russian engineers themselves, it has nothing to do with Britain and Russia." They think that, in this way, it is impossible to build a railway in China. At this critical moment, Zhan Tianyou accepted this arduous task without hesitation and was solely responsible for the construction of the Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway. News came that some imperialists and British newspapers sarcastically said, "The engineer who can build this railway in China has not been born in the womb! China people want to build railways without foreigners, even if it is not a dream, it will take at least 50 years. " They even attacked Zhan Tianyou, the general manager and chief engineer, for being "arrogant" and "overreaching". Under pressure, Zhan Tianyou insisted on not appointing foreign engineers, and said: "China is vast and rich in resources, and I feel ashamed to rely on outsiders all the way to work!" "China has awakened, and China people will use their own engineers and their own money to build railways." 1In August, 905, the Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway was officially started, and intense exploration and route selection began. Zhan Tianyou personally led the students and workers, carrying benchmarks and theodolite, running around the rugged mountains day and night. One evening, the fierce northwest wind roared in Badaling area, whizzing past with dust, which made people unable to open their eyes. The survey team finished the work in a hurry, filled in the survey figures and climbed down from the rock wall. Zhan Tianyou took the notebook, looked at the figures and asked doubtfully, "Is the data accurate?" ? "Almost," replied the surveyor. Zhan Tianyou said seriously: "The first requirement of technology is accuracy, and there can be no ambiguity or rashness. Statements like' probably' and' almost' will not be said by engineers. " Then, he picked up the instrument, braved the wind and sand, climbed to the rock wall again with difficulty, carefully surveyed it and corrected a mistake. When he came down, his lips were purple with cold. Soon, exploration and construction entered the most difficult stage. At Badaling and Qinglong Bridge, there are overlapping mountains and steep walls hanging rocks, and four tunnels will be opened, the longest of which is more than 1000 meters. After accurate calculation, Zhan Tianyou decided to adopt the method of sectional construction: simultaneously drilling from the north and south ends of the mountain, opening a large well in the middle of the mountain, and then drilling from the north and south ends in the well. This not only ensures the construction quality, but also speeds up the project progress. When digging a hole, I dug a lot of stones by hand and picked out the spewing spring water one by one. Zhan Tianyou, as the chief engineer, has no shelf. He digs stones and carries water with the workers, and his face is covered with mud and sweat. He also encouraged everyone to say, "The Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway is the first railway that we built with our own people and our own money. The eyes of the whole world are watching us, and we must succeed! " "No matter success or failure, it is definitely not our own success or failure, but the success or failure of our country!" In order to overcome the difficulty of driving on steep slopes and ensure the train to climb up Badaling safely, Zhan Tianyou creatively used the principle of "turn-back line" to design a herringbone line on the steep Qinglong Bridge section in mountainous areas, which reduced the tunnel excavation and slope. When the train arrives here, it will cooperate with two high-powered locomotives to push and pull to ensure the safety of the train uphill. Zhan Tianyou once put forward three requirements for the whole project: "less money, good quality and quick completion". After several struggles by workers, the Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway was finally opened to traffic in September 1909. It was originally planned to be completed in six years, but it was completed four years ahead of schedule, and the project cost was only one-fifth of that estimated by foreigners. Some European and American engineers paid tribute to Zhan Tianyou after visiting by bus. But Zhan Tianyou said modestly: "This is the strength of more than 10,000 employees of Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway, not my personal credit. Glory should belong to everyone. " After the completion of Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway, Zhan Tianyou succeeded as the supervisor and chief engineer of Guangdong-Han Railway. At this time, the United States decided to grant him a doctorate in engineering and asked him to go to the United States to attend the conferring ceremony in person. He gave up this honor in order to devote himself to the railway construction of the motherland. After the Revolution of 1911, in order to revitalize the railway industry, Zhan Tianyou and his colleagues established the China Engineering Society, and was promoted to president. During this period, he devoted a lot of efforts to the training of young engineers and technicians. In addition to setting an example, he also encouraged young people to "study hard for invention" and asked them not to "favor one over the other, and not to fish for fame". Take others with sincerity, not yourself as a mirror. "Zhan Tianyou has been engaged in the railway industry for more than 30 years. At that time, almost every railway in China had different degrees of relationship. Old age breaks down from overwork 19 19. Comrade Zhou Enlai once spoke highly of Zhan Tianyou's achievements, calling him "the glory of the people of China". During the construction of the Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway in Zhan Tianyou, various railway engineering standards were formulated, and a letter was sent to the government asking for national adoption. The 4-foot-8-inch standard gauge and Jenny coupler still in use in China (also known as Johnny coupler and Zheng coupler, created by American Eli Jenny) were all put forward by Zhan Tianyou. In addition, Zhan Tianyou also pays attention to the training of railway talents, and has formulated the articles of association for the promotion and transfer of engineers, which clearly stipulates the assessment and requirements of engineers, and stipulates that the remuneration of engineers is linked to the assessment results. Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway has trained many engineers in China, and the assessment regulations formulated by Zhan Tianyou have also become the object of imitation by other railways in China. After the Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway was completed, Zhan Tianyou was awarded an engineering scholar by Xuan Tong and served as the examiner for international students. 19 10 served as the prime minister and engineer of Guangdong Commercial Guangdong-Han Railway Corporation, 19 12 served as the Han-Yue-Chuan Railway Association, responsible for the construction of Guangdong-Han and Sichuan-Han railways. Since then, I have lived in No.9, Eha Street, Russian Concession in Hankou (now 5 1 Dongting Street). In the same year, "China Institution of Engineers" was established and was elected as the first president. After the founding of the Republic of China, 19 13 was appointed by the government as the technical director of the Ministry of Communications, and 19 14 was awarded the second-class Baoguang Golden Harvest Chapter. 19 16, was awarded an honorary doctorate in law by the University of Hong Kong. 19 19 At the beginning of this year, as the China representative of the Far East Railway Conference supervised by the Allies, he was sent to Vladivostok and Harbin. He returned to Hankou due to illness in April and died on April 24 at the age of 59. Zhan Tianyou and his wife Tan Juzhen were buried near Qinglongqiao Railway Station on Zhangjing Road. 1922 bronze statue of Zhan Tianyou was erected at Qinglong bridge railway station. 1987, Zhan Tianyou memorial hall was built nearby. On the occasion of commemorating the 0/00th anniversary of Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway/KLOC-,Zhangjiakou people will always cherish the memory of Zhan Tianyou, the chief designer of Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway. In 2005, a statue of Zhan Tianyou was built in Zhangjiakou South Station Square.

1905 In May, the Engineering Bureau of Beijing-Zhangjia Railway Administration was established, with Chen Ren as general manager and Zhan Tianyou as general manager and chief engineer. 1906, Zhan Tianyou was promoted to general manager and chief engineer. Zhan Tianyou clearly knows the difficulty of this task. He must first resist cynicism from all sides: some people say that he is "overreaching", "only spending a few dollars" and even "daring". In a letter to Mrs Northrop, an American teacher, he said: "If the Beijing-Zhangjiang project fails, it will be not only my misfortune, but also the misfortune of China engineers, and it will bring great losses to China. Before and after I accepted this task, many foreigners publicly declared that China engineers could not undertake the arduous project of masonry and cave dwelling on the Beijing-Zhangjiakou line, but I persisted in my project. " . It fully embodies the patriotism and sense of national responsibility of China intellectuals.

Zhan Tianyou has surveyed three routes, and the second detour is too far. The third is today's abundant sand line. Due to the limited funds allocated by the Qing court and the short time, Zhan Tianyou decided to adopt the first route, that is, from Fengtai to Zhangjiakou via Xizhimen, Shahe, Jingnankou, Juyongguan, Badaling, Huailai, Ji Ming Post and Xuanhua, with a total length of 360 miles. The difficulty of the whole line is to close the ditch, where the mountains overlap and the cliffs are steep and varied. The difficulty of the project was not found in the whole country at that time, and it was rare in the world. The slope is very large, and the height difference between Nankou and Badaling is 180. Zhan Tianyou divides the whole line into three sections: Fengtai to Nankou as the first section, Nankou to Kangzhuang as the second section, and the rest as the third section.

/kloc-0 started construction on September 4th, 905, and/kloc-0 started track laying on February 6th, 2. On the first day of track laying, the coupler chain of an engineering vehicle broke, causing derailment accident. This has become evidence that China people can't build their own railways, and all kinds of slanders have poured in. However, Zhan Tianyou didn't panic, but thought calmly: the slope of this road is extremely high, and the connection performance between cars is slightly unstable, so the accident is hard to avoid. To this end, he used the method of automatic hook and finally solved this problem.

On September 30th 1906, all the first blocks of the project were opened to traffic, and the second blocks started at the same time. The difficulty lies in the second quarter. First of all, we must open four tunnels: Juyongguan, Wuguitou, Shifosi and Badaling. The longest length of Badaling Tunnel is1.092m.. This requires not only accurate calculation and correct command, but also new mountain cutters, ventilators and pumps. The former is not a problem for Zhan Tianyou, while the latter is not available in China at that time, and it can only be imagined by the hands of workers. They overcame many difficulties and finally completed the second bid section in September 1908.

The difficulty of the third bid section is second only to that of Guangou. The first one is Huailai Bridge, the longest bridge on Zhangjing Road, which is erected by 7 steel beams 100 feet long. Thanks to Zhan Tianyou's correct command, it was completed in time. April 2 1909 train goes to Xiahuayuan. Although the section from Xiahuayuan to Jimingyi mining area is not long, the project is extremely difficult. On the right is Yanghe River, and on the left is Rocky Mountain. A six-foot-deep tunnel should be opened on the mountain, and a seven-mile-long riverbed should be padded under the mountain. Zhan Tianyou paved the river bed at the foot of the mountain with stones paving the road on the mountain. In order to prevent mountain torrents from impacting the subgrade, cement bricks were used for protection, and the third section was successfully completed.

Zhan Tianyou never paid attention to the engineering difficulties, but Zhan Tianyou was extremely worried about man-made obstacles. There is a man named Guangzhai in Qinghe. He used to be a Taoist priest and a relative of the royal family Zaize. Both the ruling and opposition parties have influence. As soon as the railway passed its grave, he led the crowd to make trouble, stopped the project, and bribed heavily in private to demand diversion. The postal department is afraid to ask. There is the tomb of King Zheng in the north, the tomb of eunuchs in the south and the tomb of Nora's father Guigong in the west. I wonder how much time and money will be wasted to divert traffic. Zhan Tianyou is ashamed of taking bribes, never misappropriating them, and strives to stay or stay. Finally, because the five ministers were bombed when they went abroad, Zaize was too scared to talk about foreign affairs. Guangzhai agreed to pass through the grave wall because he lost his backer.

Jing-Zhang Railway Completion Ceremony

The road was originally scheduled to be completed in six years, but Zhan Tianyou finally opened to traffic in August 1909, 1 1, two years ahead of schedule, saving 282,000 silver. The successful completion of Zhang Jinglu is a victory for the people of China and a full expression of the patriotic spirit of patriotic intellectuals in China.

After the completion of Zhangjing Road, Zhan Tianyou was employed by Guangdong Commercial Yuezhong Railway Corporation as the company's prime minister on 19 10, and in May 2002, he also served as the office of the John-Sichuan Railway Association. Due to the corruption and incompetence of the China government and the competition of imperialism in China, this patriotic and talented outstanding engineer was unable to display his talents and was extremely anxious. Finally, he died in Hankou at 3: 30 pm on April 24, 2009, at the age of 59.

After the Revolution of 1911, in order to revitalize the railway industry, Zhan Tianyou and his colleagues established the China Engineering Society, and was promoted to president. During this period, he devoted a lot of efforts to the training of young engineers and technicians. In addition to setting an example, he also encouraged young people to "study hard for invention" and asked them not to "favor one over the other, and not to fish for fame". Take others with sincerity, not yourself as a mirror. "

19 19, at the end of the first European War, Zhan Tianyou attended the international conference on the Far East Railway on behalf of the China government, braving the cold, and had an argument with the Japanese representative who tried to occupy the North Manchuria Middle East Railway in China, thus gaining China's right to protect the Middle East Railway. On the way home, he boarded the Great Wall again with illness and sighed: "Life has ups and downs, and the original road network dream made me regret it to the end. Fortunately, my life can be turned into a track crawling on the land of China ... "His persistent deeds of fighting against the great powers on the railway front, as well as his highly integrated quality of national spirit and scientific spirit, will be together with the bronze statue set up for him by later generations.

Zhan Tianyou never paid attention to the engineering difficulties, but Zhan Tianyou was extremely worried about man-made obstacles. There is a man named Guangzhai in Qinghe. He used to be a Taoist priest and a relative of the royal family Zaize. Both the ruling and opposition parties have influence. As soon as the railway passed its grave, he led the crowd to make trouble, stopped the project, and bribed heavily in private to demand diversion. The postal department is afraid to ask. There is the tomb of King Zheng in the north, the tomb of eunuchs in the south and the tomb of Nora's father Guigong in the west. I wonder how much time and money will be wasted to divert traffic. Zhan Tianyou is ashamed of taking bribes, never misappropriating them, and strives to stay or stay. Finally, because the five ministers were bombed when they went abroad, Zaize was too scared to talk about foreign affairs. Guangzhai agreed to pass through the grave wall because he lost his backer.

Nala spends tens of millions of dollars to build the Summer Palace every year, but is unwilling to pay for road construction. The Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway relies entirely on the surplus of internal and external railways, but this money is controlled by the British HSBC. When entering the second phase of the project, HSBC deliberately made things difficult and delayed payment, which led to the delay. Zhan Tianyou was very angry because he was not good at getting close to powerful people and was ashamed of pandering to foreigners.

Imperialism always wants to seize this road. At the beginning of the project, Japanese Yujiro wrote to Yuan Shikai at the imperial gate, saying: China people can't afford to build this road, so it's safer to ask Japanese technicians. The Englishman Jinda also came to intercede for Japan. Zhan Tianyou flatly refused to hire any foreigners on this road. After the Juyongguan tunnel project started, hordes of foreigners often came to spy in the name of hunting, hoping that the project would fail in order to take advantage of people's danger. Zhan Tianyou set the tone for the people of China with excellent results.

1, in August, 905, the Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway officially started, and the intense exploration and route selection work began. Zhan Tianyou personally led the students and workers, carrying benchmarks and theodolite, running around the rugged mountains day and night. One evening, the fierce northwest wind roared in Badaling area, whizzing past with dust, which made people unable to open their eyes. The survey team finished the work in a hurry, filled in the survey figures and climbed down from the rock wall. Zhan Tianyou took the notebook, looked at the figures and asked doubtfully, "Is the data accurate?" ? "Almost," replied the surveyor. Zhan Tianyou said seriously: "The first requirement of technology is accuracy, and there can be no ambiguity or rashness. Statements like' probably' and' almost' will not be said by engineers. " Then, he picked up the instrument, braved the wind and sand, climbed to the rock wall again with difficulty, carefully surveyed it and corrected a mistake. When he came down, his lips were purple with cold.

Soon, exploration and construction entered the most difficult stage. At Badaling and Qinglong Bridge, there are overlapping mountains and steep walls hanging rocks, and four tunnels will be opened, the longest of which is more than 1000 meters. After accurate calculation, Zhan Tianyou decided to adopt the method of sectional construction: simultaneously drilling from the north and south ends of the mountain, opening a large well in the middle of the mountain, and then drilling from the north and south ends in the well. This not only ensures the construction quality, but also speeds up the project progress. When digging a hole, I dug a lot of stones by hand and picked out the spewing spring water one by one. Zhan Tianyou, as the chief engineer, has no shelf. He digs stones and carries water with the workers, and his face is covered with mud and sweat. He also encouraged everyone to say, "The Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway is the first railway that we built with our own people and our own money. The eyes of the whole world are watching us, and we must succeed! " "No matter success or failure, it is definitely not our own success or failure, but the success or failure of our country!"

Zhan Tianyou's ancestors came to Guangdong from Wuyuan.

Zhan Tianyou is the 40th descendant of Zhan in Lukeng Village, Wuyuan County. Zhan Wanbang, the 37th generation of Zhan's family, was Zhan Tianyou's great-grandfather. He was born in the 10th year of Qianlong (A.D. 1745). Zhan Wanbang's father, Zhan Qianjin, is a businessman who opened a grocery store called Dachang in his hometown. He has eight children, and Zhan Wanbang ranks third. Due to the large number of sons and daughters, high expenses, insufficient groceries and heavy debts, the two brothers had to split up and make their own living. Zhan Wanbang is quite ambitious. After his parents died, he decided to move to Gaohushan, the next village, without the legacy of his ancestors. He was listed as a doctor because he read several medical books when he was a child. In the prosperous period of Qianlong, the people got a respite from the long-term war, agriculture developed and commerce gradually flourished. Tea sales in Wuyuan are increasing day by day, and it has become one of the most popular drinks for the upper and middle classes in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. At that time, Wuyuan green tea was processed locally and then transported to Guangzhou Port for export. Due to low prices and high export prices, many tea merchants have made a fortune. Zhan Wanbang was also moved and sold a batch of tea to Guangdong.

Who knows that doing business is unfavorable, not only losing blood, but also having no way to go home, so I have to stay in Guangzhou and rely on my old friends and fellow villagers to help me pass the time. At that time, there were many Huizhou merchants in Guangdong, and some Wuyuan people made a fortune in business. After their generosity, Zhan Wanbang opened a small tea shop called Wanfu outside Xiguan, Guangzhou. Small tea shop business is booming, gradually pay off debts, with the rest of the money donated a cadet.

At this time, Zhan Wanbang was ambitious and came to Guangdong with his son, determined to rely on the power of Guangzhou's "thirteen lines" to open up a bigger situation. Son Zhan Shiluan lived up to his father's expectations and assisted his father in business, and his business became more developed. Zhan Shiluan realized that he could not do business without official hats, and donated an official with experience as chief secretary to Ru Linlang, who had six official hats.

When Zhan Tianyou's father Zhan Fanxing arrived, the Opium War broke out. The guns of the British invaders blew away the "thirteen lines" that had long controlled export trade, and small foreign trade businessmen in Guangzhou began to decline. Soon, Zhan's tea shop also declared bankruptcy. The Zhan family moved from Guangzhou to the South China Sea to support their families by studying and farming.

186 1 On March 27th, 2008, the battle between Taiping Army and Qing government was going on fiercely, and the smoke in Yuanmingyuan was still being burned by the British and French allied forces. Zhan Tianyou was born in a peasant family in Nanhai, Guangdong.

In the 11th year of Tongzhi (AD 1872), Zhan Tianyou, who was only 12 years old, went to Hong Kong to attend a preparatory class for young children to go abroad. Soon, I was admitted. Recalling this history, Zhan Tianyou himself wrote: "I was twelve years old. On March 15th, 11th year of Tongzhi, I took a Shanghai ship from Hong Kong with Lord Tairong of Xiangshan Road and arrived in Shanghai on March 28th. Feng recruited him to Shanghai Overseas Bureau to read Tang Fan's book. Teacher Chen Lanbin, director of Gaozhou, taught Tang calligraphy and asked adults to teach Fan calligraphy, and went abroad to study on the eighth day of July. He was instructed to give formal students a robe and a top hat. On the same day, Mr. Chen Lanbin bid farewell to Shanghai and disembarked for Citigroup. "

In his second year in the United States, Zhan Tianyou entered Xihaiwen Primary School after a period of foreign language tutoring. In the second year of Guangxu (AD 1876), Zhan Tianyou was admitted to New Haven Haibin Middle School. It was in this year that the first railway in China, namely the small railway from Wusong to Shanghai, was opened to traffic. At that time, the gentry who read the sage books were shocked to see this behemoth. I think this strange thing has destroyed the landscape and endangered my own life. I actually gathered people to tear down all the railways and throw the tracks into the lake.

The domestic environment is so gloomy, but Zhan Tianyou chose the cursed railway major. Guangxu four years (1878), with the support of teachers Mrs. Nosobu and Hong Rong, was admitted to Yale University in the United States. I entered the civil engineering department and studied railway engineering. Three years later, I graduated from the undergraduate course and got the first place in the math exam. Among 120 formal students, he is the best, and he will be the most loyal to what he has learned in the future.

★ The background of Zhan Tianyou at that time ★

In the seventh year of Guangxu (188 1), Zhan Tianyou graduated from Yale University and returned to Shanghai. On the first day of landing, I heard that Zeng Guofan had died, and Li Hongzhang, a warlord of Huai Dynasty, took over as Minister of Beiyang. Overseas students were transferred from Shanghai to the Beiyang Minister's yamen in Tianjin by boat, waiting for the dispatch of the Qing government.

Zhan Tianyou lives in a small inn by the sea in Tianjin. The room was hot and stuffy, sweaty and uncomfortable, and his mood became more and more excited.

All the related international students went there. Only Zhan Tianyou, who was born in a peasant family, had no choice but to go. When he arrived in Tianjin, all the rich students stayed in the grand hotel, but he stayed in this shabby and dirty inn.

Although, he still has a letter in his pocket, which is an eight-part essay written by his most beloved teacher, Hong Rong, and is addressed to the powerful people in the DPRK, but Zhan Tianyou is embarrassed to take it out. He is Hong Rong's most proud disciple. When studying in the United States, Yung Wing encouraged Zhan Tianyou to be China's Ito blog post. He said that Ito Bowen advocated western learning to make Japan prosperous, and China needed his own Ito Bowen to make the country progress. At this point, Zhan Tianyou's mood is very excited. He is determined to work hard and save the country with science.

Although Zhan Tianyou has made great achievements in his studies, his relationship with Wu Zideng, who is being supervised by international students, is getting worse and worse. Wu Zideng is a well-known diehard. He thinks that it is "deviant" for China students to study abroad.

A few days later, the international students were finally introduced to the yamen of Beiyang Minister by Goshha. The man sitting in the main hall is Li Hongzhang, who enjoys a high reputation. Li Hongzhang glanced at the international students with his eyes and saw their messy dresses and hats. He thought: Can these student dolls be rich and powerful? Li Hongzhang tried to teach him a lesson, but he held back. He believes that most of these people have contacts with DPRK ministers, and many of them have also sent scripts and gifts. He was very dissatisfied with one of them, who was dressed in a suit and tie and didn't even have a braid. He looked up the man's name from the roster ―― Zhan Tianyou. I suddenly remembered a few words in Wu Zideng's letter: "If we let these government students go unchecked again. . . Returning to China after studying in the future will not only do no good to the country, but will cause endless harm. " Thinking of this, Li Hongzhang slammed the table and scolded: "Eccentric, no father, no gentleman!" "

Zhan Tianyou was very disgusted with Li Hongzhang's rude attitude, and wanted to refute a few words, but in the end he refrained from speaking. Gorshha immediately shouted: "Fujian-"This dramatic interview is over.

Back at the inn, Zhan Tianyou burned the eight-part essay that Graceful gave him. A few days later, Beiyang yamen made a list, and Zhan Tianyou's name was impressively at the bottom of the list. He was sent to Fuzhou Maritime Bureau and studied driving at the Naval Academy.

In this way, Zhan Tianyou learned what he couldn't use, and it took him seven years.

now

The reason why the Qing Dynasty was corrupt and incompetent was that the emperor was trapped in the imperial palace bureaucracy, and the upper and lower bureaucrats were in cahoots. The Manchu bureaucratic system under ethnic discrimination has made a large number of Manchu princes and nobles with no morality, incompetence and few talents steal high positions for a long time; Most of the dignitaries in charge of the imperial court and provincial governors are hereditary and fatuous. China's national strength is consumed in the hands of these heartless dude, and all kinds of production have not developed.

In the Diary of British Envoy Mangane (in the late Qianlong period), he pointed out: "Since the northern or Manchu Tatar conquest, at least in the past 150 years, there has been no improvement, no progress, or retrogression; When we advance in the field of art and science every day, they are actually becoming semi-barbarians. " In Mangane's eyes, the truth of the prosperous period of Kanggan is: "amazing poverty is everywhere", "people are in rags and even naked" and "an army as shabby as a beggar". "All the rubbish we threw was eaten!" Mangane, the British ambassador at that time, was keenly aware of the decline of the Qing Dynasty, regarded the Manchu regime as "a broken ship" and predicted that it would be "no longer disciplined and safe".

More importantly, the whole bureaucratic ruling class is generally hypocritical and pretentious, and has lost the motivation to move forward. It's just that when the strong stimulus comes, they have a little instinctive reaction, and they can't see the trend of world development and change at all, and they have no progress at all. Tributes and trade imports are all kinds of playthings. Jiaqing wants to be frugal, and a group of officials go to court like flower heads and make up for it more than others.

Bureaucracy is the most corrupt, mainly manifested in buying officials and selling titles. All kinds of officialdom are related to collusion between officials and businessmen and bribery, which not only caused the failure of the Westernization Movement in the late Qing Dynasty, but also was the root cause of the demise of the Qing Dynasty. If an official needs money, he must find ways to dig for money among the people. A group of "black hearts" create darkness, and the case of "Yang Naiwu Cabbage" is just the tip of the iceberg.

Even an enlightened official like Lin Zexu is ridiculously backward, thinking that the British are inconvenient to move in boots and easy to deal with. The understanding of the world west is not as good as that of the late Ming Dynasty. Why did the original tea and porcelain trade become "opium trade"? Why did the Westernization Movement finally come to nothing? The key is the result of royal fatuity, bureaucratic corruption and bad money eliminating good money.

★ China Zhan Tianyou Civil Engineering Award ★

Name of Award: China Zhan Tianyou Civil Engineering Award

Other Name: China Civil Engineering (Zhan Tianyou) Award.

Established: 1998

Organizer: china civil engineering society Zhan Tianyou Civil Engineering Science and Technology Development Fund Committee.

Award introduction

In order to promote scientific and technological progress, improve the level of engineering construction, apply today's outstanding scientific and technological achievements to engineering practice and create advanced civil engineering, Zhan Tianyou Civil Engineering Award, formerly known as China Civil Engineering (Zhan Tianyou) Award, is established. The award aims to reward and commend outstanding civil engineering construction projects that have made remarkable achievements in scientific and technological innovation and application in China. The selection of this award fully embodies "innovation" (the winning project should have remarkable creativity and high technology content in design and construction technology), "symbolism" (reflecting the highest level of similar projects in China today) and "authority" (collaborative recommendation and selection between social and government authorities).

This award is the honorary award of engineering technology in the field of civil engineering in China; Awarded by china civil engineering society and Zhan Tianyou Civil Engineering Science and Technology Development Fund Committee; With the support and guidance of the construction departments of the Ministry of Construction, the Ministry of Railways and the Ministry of Communications.

The award is selected every two years. Each time, several comprehensive awards were selected.