The jingle about longitude and latitude lines is a compulsory course in senior high school geography.

Water, gold, fire, wood, earth, Neptune, Pluto around;

Only life on earth exists, and warm gas, liquid and water are caused by the edge.

(1) temperature, suitable temperature. Qi, an atmosphere suitable for biological breathing.

2. Characteristics of the Earth

The equator is slightly bulging and the poles are slightly flat.

From west to east, time began to change.

North and South are parallel lines, which are relatively equal circles.

Things are longitude lines, which form parallel circles separately;

The equator is the longest, and polarization is the focus.

3. Division of East, West, North and Southern Hemisphere

20 degrees west longitude, 0/60 degrees east longitude,

Generally speaking, the eastern hemisphere and the western hemisphere.

Northern and southern hemispheres, equatorial zero latitude,

The four seasons are temperate, and the north and south are opposite.

4. Day and night alternation and seasonal changes

The earth rotates and changes day and night.

Around the sun, four seasons appear.

One day rotates, one year revolves.

From west to east, the direction remains the same.

5. Five regions of the earth

The earth has five regions, all separated by four lines;

Back to the tropics, the polar circle is divided into cold and warm;

There are two cold temperatures and five areas with uneven temperatures.

(1) Temperature refers to temperature.

6. Map direction

Identify the direction of the map and put it in front of you;

From north to south, from left to west and from right to east.

The plot is easy to distinguish, but the latitude and longitude network is difficult;

Weft refers to the north-south and east-west warp circles.

Polar projection, with special direction:

For the northern hemisphere, the heart is four Nan Zhou;

In the east-west direction of the northern latitude circle, the rotation is counterclockwise.

For the southern hemisphere, north and south around the heart;

South latitude circle east and west, rotate clockwise.

7. continents and oceans

The total surface area of the earth is * * * 501 million;

The percentage of land and water is 7 1 ocean.

Six continents, including islands and seven continents;

Asia, Africa, North and South America, Antarctic Ocean Europe.

Water is four oceans, and peace is the deepest and widest;

Daxi "S" shape, Indian Arctic Ocean.

Plate structure, six plates are combined together;

The plot is relatively stable, and there are many earthquakes at the junction.

8. Location of oceans and continents

The ocean is bounded by the mainland, and the mainland is bounded by the ocean.

The Pacific Ocean is the first of the four oceans and lies between Asia and Australia.

The Atlantic Ocean is in the southwest of North America, and the east coast is very important to Europe and Africa.

The Indian Ocean is adjacent to Asia, Africa and Australia, and the south is connected by Sanyo Water.

The Arctic Ocean has the smallest water surface, including Asia, Europe and North America.

9. The boundaries and locations of the seven continents

The surface of the earth covers a large area, and Asia, Europe, Africa and the United States are all in the south.

Asia and Europe are integrated, and Ulagao adds points to both sides;

Asia and Africa were originally connected, and the Suai Canal was cut off.

Asia and North America are separated by water, with the Bering Strait in the middle;

China and the United States came to bring the North and the South together, and the Bana Canal was blocked.

Oceania is small in size and seems to be broken.

Asia, Europe, Africa and the Eastern Hemisphere, and North and South America occupy the Western Hemisphere.

Only the Antarctic is independent, and the ice sheet is called the plateau.

(1) ocean, Oceania. America, South America and North America. South, Antarctica.

② Wula, Ural Mountain and ural river. Goga, Caucasus mountains.

③ Suez Canal, Suez Canal.

(4) Bana Canal and Panama Canal.

10, topography of seven continents

(1) Asia

The terrain in Asia is mixed, and the height in the middle is surrounded by depressions.

The alluvial plain is wide and the mountain plateau is large.

River radiation, water resources can be boasted.

(2) Europe

The peninsula has many seas and segments;

The mountains live in the north and south, and the central plain is low;

Flat terrain, the first altitude.

(3) North America

The eastern plateau is connected with the mountainous area, and the western mountainous area is connected with the plateau.

The east and west alternate high continents, which are called lakes and seas in the world.

(4) South America

The Andes are located in the western and eastern plains and plateaus.

Topographic world first, plateau and plain first.

The mountains in the west are the longest and the Amazon River basin is very wide.

Rainforest ranks first in the world, and grassland is pampas grassland.

5] Africa

With an average elevation of 600 meters, it is called the mainland plateau continent.

The eastern plateau is integrated with the western desert plain.

[6] Oceania

Community, divided into two areas,

One continent, two islands.

The continent is high from east to west with a basin in the middle.

(7) Antarctica

Surrounded by Sanyo, it has accumulated ice and snow for many years;

More than two thousand meters, the highest altitude.

1 1, seabed topography

Shallow sea continental shelf and outer continental slope;

The ridge and seabed of the ocean basin are unpredictable.

12, topographic change

Terrain changes, internal forces and external forces add up.

The sea has changed and the internal strength has increased;

Keywords plate movement, stretching and extrusion,

Faults and folds, high depressions;

Volcanic earthquake, plate margin.

External forces should not be underestimated;

Keywords wind, waves, water and ice, erosion change,

Over time, cut high and fill low.

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Weather: cloudy, sunny, rainy, snowy, cold and windy for a short time.

Climate: average annual spring, summer, autumn and winter.

14, temperature distribution law

Temperature distribution is different, from high latitude to low latitude;

Land is different from the ocean. In summer, the land temperature is high and the ocean temperature is low.

The height of the terrain also has an impact, with a difference of 6℃ per kilometer.

15, the harm of global warming

Air pollution and global warming;

Glaciers melted and the coast was flooded.

Measures are urgently needed.

16, the formation of wind

High temperature and high gas rise under low pressure;

Gas comes from high pressure and flows to form wind.

17, earth pressure area

High pressure zone 4 and low pressure zone 3:

Between 5 degrees north and south latitude, high temperature gas appears,

Equatorial depression, convenient precipitation;

30 degrees north and south, deflection under airflow,

Sub-hot high air pressure, less rain and frequent droughts;

Polar pressure is low, close to the poles;

60 degrees north and south, extremely low.

18, geowind zone

The pressure belt is separated, and there are six wind belts:

Trade winds surround the equator, and easterly winds emerge from the poles.

North-south westerly belt, 40-60 degrees.

19, precipitation formation conditions

The air is full and the temperature drops;

Condensed nucleus, collision;

Weight gain, rain and snow.

20, precipitation distribution law

Equatorial high temperature, more precipitation:

The poles are cold and precipitation is difficult.

Tropic of Cancer, divided into the west;

Keywords continental west coast, subtropical high,

The trade winds are blowing, and the precipitation is insufficient;

The land on the east coast, the reason of monsoon,

The climate is warm and the precipitation is abundant.

Mid-latitude, inside;

Away from the ocean, the climate is dry.

2 1, factors affecting climate

The factors affecting climate should be considered from four aspects;

Latitude is the first, and the equatorial poles are very different;

Followed by land and sea, the summer in the open sea is cool;

Terrain is also very important, don't be cold and windy;

Ocean currents should not be underestimated, and warm currents will enrich the water.

22. Distribution and characteristics of terrestrial natural zones

Vegetation animals change with the abnormal surface climate.

There are three types of heat and temperature in the distribution of natural zones;

Vertical variation of tundra ice sheet belt and mountains in sub-frigid zone

On the equatorial edge of the tropical rain forest, high temperature and rainy trees are towering;

Orangutans and apes often appear, and hippos and elephants are not uncommon.

The savanna is sandwiched on both sides, and Africa and South America are the most vast;

In wet and dry seasons, the north and the south are opposite, and the trees are sparse and the grass is dense.

Lions, rhinos, zebras and giraffes migrate to aquatic plants in the dry season.

Tropic of Cancer, the largest region in Africa and Australia;

There are few vegetation and sand dunes, and ostriches and camels are hungry and drought-tolerant.

Temperate deserts live on land and can be seen in Asia, America, Australia and Africa.

It is hot in summer and cold in winter, and the vegetation is not easy to dry.

Temperate grassland has four distinct seasons, many of which are in the middle of the northern hemisphere;

When there is little rain, the grass is particularly short, and antelope rabbits are the most common.

Temperate forests are lush, but pandas and sika deer are rare.

In the coniferous forest in the northern sub-cold zone, pine spruce can resist cold;

In most parts of Asia, America and Northern Europe, animals change their feathers in winter and summer.

The tundra climate is long and cold in winter, the northernmost part of Asia, Europe and America;

Plants lichens and mosses, endemic animals reindeer.

Antarctic ice sheets and icebergs, penguin seals near the coast;

In the Arctic and Greenland, the white bear walrus is not afraid of cold.

23. World natural resources

(1) Land resources

Land resources and living conditions;

Returning farmland to forests and grasslands, deforestation and floods,

Loss and desertification, more people and less land,

Take measures to control * * *.

(2) Water resources

There is much water on the ground, and the sea is vast;

Only fresh water resources can be used.

Underground rivers and lakes are more distributed;

It is more difficult to meet the demand.

Protect resources and save money first;

Planting trees and preventing pollution.

Seawater desalination, for a long time.

(3) Forest resources

Forest use: provide wood,

Hidden water source, increase humidity;

Protect fields from wind and soil erosion;

Purify the air, ① "natural scheduling".

Protect resources and insert synchronization.

① Adjust and adjust the atmospheric composition. Clean and purify.

(4) Mineral resources

There are many kinds of minerals, among which coal, iron and oil are the most important.

Russian, Pakistani, China, Australian, Indian, Canadian and American countries have high iron ore reserves.

Coal mines are from China, the United States and Russia, and the coal quality in Asia, Europe and North America is good;

Oil is concentrated in the Middle East, Russia, the United States, China, Mexico and Britain.

(1) Pakistan and Brazil. India. India.

24. World population distribution

The world population lives in East Asia and South Asia;

North America and Eastern Europe are densely populated;

This is a coastal plain with a humid and warm climate.

Agriculture has a long history and industrial and commercial cities are developed.

Population issues.

The population is developing too fast, and the environmental resources are damaged;

The migration of population to cities has brought many unfavorable factors:

Housing, transportation, water and electricity, medical education and employment.

26, the world race problem

Racial differences in the world depend on skin, hair and eyes.

Bai lives in Europe and America, and Huang lives in Yadong.

Black people are no strangers to the United States, and racial discrimination is light.

Ocean, Oceania, the word "foreign" behind it is the same.

27, the world's major languages

There are 2000 nationalities in the world, many of which have their own languages.

Chinese is used the most, in southeast China and Asia;

English is widely used in Britain, Australia, North America and India.

Russian is relatively concentrated, and Latin American Spanish invades ②;

French is very beautiful in the world, mainly in France;

Arabic, Asia and Africa is an important international language.

28. The three major religions in the world

World Religion III, Fujian Islam.

One billion Christians are widely distributed in Europe and America.

Buddhism originated in India and returned to true Islam.

600 million Muslims, the most common in Asia and Africa.

(1) Europe and America, Europe, America and Oceania.

29. Countries with a world population of more than 1 billion.

China, India, the United States, Nigeria and Russia, as well as Pakistan, Nigeria and Bangladesh.

India. India. Nepal, Indonesia.

② Ba, the first word "Ba" refers to Brazil, and the second word "Ba" refers to Pakistan. Nigeria. This sentence can be remembered by the image language "I was hungry because I was short of rice (the homonym of Nepal), and I dreamed of it on the eighth day".

30. Questions about countries around the world

Among the 180 countries in the world, Russia and Canada are the largest.

Territorial waters, land, sea and air, as well as the national boundaries between the two countries have been demarcated.

Department information of political system, the most