Uncle Tom's Cabin

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Uncle Tom's Cabin is also translated into Black Slave's Voyage and Uncle Tom's Cabin, which is a realistic work by the famous American writer Mrs. Stowe. Mrs Stowe (1811-1896) was born in a pastor's family in North America and worked as a teacher at Hartford Women's College. She witnessed the tragic fate of black slaves under the cruel oppression of slave owners and felt pity. Inspired by this, she personally went to the south to understand the real situation and decided to participate in the battle for the liberation of slaves in her own way. Because of her concern for the fate of black slaves, Mrs. Stowe became the most outstanding writer who supported the abolition of slavery.

Uncle Tom's cabin (Uncle Tom's cabin; Or, "The Life of the Humble"), also translated as "Black Slave Record" and "Uncle Tom's Cabin", is an anti-slavery novel published by American writer Mrs. Stowe in 1852. The views on African-Americans and American slavery in this novel have had a far-reaching impact and, to some extent, exacerbated the regional conflicts that led to the American Civil War. Uncle Tom's cabin, Boston edition

Born in Connecticut, Mrs. Stowe is a teacher at Hartford Women's College and an active abolitionist. This book revolves around the story of Uncle Tom, a long-suffering slave, and describes his experiences with people around him, both slaves and slave owners. This sentimental novel profoundly depicts the cruel nature of slavery; And believe that Christian love can overcome all kinds of harm caused by enslavement of human compatriots. Uncle Tom's Cabin is the best-selling novel in the19th century, which is considered to be a major reason for the rise of abolitionism in the1850s. In the first year of publication, it sold 300,000 copies in the United States. Uncle Tom's Cabin had such a great influence on American society that when Lincoln met Mrs. Stowe at the beginning of the Civil War, he said, "You are the little woman who started a big war." Later this sentence was quoted by many writers. Uncle Tom's Cabin and various scripts inspired by it have also promoted the emergence of a large number of black stereotypes, many of which are widely known today. For example, the kind black nanny, the prototype of black children, the patient and loyal uncle Tom who is obedient to the white master. In recent decades, these negative elements in Uncle Tom's Cabin have weakened the historical role of this book as an "important anti-slavery tool" to some extent.

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Born in Connecticut, Mrs. Stowe is a teacher at Hartford Women's College and an active abolitionist. 1850, the United States passed the second slave escape law, which made it illegal to assist slaves to escape and punished them, limiting the rights of fugitives and free blacks; In response to this law, Mrs. Stowe wrote this novel. Most novels are written in Brunswick, Maine; Mrs. Stowe's husband Calvin Stowe is teaching at his alma mater, Bowden University. Mrs. stowe's block diagram

Uncle Tom's Cabin was partly inspired by Josiah Henson's autobiography. Hansen is black. He was a slave of the slave owner Isaac Riley. He lives and works in a 3,700-acre (15 square kilometer) tobacco plantation in North Bethesda, Maryland. 1830, Henson fled to Upper Canada (now Ontario) to get rid of slavery. Since then, he helped some escaped slaves get there, lived a self-sufficient life and wrote his memoirs. Mrs. Stowe's novels became bestsellers, and Henson also took this opportunity to reprint his memoirs, renamed them "Memoirs of Uncle Tom" and visited Europe and America many times. In the 1940s, Henson House was transformed into a museum and renamed as "Uncle Tom's Cabin Site" according to Mrs. Stowe's novel. The museum is located near Dresden, Ontario. Hanson's hut, where he lived as a slave, remains in montgomery county, Maryland. Now, the cabin is a service of the national park: part of the national underground railway network leading to freedom. The book Slavery in America: Witness's Testimony, written by Theodore Dwight Weil and the Grimke sisters, is also considered as part of the source of this novel. Mrs. Stowe also said that when she lived in Cincinnati, Ohio, just across the river from Kentucky, a slave-holding state, she interviewed a large number of slaves who fled there, and the materials obtained from this later became the basis of her novel. Some abolitionists in Cincinnati sympathize with fugitive slaves, so the local underground railway is widely used to help fugitive slaves escape from the south. In the book Uncle Tom's Cabin published by 1853, Mrs. Stowe mentioned many sources of inspiration and material for writing this novel. The original intention of this realistic book is to reiterate Mrs. Stowe's views on slavery. But later research also pointed out that before the publication of Uncle Tom's Cabin, Mrs. Stowe had not actually read many of the works mentioned in The Solution.

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Uncle Tom's Cabin was first published in the abolitionist magazine National Times. From June 5th, 185 1, serialized for 40 weeks. Because the story of the novel is very popular, the publisher John Jouett approached Mrs. Stowe and suggested that she compile the serial novels into a book for publication. Although Mrs. Stowe initially doubted whether anyone would like to read Uncle Tom's Cabin as a book, she finally agreed to this suggestion. Jouett firmly believed that this book would be famous all over the world. He made an unusual decision (at that time) and printed six full-page illustrations carved by Hamat Billings in the first edition. 1852 On March 20th, this novel was published in the form of a book, and the first edition was quickly snapped up. Soon after, several editions were printed and published (including the deluxe edition published in 1853 with 1 17 illustrations drawn by Billings). Uncle Tom's Cabin sold 300,000 copies in the United States in the first year of publication, and finally became the best-selling novel in the world in the19th century (and the second best seller, second only to the best seller Bible). Almost every major language has its own translation. In many early editions, there was a preface written by Reverend James Sherman. Sherman, a congregational priest in London, is famous for his abolitionist views. "Uncle Tom's Cabin" is also selling well in Britain. 1852 In May, when the first edition of London was published, it sold 200,000 copies. In the following years, more than 6.5438+0.5 million copies were distributed in England, although most of them were pirated (the same is true in the United States).

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Irina Kaptelova escaped with his son and Tom was sold to the lower reaches of the river. Simon Le grip is beating Uncle Tom.

At the beginning of the novel, Arthur Shelby, a farmer in Kentucky, is facing the dilemma of losing his land due to debt. Although he and his wife Emily Shelby were very friendly to their slaves, Shelby decided to sell some slaves to slavers to raise funds he badly needed. Two slaves were sold: one was Uncle Tom, a middle-aged man with a wife and children; The second is Harry, the son of Eliza, Emily's maid. Emily didn't like the idea because she had promised her maid that her son would never be sold; And Emily's son George Shelby doesn't want Tom to leave, because he regards Tom as his mentor. Chasing Eliza's family, Tom and St. Clare's family lived on Eliza's way to escape. She happened to meet her husband george harris, who fled before her, and they decided to go to Canada. However, they were targeted by a slave hunter named Tom Locke. Finally, Locke and his accomplices trapped Eliza and her family, which led George to be forced to shoot Locke. Eliza, worried about Locke's death, persuaded George to send the slave hunter to a nearby Quaker settlement for treatment. After returning to New Orleans, St Clare and his northern cousin O 'Filja had a quarrel because of their different views on slavery. O 'Filja opposed slavery, but he was prejudiced against blacks. However, St. Clare thinks he doesn't have these prejudices, even though he is a slave owner himself. In order to explain to his cousin that she was wrong about blacks, Saint Calea bought a black girl, Topsy, and asked O 'Filja to educate Topsy. After Tom lived with St Clare for two years, Eva became seriously ill. Before she died, she dreamed of heaven in a dream, and she told the people around her this dream. Because of Eva's death and her dream, others decided to change their lives: O 'Filja decided to give up prejudice against blacks, Topsy said she would try to improve herself, and St. Clare promised to set Tom free. Tom was sold to Simon Le grip, but before St Clare kept his promise, he was stabbed to death with a hunting knife for preventing a fight. St Clare's wife refused to fulfill her husband's promise before his death and sold Tom to an evil farm in an auction.

Lord Simon Le grip. Lai grip (he is not a native of the south, but an immigrant from the north) took Tom to the countryside in Louisiana. Tom met other slaves of Lai grip here, including Emmeline (Lai grip bought her at the same auction). When Tom refused to obey Legrip's orders to whip his fellow slaves, Lai grip began to hate him. Tom was brutally whipped, and Lai grip was determined to crush Tom's belief in God. But Tom refused to stop reading the Bible and tried his best to comfort other slaves. At the plantation, Tom met Cathy, another slave in Legrip. Cathy was forced to be separated from her children when she was auctioned; Unable to bear the pain of another child being betrayed, she killed the third child. At this time, Tom Locke returned to the story. After being cured by Quakers, Locke changed. George, Eliza and Tom were free after they entered Canada. In Louisiana, when Uncle Tom's faith in God was about to be destroyed by the torture he suffered in the plantation, he experienced two dreams-one was Jesus and the other was Eva-which made him determined to keep his faith in Christ until his death. He encouraged Cathy to escape and asked her to take Emmeline with her. When Tom refused to tell Legree where Cathy and Emmeline had fled, Lai grip ordered his boss to kill Tom. When he was dying, Tom forgave the two supervisors who beat him cruelly: inspired by their personalities, both of them converted to Christ. Before Tom died, George Shelby (son of Arthur Shelby) appeared. He wanted to buy back Tom's freedom, but he found it was too late. On the way to freedom by boat, Cathy and Emmeline met george harris's sister and went to Canada with her. Cathy once discovered that Eliza was her long-lost daughter. Now they are finally reunited. They went to France and finally arrived in Liberia, an African country that took in former American slaves. There, they saw Cathy's long-lost son again. George Shelby returned to his farm in Kentucky, freed all his slaves and told them to remember Tom's sacrifice and his faith in the true meaning of Christ.

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Uncle Tom is a person with the same name as Uncle Tom, and was considered as a noble and persevering Christian slave in the early novel. But in recent years, his name has become a nickname for African-Americans accused of taking refuge in whites (for more information, please see the section on the generation and popularization of stereotypes). However, Mrs. Stowe's original intention was to mold Tom into a "noble hero" and a praiseworthy figure. In the whole work, although Tom endured the pain caused by exploitation, he always adhered to his beliefs, and even his enemies had to respect him in the end. The two people in the photo are Tom and Eva.

Eliza is a slave (Mrs Shelby's maid). After learning that her 5-year-old son Harry would be sold to the slaver Harry, she fled to the north with Harry. While in Ohio, she was reunited with her husband george harris. Their family moved to Canada, then to France and finally settled in Liberia. Eliza was inspired by a record given to Mrs. Stowe's husband by john rankin of Rennes Theological Seminary in Cincinnati. According to Rankin's description, in February of 1838, a young slave woman crossed the frozen Ohio River with her child and fled to ripley, Ohio. She stayed at his house for a while before she fled to the north. Eva Eva's full name is Evanger Lynn Sinclair. Eva joined the narrative when Uncle Tom was shipped to New Orleans. Uncle Tom saved the 5 or 6-year-old girl when she fell into the water. Eva begged her father to buy Tom. After following the St. Clare family to New Orleans, Tom became a coachman at St. Clare Manor. However, Tom spends most of his time here with the angelic Eva. Eva often talks about love and forgiveness. She even persuaded the stubborn slave girl Topsy that she was worthy of love. Eva also tried to touch the bad-tempered Mr. Filja menstruation's heart. Some people think that Eva is the prototype of Marisu's role. Simon Legree Legree is a cruel slave owner who was born in the north. His name later became synonymous with greed and cruelty. His goal is to crush Tom and destroy his religious belief. Topsy is a "ragged" female slave who comes out of nowhere. When asked who created her, she thought it was neither God nor her mother. "I think I grew up by myself. I don't believe anyone made me." Later, she was transformed by the kindness of little Eva. Topsy is generally regarded as the origin of the prototype of black children. The phrase "grow up like Topsy" (later evolved into "gray like Topsy"; It's a bit out of date now) and then I entered English. At first, this phrase was only used to describe a self-sustaining and laissez-faire lifestyle; But later, it was also used to describe rapid growth or development. Other characters have many small roles in Uncle Tom's Cabin. Here are some well-known supporting roles: Arthur Shelby, Tom's host in Kentucky. Shelby is portrayed as a "kind" slave owner and a traditional southern gentleman. Emily Shelby, wife of Arthur Shelby. She is a religious woman, trying to influence her slaves with her kindness and morality. She was shocked when her husband tried to sell slaves to slave owners. As a woman, she has no legal status to prevent this from happening, because all the property belongs to her husband. George Shelby, son of Arthur and Emily. He regards Tom as a mentor and a devout Christian. Augustine St. Clare, Tom's second master, the father of little girl Eva; Is the most compassionate slave owner in the novel. St Clare has realized the evil of slavery, but he is not prepared to give up the wealth it brings. After his daughter died, he became more religious, began to read the Bible to Tom, and decided to release Tom. However, his kindness was wiped out by his accidental death and the death of his daughter.

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In recent decades, scholars and readers have criticized this book for its condescending racist tone when describing the black characters in it; Especially in the appearance, conversation and habits of the characters, and the passivity of Uncle Tom's resignation. The use and creation of African-American stereotypes in the novel can not be ignored, because Uncle Tom's Cabin was once the best-selling novel in the world in the19th century. Therefore, this book (with accompanying illustrations and related drama works) has played an irreplaceable role in deeply implanting these stereotypes into the American spirit. Black stereotype in Uncle Tom's Cabin: "Happy Black" (such as lazy and carefree Sam); Light-skinned mulattoes ("mulattoes", such figures as Eliza, Cathy and Emmeline) used as sexual tools; Caring black nanny ("wet nurse", such as mamy, the chef of St. Clare plantation); Stereotypes of black children ("black children", such as Topsy); Uncle Tom, or African-Americans eager to please white people (such as Uncle Tom). It should be noted that Mrs. Stowe's original intention was to mold Tom into a "noble hero". The stereotype of "a fool who obeys the flattery of white people" is obviously caused by related stage works in the later period, which is beyond Mrs. Stowe's control. In recent decades, these negative elements in Uncle Tom's Cabin have weakened the historical role of this book as an "important anti-slavery tool" to some extent. The change in the interpretation of the novel originated from an article by james baldwin called "Everyone's Protest Novel". In the article, Baldwin called Uncle Tom's Cabin a "very bad novel", saying that its description of race was very dull and aesthetically rude. In the 1960s and 1970s, black power and black art activists criticized the novel. Uncle Tom is regarded as a "traitor of race", and (in some points) Tom is even worse than the most vicious slave owner. During this period, criticism of other stereotypes in the book has also increased. In recent years, Henry Louis Gates, Jr. and other scholars have reinterpreted Uncle Tom's Cabin, arguing that the book is "the core document of American race relations and a major moral and political exploration of these relations."

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Generally speaking, 1907, the play Slave Xu Tianlu, based on the novel Uncle Tom's Cabin by American writer Mrs. Stowe, staged by Tokyo Chunliu Society, is regarded as the symbol of the beginning of Chinese drama history, so Slave Xu Tianlu is China's first drama script. The play was adapted by Zeng Xiaogu, one of the founders of China's early plays. Zeng Xiaogu participated in four public performances of Chunliu Society from 1907 to 1908, and played a leading role in scriptwriting, performance and stage art, among which Amang's father in the third act of La Traviata was the most successful. At the same time, he greatly processed and recreated the script of Black Slave's Call to Heaven, which reflected the national thoughts of the oppressed people under the persecution of imperialism. In art, it is the first time to adopt the form of drama, which is considered as China's first drama script. The five-act drama "The Record of Black Slaves Calling Heaven" describes that black slaves are ruled by their owners and lent to others. After he invented the machine for others, he was jealous of the original owner, so he was recalled and deeply abused. His wife and children are slaves of another serf-owner, who faces the tragic fate of separation of mother and child because the master wants to pay debts with slaves. They all escaped, deus ex. The play shows the rebellious spirit of the oppressed, and its ideological content is very realistic. The split-act method, the story characteristics of dialogue and action, and the stage image close to real life all indicate that China began to establish an unprecedented new drama form, that is, the later named drama art form.

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Uncle Tom's cabin today is February, 2009 19, and the wind is blowing. The window is like a big ice cave, freezing people's hearts. I don't want to go out because it's too cold. So I read the book Uncle Tom's Cabin at home. This book, written by Mrs. Toth, tells the story of a group of black Americans who were insulted and persecuted under black slavery, and even became tools for white people to make money, teasing dolls and working hard. Uncle Tom, the hero of this book, also went through this process. At first, he had a good master, but later his master was forced to sell Tom to pay his debts, and finally Tom was bought by a gentleman. This gentleman is very kind to Uncle Tom and even regards him as his best assistant. But it didn't last long. It wasn't long before the gentleman died. After the gentleman died, his wife put Tom and others in the slave market for auction. Finally, Uncle Tom was bought by a man named Gregory. From then on, he endured seemingly endless scolding and flogging. When he lived a life inferior to that of people and dogs, they were helpless and helpless. Once, Uncle Tom was beaten by his master for helping a slave. After that, the slaves began to escape again, so this violent riot was blamed on Tom. Finally, Tom died under his whipping. Even so, Uncle Tom never hated that raiguel, but loved him more attentively, so that everyone who was guilty could be freed from his soul. At this time, the wind is still blowing, but at this time, I don't feel so cold, because Uncle Tom's broad mind and belief without hatred will always inspire me and will always exist in my heart. Uncle Tom's Cabin I've always wanted to read a famous book. In this winter vacation, I began to savor Uncle Tom's Cabin. Through the description of Tom, this book tells us that Tom, who was at the mercy of slave owners, could not escape the fate of death. The book mainly describes two characters: one is Tom, who is loyal and wholeheartedly safeguards the interests of his master. The other is Harry, who went through hardships with his parents and finally arrived in Canada successfully. In this book, Tom's experience is sympathetic. He didn't escape when the slaves fled one after another. He has been loyal to his master since he was a child and is willing to be at his mercy. During this period, he was resold to New Orleans and became a slave of the slave owner Harry. In a drowning accident, Tom saved the life of a slave owner's daughter, and the child's father bought Tom from Harry to drive a carriage for his master's house. Soon, the owner was killed in an accident. So Tom was auctioned again. From then on, Tom fell into the hands of the cruel slave owner Legelli. Legelli often flogged slaves at will. Tom endured painful torture, and finally he was beaten to pieces to help two slave girls escape. But Tom finally said nothing. When it was dying, its former owner came to buy Tom, because Tom was its childhood playmate, but Tom finally died black and blue. This book moved me very much, because it described the tragic situation of black slaves. Uncle Tom in the story is very helpful wherever he is. In addition to the advantages of being helpful, he is also very kind, loyal and capable ... He tries to manage the manor for his master. In the book, what those vicious slave owners did was really outrageous. They often beat slaves. The most hateful thing is that they tortured the kind uncle Tom to death, which is simply the devil. After reading this book, I saw the good qualities of kindness, ability and helpfulness from Uncle Tom, and also saw the ugliness of the world. Uncle Tom's Cabin After reading Uncle Tom's Cabin, I felt very angry and sorry. Because in a country that should be beautiful and rich, because people with white skin live in this land, such a simple country has been infected with ruthlessness and reversed black and white. People always think that white is the embodiment of beautiful and kind angels, and black is the representative of evil and vicious demons. But in the story, when the white man bullied the black man, the angel became a demon and drank all the blood of the black man. Uncle Tom's Cabin is a history of black people's blood and tears. Tom, the hero of the story, is an extremely kind person. He believes in God very much and hopes that God will grant him freedom. Although he doesn't know many words, he often tries his best to read the Bible. But it was such a man who believed in God and was kind, and finally died at the hands of cruel slave owners. Isn't there an old saying that "good is rewarded with good, and evil with evil"? Tom has never done a bad thing in his life. Even though he knew he would be sold to the south, he didn't run away. He just waited silently, and didn't even say a bad word to the slave owners who beat themselves cruelly and sold themselves to pay their debts. And God always gives him hope and sends him to hell. Because orphans have lost their parents, relatives and friends and legal protection, they can still do something and have recognized rights and status. However, when slaves lose their masters, they become duckweeds on the water and let the wind and rain beat them. Uncle Tom's Cabin describes all kinds of slave owners and slaves, focusing on Tom who believed in Christ and resigned, as well as slaves who didn't want to lose their freedom and dared to resist, such as Mr. and Mrs. george harris. Through the description of Tom and george harris, two slaves with different personalities, this book tells us that Tom, who was at the mercy of slave owners, could not escape the fate of death, while George and his wife, who dared to resist, struggle and pursue freedom, were reborn. Pathetic! Why are white people as cruel as the dark ones? They only know that they are individuals and need respect from others, but they regard black people as commodities that can be bought and sold and bullied. For example, Hailey, a slave trader, emphasized that he was a gentleman. He said how good he was in front of people and had no shame. In order not to make his mother sad, selling black children means cheating her away first, and then selling the children far away. He actually said that every child is a mother's treasure. I can't imagine and dare not think about how painful it is for a mother to lose her child. After reading this story, I realized that the world is not full of sunshine everywhere, but it still has a dark side. Therefore, I think we should treat all people with care and equality, so that people in trouble can get freedom, happiness and a better life, which constitutes the fuse of that great war-civil war. Unexpectedly, it is this short and lovely lady. She wrote a book, which became a great victory. -American President Mrs. Lincoln Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin is the greatest victory in the history of literature. -The famous American poet henry longfellow's Uncle Tom's Cabin stirred up American surface art, immediately caused a stir and announced a special moment. -American scholar Mrs. James Stowe's The Record of the Black Slave (translated into Uncle Tom's Cabin) describes the sufferings of the black slaves who were abused by the landlords, which made the readers cry, thus provoking a civil war and making the black slaves free. —— The famous writer of the Soviet Union first heard the novel "The Record of Black Slaves Calling Heaven" by the American woman writer Mrs. Stowe, telling the story of the tragic fate and brave struggle of black slaves in the southern United States. She was so excited that she grabbed a handkerchief soaked with tears and threw it on the pillow. She couldn't sleep for a long time. Bing Xin, a famous writer, was first translated and introduced to China by Lin Shu, a writer in Qing Dynasty.