How to answer the big question of geography in senior three? You can't answer all the big questions, otherwise it will be biased.

(1) Characteristic question: To answer this kind of question, we must first make clear whether the question asks the characteristics of geographical things themselves or the distribution characteristics of geographical things; Secondly, we should master the methods to describe the characteristics of geographical things.

1. Landform (landform) features are mainly summarized from landform types (plateaus, mountains, hills, plains, basins, valleys or river valleys, alluvial fans and deltas), ground undulations (steep slopes, relative height differences), altitude, etc. Usually, the characteristics of terrain are described from the changing trend of terrain, such as "high in the west and low in the east; Tilt from southeast to northwest ",etc. The judgment method can be judged according to the contour line or the flow direction of the river.

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Example 1. The above picture shows the plan and topographic profile of a small area in the subtropical monsoon climate zone of China. On this basis, the terrain features of three sections are briefly described.

AA' section shows wide valleys (basins) in mountains (low mountains and hills).

The BB' section shows the middle-deep ("V"-shaped) valleys (canyons) in the mountains.

The CC profile shows valleys in hilly areas.

2. The characteristics of geographical environment are mainly summarized from topography, climate (temperature, precipitation), vegetation status, land types (desert, grassland, woodland, cultivated land) and rivers.

Example 2: Sandstorm refers to a special weather phenomenon that strong winds roll up a lot of dust from the ground, making the horizontal visibility of the atmosphere less than 1km. Figure A shows the main activity paths of sandstorms and the frequent areas of severe sandstorms in China.

Yi Tu

Explain the surface environmental characteristics of sandstorm-prone areas in Figure A. 。

The focus of the answer is drought and semi-drought; There is little development of rivers; Surface desert and sandy soil are widely distributed; Vegetation is scarce.

3. Climate characteristics are mainly summarized from the aspects of temperature (seasonal variation, annual amplitude), precipitation (annual precipitation, seasonal variation) and seasonal variation (length of winter and summer seasons).

Example 3. Compare the similarities and differences of climate characteristics between San Francisco and Los Angeles.

The answer is the same: all have Mediterranean climate, with high temperature and dryness in summer and mild and rainy in winter.

Difference: the rainy season in San Francisco is longer than that in Los Angeles, and the annual precipitation is greater; The dry and hot season in Los Angeles is longer than that of old Chinese fir.

4. Hydrological characteristics of rivers are summarized from the following aspects: discharge, flood season length, sediment concentration, ice conditions (ice age, ice flood) and so on.

Example 4: Analyze the hydrological characteristics of the Yellow River.

The key point of the answer is that the flow is small and the flow changes seasonally. Annual changes are great, summer flood season and flood season are short, sediment concentration is large, ice age is short, and there is ice flood phenomenon.

5. The characteristics of agricultural production are mainly summarized from agricultural geographical types, crop types and output per unit area, agricultural sector structure (proportion), agricultural mechanization level, agricultural production and management mode and specialization level.

6. The characteristics of industrial production are mainly summarized from the aspects of industrial development, industrial sector structure, industrial technology level, sales of industrial products, dependence of industrial raw materials and energy on the international market.

(2) the reason. 1. Analysis of the causes of natural environment characteristics.

This kind of questions are high-frequency questions in the college entrance examination in recent years. The common test method is: in small-scale maps (mostly in multiple-choice questions and large-scale plans), the geographical pattern factors are generally tested, namely latitude factors and wind zones, pressure zones and monsoon circulation. In large-scale maps (mostly in non-choice questions and small-scale plans), geographical local factors, namely topographic factors, ocean current factors, thermal differences between land and sea and human factors, are generally considered.

For example, the analysis of climate causes usually starts with the factors that affect the temperature: latitude-solar radiation (isotherm is roughly parallel to latitude), ocean current-cold and warm current (cold current cools and dehumidifies, warm current warms and humidifies), land-sea distribution-land-sea temperature difference (isotherm is roughly parallel to coastline), topography-landform (isotherm is roughly parallel to contour), human-vegetation destruction and urban heat island. Factors affecting precipitation: wind belt, pressure belt-circulation situation (westerly belt, low pressure belt, rainy sea breeze), topography-windward slope, leeward slope, ocean current-cold and warm current, people-analyze the destruction and protection of forests, grasslands, lakes and wetlands.

Example 5. Precipitation variability is the percentage of the average deviation between precipitation and the average precipitation for many years, and it is an index to measure the stability of precipitation. Read the contour map of precipitation variability in a certain place in China and answer the following questions.

1. According to the distribution analysis of precipitation variability isoline in the figure, what is the obvious law of precipitation variability distribution?

Key points of the answer: the less precipitation, the greater the precipitation variability, and vice versa; The precipitation variability in northern Xinjiang is small, while that in southern Xinjiang is large.

This paper tries to analyze the main reasons for the small precipitation variability in land A and land B, and the key point of the answer is that land A is affected by topographic uplift, with more precipitation and smaller precipitation variability; Block B is located in Hexi Corridor, and influenced by Feng Li, there is more precipitation, so the precipitation variability is smaller.

2. Land desertification is the main eco-environmental problem in this area. In order to curb the trend of desertification, some people think that planting grass and shrubs is better than planting trees. Try to analyze the reasons. The key point of the answer is that there is little precipitation, arid climate, large evaporation and strong wind in this area, which is not conducive to the growth of trees; The growth of trees needs a lot of water, which easily leads to more drought in this area; Grass and shrubs are short, with developed roots, strong wind-resistant and sand-fixing ability, low water demand and easy to survive in arid areas.

2. Analysis of the causes of geographical disasters: comprehensive analysis from three angles of "heaven, earth and people".

Example 6: Explain the frequent floods in Huaihe River in summer?

Reason: ① Days (climatic factors)-Summer precipitation in Huaihe River Basin is concentrated, with heavy rain.

(2) Land (landform)-fan-shaped water system with fast catchment; The lower reaches of the river are low and flat, which used to be a flood area of the Yellow River with a high riverbed. Soil erosion and shallow river bed; Reclaiming land around lakes and beaches reduces the water storage capacity of rivers and lakes.

3. Analysis of the causes of the temporal and spatial characteristics of geographical things. In this kind of examination questions, atmospheric movement, seasonal changes (sun height, day and night length) and river water supply are the most important. For example, climate change and weather change are mostly analyzed from the near-surface thermal circulation, including "heat (high temperature) low (air pressure) rising (airflow rising) rain (rain caused by cloud formation); Cold (low temperature) high (air pressure) sinking (airflow sinking) sunny (dry sunny) "for logical analysis. For example, according to the analysis of river water supply types, the northeast region is replenished by snow water in spring and rainwater in summer; The spring rain precipitation in Jiangnan is moderate, and the summer rain supply is large; The northwest is the snow and ice water supply in the mountainous area in summer; South China is replenished by frontal rain in spring and typhoon rain in midsummer. The Mediterranean climate is provided by winter rain.

(3) Distribution law The distribution law of geographical things is mainly summarized from two aspects: spatial distribution (whether it is uniform or not, the law of spatial change) and temporal distribution (the size of seasonal and interannual changes). For example, the distribution characteristics of precipitation in China: uneven distribution, decreasing from the southeast coast to the northwest inland, more in summer and autumn, less in winter and spring, and great seasonal and interannual changes.

(4) evaluation. There are two points to pay attention to when answering such questions: 1. According to the requirements of the topic, explain the problem from both advantages and disadvantages; 2. Comprehensive analysis of natural, social and economic development.

Example 7: Briefly evaluate the development conditions of agricultural resources in low mountains and hills of South China and how to rectify and develop them.

The key points of the answer are favorable: rich light, heat and water resources, diverse biological species, high yield and diverse land types; Disadvantages: Various meteorological disasters, serious soil erosion, barren red soil, domestic energy shortage, great potential for agricultural development and little difficulty in development. Comprehensive development: ① develop three-dimensional agriculture and ecological agriculture; ② Serialization development of superior agricultural products; ③ Ecological construction, closing hillsides to facilitate afforestation, soil and water conservation, and solving the problem of farmers' energy consumption.

(5) inference. According to the material, examine the meaning of the topic, go back to the textbook, make logical reasoning, draw a conclusion and express it accurately.

Example 8. The figure below is a schematic diagram of the global annual temperature distribution (unit℃), and the dotted line in the figure indicates the northern limit of rice planting. map reading

Complete the following questions.

1. What is the annual temperature difference between the southern hemisphere and the northern hemisphere? Please analyze the reasons. 2. Analyze the main reasons for the rapid change of temperature in annual range in the first line from A to B in the figure. 3. Where is the smallest change of global temperature within a year? Please analyze the reasons. 4. What is the main reason for the closure of annual range isoline with temperature at point D? 5. Which continent has the highest temperature all year round? Please analyze the reason?

6. The third place in the picture is the region with the highest rice planting latitude in the northern hemisphere, and the climatic reasons for this phenomenon are analyzed.

[Key points] 1. The annual temperature in the southern hemisphere is lower than that in the northern hemisphere. The underlying surface of the southern hemisphere is single (the ocean area is vast).

2. Affected by land and sea location and topography. 3. Equator. The annual variation of solar altitude angle is small; The ocean is vast.

4. Affected by topography (altitude). The Asian continent is vast. The latitude span between north and south is large.

6. Monsoon climate, high temperature and rainy in summer, with both rain and heat.

(6) position. The analysis of industrial, agricultural, urban, commercial and transportation location problems is carried out from two aspects: nature and humanistic society. Such as industrial location analysis can be summarized from the following aspects:

(1) Resources-Industry should be built in areas rich in mineral resources. What raw materials are available and what industries are suitable for development?

(2) Water source-close to the water source, thus providing sufficient industrial water (and cheap water transportation).

(4) Terrain-Choose a flat and open area with broad development prospects.

The topography of valleys and basins is easy to form inversion temperature, and the waste gas is not suitable for diffusion, so it is impossible to lay out metallurgy, chemical industry and other industries.

(3) Transportation-distributed along the transportation line, which can provide sufficient fuel and raw materials, and also facilitate the output of products and the commuting of employees.

⑤ Environment-downwind area of the dominant wind direction, suburb where the monsoon area is perpendicular to the dominant wind direction, upwind direction of the minimum wind frequency, and outside the urban thermal circulation; Enterprises that produce sewage are located downstream of rivers or far away from water sources. High-tech industries are located in beautiful areas.

⑥ Away from the city-small-scale, pollution-free industrial layout is in the urban area; Industrial layout with serious environmental pollution should be far away from urban areas.

⑦ Land rent —— Located in the periphery of the city, the land rent is low.

⑧ Setting protective belt —— Set protective belt between industrial area and residential area to reduce direct pollution to residential area and beautify the environment.

Example 9: Read the following materials, analyze and answer related questions.

Material1:February 28th, 2005. A few days ago, the National Development and Reform Commission officially gave an official reply, agreeing in principle to Shougang's plan of pressure production relocation, structural adjustment and environmental treatment, and agreeing to build an internationally advanced iron and steel joint venture in Caofeidian, Tangshan area, Hebei Province, as the carrier of Shougang's relocation. Material 2: Schematic diagram of Shougang relocation.

1. What are the main location factors of Shougang?

2. The biggest constraint on Shougang's development is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

A. it covers a large area and has a high land price. Environmental pollution is serious. C. the energy consumption is too high. The transportation pressure is high. D. unreasonable organization and low economic benefits.

3. Shougang can build a modern iron and steel enterprise similar to Baosteel after moving to Caofeidian. The following statement is correct.

① After the relocation, the reorganization of Shougang and Tangshan Iron and Steel Company can be completed, and the scale effect can be exerted. ② Giving full play to the comprehensive advantages of the new base in terms of products, cost, scale and benefits can limit the development scale of small factories and voluntarily withdraw from or merge into the group with market competition. (3) It is conducive to comprehensively enhancing the status of iron and steel industry in North China and even China in international competition. More importantly, Shougang has gained a rare opportunity for its own development through relocation. ④ The transportation is faster, and it is more convenient to import iron ore from abroad.

A.①②④ B.②③④ C.①②③ D.①③④

Caofeidian Port is located between Tanggu New Port and Qinhuangdao Port. What are the advantages of building an internationally advanced steel plant in Caofeidian as a carrier for Shougang's relocation?

[Reference Answer] 1. Resources, energy and market. 2 B，3 C

4.① Caofeidian is one of the few large-scale deep-water ports in China, and it can dock 250,000-ton ships without excavating artificial waterways and harbor basins. It is beneficial for iron and steel enterprises to make full use of domestic and foreign markets and resources to obtain raw materials and products;

② Jidong area is one of the largest iron ore areas in China. At present, it is well protected and undeveloped, which can provide reliable iron ore guarantee for steel mills:

③ The beach between Caofeidian Island and the land is vast, so the factory can be built without occupying cultivated land; Caofeidian iron and steel production has a long history and strong technical force.