Who knows the origin of the surname "Qin"? What is the distribution situation in our country?

The origin of the surname Qin

There are three sources of the surname Qin:

1. It comes from the surname Ying. The ancestor Boyi was a descendant of Emperor Zhuan Xiang, and later the country was named after him. Shi.

The Qin people with the surname Ying are descendants of Emperor Zhuanxu and take the name of the country. According to the "Yuanhe Surname Compilation" and "Historical Records: Qin Benji", it is said that Zhuanxu had a granddaughter named Nuxiu who was happy and free all day long. One time, she went to play in the wild and picked up a swallow egg. She ate it without hesitation. As a result, she became pregnant and gave birth to her son Gaotao (Daye). Gaotao later married a daughter of the Shaodian clan and gave birth to Boyi (Da Fei). Emperor Shun gave Boyi the surname Ying because of his contribution to Yu's flood control. At the same time, he also married a girl from his own clan named Yao to be his wife. Yao girl gave birth to two sons, the younger son Ruomu is the ancestor of Fei's surname. The eldest son was named Dalian. Because he inherited his father's skill in taming birds and beasts, he was also called the Niaosu family. Niaosu worked conscientiously and was appreciated by Shang Emperor Taiwu, who made him a prince. During the reign of King Zhou of Shang Dynasty, there was a descendant of the Niaosu family named Feilian.

Feilian was a scud, and his son Erai was a strong man. Both father and son became the confidants of King Zhou of Shang. After King Wu of Zhou destroyed Shang, both Feilian and Eilai were killed. Feilian's youngest son Ji Sheng had a great-grandson named Zaofu, who was the charioteer of King Mu of Zhou. He was granted a seal in Zhao City for his contribution in quelling the rebellion of King Xu Yan. At this time, Daluo, a descendant of evil, also came to join Zaofu. Because of Zaofu's favor, he was honored and was granted the title of Quanqiu (now Xingping County, Shaanxi Province, some say northeast of Li County, Gansu Province) by King Mu of Zhou Dynasty. Daluo had a concubine named Feizi who liked working with cattle and sheep since he was a child. When he grew up, he became famous for being good at animal husbandry. He raised well-bred horses for King Zhou Xiao in Taolin (today's Huashan area of ??Shaanxi Province), and the horses multiplied quickly. King Zhou Xiao was very happy and made him a vassal state (lower than the vassal state) in Qingu (now southwest of Tianshui, Gansu Province), and restored his surname to Ying, calling him Qin Ying. Qin Zhong, the third grandson of Feizi, was appointed as a doctor by King Xuan of Zhou Dynasty. Later Qin Zhong was killed by Quan Rong (a minority in the north during the pre-Qin period), but his eldest son finally defeated Quan Rong. When Duke Xianggong of Qin, the son of Duke Zhuang, served in protecting King Ping of Zhou when he moved eastward (770 BC), Qin was promoted to a vassal state. Duke Xianggong's son Wen Gong defeated the Quanrong again and occupied a vast area west of Qishan. The Qin Dynasty first established its state in Yong (now south of Fengxiang, Xifeng, Shaanxi Province). After that, the capital moved many times, including Jiayi (southeast of today's Luochuan County, Shaanxi Province), Pingyang (southeast of today's Baoji City, Shaanxi Province), Yong (now southeast of Baoji City, Shaanxi Province) Fengxiang South, Shaanxi Province), Yueyang County (now northeast of Lintong County, Shaanxi Province) and other places. Later, Duke Mu of Qin swept through the twelve kingdoms and initially established his hegemony in Xirong. However, due to the backward economy and frequent civil strife in the early Warring States Period, the national power gradually declined, and the Wei State captured the Hexi area (the area between today's Northern Luoshui and the Yellow River). Qin Xiaogong appointed Shang Yang to carry out reforms, and the national power gradually increased. He moved the capital to Xianyang (now northeast of Xianyang, Shaanxi Province) and became the first of the seven heroes of the Warring States Period. During the reign of King Hui of Qin, he defeated the State of Wei, regained his power, and finally recaptured Hexi. At one go, he opened up territory to attack the Kingdom of Bashu and captured the Hanzhong of Chu State. King Zhao of Qin continued to attack cities and plunder lands, which seriously damaged the vitality of Wei, Han, Zhao, Chu and other countries. In 22 BC, King Yingzheng of Qin controlled all directions, annexed all directions, and finally destroyed the six kingdoms, unified the world, and established the first unified dynasty in Chinese history. Ying Zheng believed that he had great achievements among the "three emperors and five emperors", so he called himself "the first emperor". Qin Shihuang established Xianyang as the capital, further unifying the southeast and southwest regions. The Qin Dynasty lasted for two generations. Due to its harsh and brutal administration, it was overthrown by Liu Bang in 206 BC and replaced by the Western Han Dynasty. The prince of Qin was killed by Xiang Yu. After the destruction of Qin, the descendants of the royal family took the name of the country. It is called the Qin family.

Secondly, it comes from the surname Ji and is a descendant of King Wen of Zhou Dynasty. During the reign of King Wu of Zhou Dynasty, his younger brother Zhou Gongdan was granted the title of Lu (Qufu, Shandong Province). County northeast) was called Lu Gong. Lu Gong later stayed in the Zhou capital to assist the king of Zhou, and his son Boqin took over the title of Lu. One of his descendants lived in Qin (now south of the old city of Fan County, Henan Province). The most important form of political organization in the Western Zhou Dynasty is the clan system, which originates from the patriarchal family. Its core is the "eldest son's inheritance system", that is, the eldest son is the clan, and the remaining sons are the clan. Xiaozong. For example, the first generation of princes are often the brothers of the king. They are Xiaozong relative to the king, and their eldest son can inherit the princes' title. The other sons are naturally uncles, and they are the princes relative to the princes. Xiao Zong, and so on, are divided into feudal clans at different levels.

The patriarchal system has a profound influence on the generation and evolution of surnames. Generally, the eldest son of a monarch in a vassal state succeeds his father as the monarch; Younger brothers), also called other sons, have no right to inherit the throne. They must branch out to establish their own family, obtain a new clan, and become the ancestor of this branch (new clan). This is what "Book of Rites·Mourning Clothes Xiaoji" says about "farewell" "The son is the ancestor". In this way, some new surnames were often created by other sons and inherited by their eldest son. The Qin surname derived from the surname Ji was started by the non-eldest descendant of Zhou Gongdan, the other son of King Wen of Zhou Dynasty. The inheritance system is as follows :

According to "Ancient and Modern Surname Book Dialectics", when King Wu of Zhou was on the throne, he gave Shaohao's ruins Qufu (today's ancient northeastern city of Qufu County, Shandong Province) to his younger brother Zhou Gongdan, and granted him the title of Zhou Gongdan. He was the Duke of Lu. Later, when King Wu died, King Cheng was still young and incapable of governing independently. Therefore, in order to assist King Cheng, Duke Zhou sent his son Bo Qin (also known as Qin Fu) to the fiefdom of Lu. Today in the southwest of Shandong Province, the capital is Qufu).

Before Boqin set out, Duke Zhou warned him: "Although I (Gong Zhou) am the son of King Wen, the younger brother of King Wu, and the uncle of King Cheng, so I should have a prominent position, I am still afraid of neglecting the virtuous people in the world. It is common to wash one's hair three times and to feed one meal three times. When you go to Lu State now, you must be careful and don't be arrogant because you are the queen of the royal family." After Bo Qin arrived in Lu State, he governed it with all his heart under the guidance of Duke Zhou. He played an important role in putting down the "Three Prisons Rebellion". The state of Lu presented a scene of political purity and peace. The descendants of Bo Qin took the title of official from the public clan and gathered food in Qin Yi (south of the old city of Fan County in present-day Henan Province). There were descendants with Yi as their surname, who were called the Qin family, and their commandery was in Taiyuan County. Most historical records believe that the Qin surname started by Boqin's descendants is the authentic Qin surname. For example, Qin Fei of Lu State, Qin Kai of Yan State, and Qin Shang of Chu State were all descendants of the Qin family of Lu State. This is the origin of the Qin family in Henan or Shandong.

3. People from the ancient Qin Dynasty (i.e. the Roman Empire) came to China and those who stayed in China had the surname Qin.

The "Book of the Later Han Dynasty" says: The Qin Dynasty "is surrounded by the western sea, but the land route is from the northwest", and "the east, west, north and south are thousands of miles away. There are more than 400 cities. The land is rich in gold and silver and rare treasures, and there is night light." Bi, moon beads, rhinoceros, fire cloth, coral, amber, colored glaze, langgan, vermilion, blue and green, rare and strange things." In other miscellaneous notes on geography or unofficial history, there are also many mentions of rare and exotic objects produced in the Qin Dynasty. The Great Qin mentioned in Chinese history books actually refers to the Roman Empire. Through the Silk Road, ancient my country and the Qin Dynasty strengthened exchanges in many aspects such as economy and culture.

In the ninth year of Emperor Yongyuan of the Eastern Han Dynasty (97), Ban Chao was ordered to use Gan Ying as his envoy to go to Daqin. Gan Ying and his party set out from Qiuci (now Kuqa, Xinjiang), passed through Tiaozhi (now Iraq), Parthia (now Iran) and other countries, and arrived at the Persian Gulf on the western boundary of Parthia. Due to drastic changes in sea weather and turbid waves, it was difficult to sail. Can reach Daqin. In 166, the Emperor of Qin sent envoys to China with many gifts. During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Jin Dynasty, the Qin Dynasty once again sent envoys to China to establish good relations. In the following dynasties, China and the Qin Dynasty had closer exchanges. For example, in the Tang Dynasty, the discovery of Chinese monuments that made Nestorianism popular in the Qin Dynasty is a further evidence of this.

After the people of the Qin Dynasty came to China either as envoys or doing business, they were often willing to stay in China because of China's abundant resources, beautiful mountains and rivers, and highly developed culture, and were reluctant to go back. These people followed the customs and habits of the Han people and took "Qin" as their surname. Since then, descendants have multiplied in China from generation to generation. These people became one of the ancestors of the Qin surname. Such as Qin Lun, a businessman during the Three Kingdoms period. In ancient times, the Western Regions and Europe mostly called China Qin. Later, Western countries called China "China", which is a change in the sound of "Qin".

The surname Qin was the ancestor of the surname

Boyi. Emperor Zhuanxu had a granddaughter named Nu Xiu. She became pregnant and gave birth to a son by eating swallow eggs. Daye's son Boyi assisted Dayu (the leader of the ancient alliance tribes who successfully controlled floods and became Shun's heir) for his merits in flood control. Emperor Shun gave him the surname Ying and married his children with the surname Yao. Feizi, a descendant of Boyi, was famous for being good at animal husbandry. He raised fine horses for King Xiao of Zhou Dynasty, which won King Xiao's favor. He made him a vassal in Qinting, Longxi (today's east of Zhangjiachuan, Gansu Province) and restored his surname to Ying. , called Qin Ying. During the Warring States Period, Qin Xiaogong appointed Shang Yang to carry out reforms, and the country gradually became stronger and stronger. In 221 BC, King Yingzheng of Qin conquered the six kingdoms, unified the world, and established the first feudal dynasty in Chinese history. In 206 BC, the Qin Dynasty fell, and the descendants of the royal family took the name of the country and called them Qin. Boyi thus became the ancestor of the Qin surname.

The history of the migration of the Qin surname

Before the Wei and Jin Dynasties

The historical stage from the pre-Qin to the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties is the stage from the birth to the initial development of the Qin surname.

The earliest people with the Qin surname were the descendants of Emperor Zhuanxu and Ying, who mainly lived in the northwest area at that time. The descendants of Huangdi Ji were mostly in the east. During the Warring States Period, people with the Qin surname began to move northward, reaching what is now Hebei Province. Since then, due to war and other reasons, they have been distributed in Henan, Shandong, Hebei, Shaanxi, Hubei and other places. At the beginning of the Western Han Dynasty, the old aristocrats of the Six Kingdoms and some local powerful people were so powerful that they even threatened the authority of the central government. In order to consolidate the rule of the Han Dynasty and eliminate local forces in various places, Liu Bang, the emperor of the Han Dynasty, adopted Lou Jing (Liu Jing)'s suggestion and moved the descendants of the nobles of the Six Kingdoms and the powerful families of Guandong to Guanzhong to put them under the supervision of the central government. The number of migrants is approximately 200,000. Among them, a wealthy family named Qin from Shandong moved to Fufeng Maoling (now northeast of Xingping County, Shaanxi Province) and later developed into a wealthy family. At the same time, some people with the Qin surname moved to Gansu, Jiangsu, Sichuan, Beijing and other places. Around the end of the Han Dynasty or the Three Kingdoms period, a branch of the Qin surname derived from the descendants of the Ji surname moved to Shanxi, and later formed a large county, Taiyuan County. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, some people with the Qin surname moved southward. At the same time, a large county was formed in today's Gansu Province, namely Tianshui County.

During the Spring and Autumn Period, the grandson of Bo Qin was granted the title of Qin Yi in the State of Lu, and his descendants took Yi as their surname, thus giving rise to the Qin family name of Ji. This Qin surname originated in Fan County, Henan Province and Qufu, Shandong Province. From the beginning, it spread to Shaanxi Province and Hubei Province. During the Warring States Period, they moved northward to present-day Hebei Province. By the end of the Warring States Period, after three to four hundred years of development, the Qin family with the Ji surname was widely distributed in Henan, Shandong, Hebei, Shaanxi, Hubei and other places. Generally speaking, the Qin surname active on the historical stage of the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods was mainly the Qin surname Ji.

The Qin surname originated from the hometown of Qin in Tianshui, Gansu, and was the Qin family with the surname Ying. After the fall of Qin in 206 BC, the descendants of the royal family took the name of the country, and most of them lived in Shaanxi.

Another branch of the Qin surname originated in Fan County, Henan Province and Qufu, Shandong Province, and later developed into the mainstream of the Qin surname. This Qin surname first spread to Shaanxi and Hubei, and then moved northward to Hebei during the Warring States Period. By the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, it had spread throughout Henan, Shandong, Hebei, Shaanxi, Hubei and other places. At the beginning of the Western Han Dynasty, Emperor Gaozu of the Han Dynasty moved the descendants of the nobles of the Six Kingdoms and the powerful forces of Guandong to Guanzhong in order to eliminate the aristocrats and powerful forces of Fang. Among them, a powerful family surnamed Qin moved to Fufeng Maoling (today's northeast of Xingping County, Shaanxi Province). Developed into a prominent local family. At the same time, Qin surnames have moved into Gansu, Jiangsu, Sichuan, Beijing and other places. Around the end of the Han Dynasty or the Three Kingdoms period, one branch of the Qin surname descended from the descendants of the Ji surname moved to Shanxi and gradually developed into Taiyuan County. The migration of the Qin surname to the south began before the Qin Dynasty.

Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties

The Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties of the Three Kingdoms were the second period of great turmoil in Chinese history. Regimes changed frequently, wars continued, and people often followed the wars. The situation forced them to move around, and the Qin clan people in various places were no exception. Among them, a branch of the Qin family named Ji moved to Shanxi, where it took root and developed, and later formed a major county with the Qin surname, Taiyuan County. At the same time, the Qin clan members in Gansu Province were able to develop more fully because they were relatively far away from the center of the war. Tianshui County, another major county with the Qin surname, was formed here.

Compared with the north, the disasters of war in the Soochow area during the Three Kingdoms period were smaller. At the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, a large number of common people and many wealthy nobles followed Emperor Sima Rui of Jin and Yuan Dynasties and fled to the south of the Yangtze River. Sima Rui relied on them to establish a political power in the south, which was called the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Anyone who crossed the river with them was called "Qiaoqiao" by the locals. "People", including many people with the surname Qin. As a result, they mainly thrived in Jiangsu and Zhejiang, and then flourished in Jiangnan. In terms of residential population, Wuxi, Kuaiji, Shanyin and Ningbo are the most concentrated. During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, the south was still relatively stable, and people with the Qin surname were further developed in the south and had a profound influence. Many later outstanding people with the surname Qin came from Jiangnan.

During the Wei Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the Northern Conquests continued, and the people of the Qin family moved south again to avoid the chaos. At the same time, another large county was formed in today's Gansu Province, namely Tianshui County. After the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the Qin surname has been distributed in many places in Gongnan, among which Wuxi, Jiangsu, Kuaiji, Shanyin and Ningbo, Zhejiang are the most concentrated. During the Tang and Song dynasties, it spread throughout most of Jiangnan, and after the Ming and Qing dynasties, it spread throughout the country.

The migration distribution of the Qin surname

The Qin surname in our country is mainly divided into two branches, namely the northwest branch and the eastern and southeastern branches. The former branch is the descendant of Zhuanxu Ying, and its birthplace is the old Qin land in Tianshui, Gansu Province. Since the fall of the Qin Dynasty, their clans have taken the country's name as their surname, and most of their descendants live in Shaanxi and other places. The latter branch is the descendant of the Huangdi Ji surname. Its birthplace is in Fan County, Henan Province and Qufu, Shandong Province. It later developed into the mainstream of the reproduction of the Qin surname in my country, and it spread to Shaanxi Province and Hubei Province from the beginning. During the Warring States Period, people with the Qin surname moved northward and developed into what is today Hebei Province. In the pre-Qin period, the Qin surname was distributed in Henan, Shaanxi, Shandong, Hubei, Hebei and other places. In the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, in order to eliminate the old nobles and powerful forces in various places and maintain the centralized rule of the Han Dynasty, Liu Bang, the emperor of the Han Dynasty, adopted Lou Jing's (Liu Jing) suggestion and migrated the descendants of the nobles of the Six Kingdoms to Guandong (today's Tongguan, Shaanxi Province). The wealthy families from the area to the east of Guanzhong came to Guanzhong, thus placing it under the supervision of the central government. The population was about 200,000. Among them was a wealthy family named Qin from Shandong who moved to Fufeng Maoling (today's Xingxing, Shaanxi Province). Northeast of Ping County). This Qin family had a prosperous population and many officials, so it was known as the "Wanshi Qin family" and became a prominent local family. At the same time, people with the Qin surname have moved to Gansu, Jiangsu, Sichuan, Beijing and other places. Around the end of the Han Dynasty or the Three Kingdoms period, a branch of the Qin surname derived from the descendants of the Ji surname moved into Shanxi and later formed a large county, Taiyuan County. The migration of the Qin surname to the south began before the Qin Dynasty. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, due to the continuous wars in the north, the Qin surname moved south again. At the same time, a large county was formed in today's Gansu Province, namely Tianshui County. After the Wei and Jin Dynasties, it has been distributed in many places in the south of the Yangtze River, mainly in Jiangsu and Zhejiang. Among them, Wuxi in Jiangsu and Shaoxing and Ningbo in Zhejiang are the most concentrated. During the Song, Yuan and Ming dynasties, people with the Qin surname moved to Guangxi, Anhui, Guizhou, Fujian, Beijing, Shanghai and other provinces and cities. From the Qing Dynasty to modern times, they were more widely distributed across the country, and many of them immigrated overseas. , thus allowing the surname Qin to be broadcast more widely and the branches and leaves to become more luxuriant. The Qin surname is the 78th most common surname in China today. It has a large population, accounting for about 0.27% of the country's Han population.