Brief introduction of du fu's life

Du Fu, with beautiful words, was born in Gongxian County, Henan Province in the first year of the Tang Dynasty (7 12). Father's name is leisure, which is the magistrate of Fengtian County. Grandfather was named as a member of the Food Department in the era of Wu Zetian. Great-grandfather in accordance with the arts, and finally worked as Gongxian county magistrate. Du Zu was born in Xiangyang, Hubei Province, and later moved to Gong County.

Du Yu, the thirteenth ancestor of Du Fu, is the most outstanding ancestor of Du Fu, who is good at all kinds of knowledge. During the Spring and Autumn Period, Zuo's Letter was written. Wei, Wu and Shu were great generals when they were in a tripartite confrontation, and they conquered the State of Wu, which was called "Duwuku" in history. Du Fu inherited the tradition laid by his distant ancestors, and deeply regarded the Confucian thought of governing the country and calming the world as his lifelong principle.

Grandfather Du Shen Yan left the tradition of Du Fu's poetry. In the early Tang literary world, Shen Yan, Li Qiao, Cui Rong and Su Weidao were called "Four Friends of Articles". They are not only well written, but also famous for their five-character poems. Du Fu has always been proud of his grandfather, and later praised him in Shu's To Qiu Ge, a monk in Shu.

Du Fu was born in the year when Xuanzong ascended the throne. His father Du Fu was an official outside, his mother died when Du Fu was young, and several siblings were born to his stepmother Lu. Du Fu was ill when he was a child and had no mother. When he was four years old, he lived in the aunt's house of Renfeng in Jianchunmen, Luoyang. Once Du Fu and his aunt's son were seriously ill at the same time, and her aunt went all out to take care of him at the expense of her son. This great and loving affection was deeply branded in Du Fu's heart, which cultivated his upright temperament.

Du Fu wrote his first poem when he was seven years old. He said in the poem "Zhuangyou":

At the age of seven, I thought I was strong. I sang Phoenix.

Nine-year-old books have big characters, and some of them have been made into schoolbags.

When he was fourteen or fifteen years old, he had the demeanor of a scholar, and he was in high spirits with some scholars.

In the 19th year of Kaiyuan, when Du Fu was twenty years old, he began his tour of Vietnam. From the 23rd year of Kaiyuan to the 24th year of Kaiyuan, he visited the cultural relics left by the Six Dynasties, pondered the history of wuyue's hegemony in Gusutai, and traced the whereabouts of Qin Shihuang in the ancient Xiling Post Station, thus realizing his deep nostalgia for the past, which made Du Fu "angry and frustrated, but short-sighted".

In the twenty-third year of Kaiyuan, he returned to Luoyang to take the Jinshi exam, and came out first. However, Du Fu seems to hold a free and easy plan, regardless of gains and losses, and continue to travel.

On this occasion, I came to Zhao Yan, an ancient city in Qilu, and enjoyed reminiscing about the past. Du Xiandang was Sima in Yizhou, Shandong, so I could visit my father during this trip.

This period, from the age of 25 in the 24th year of Kaiyuan to the age of 34 in the 4th year of Tianbao, is the "happy year of 89 years" described in Zhuangyou. Du Fu met Su Yuanming in Zhou, who was an ancient poet. The two traveled to Zhao together, talked about literature and history and became close friends. Later, Su Yuanming died at the age of 53, and Du Fu once wrote a poem [Eight Sorrow Poems] to mourn this good friend.

Du Fu wrote two good poems, Dengzhou Tower and Wang Yue, while traveling in Qi. Du Fu began to write poems at the age of seven, but his works have been lost. Today's works of Du Fu's poetry anthology are two poems he wrote in Zhou Dynasty.

After returning to Luoyang from Qilu, Du Fu was thirty years old. At the foot of shouyangshan between Luoyang and Yanshi County, he built a home called Lu Soul Village, and married Yang at this time. Yang is the daughter of Si Nong Yang Yi, and the relationship between husband and wife is very harmonious. Especially after the Anshi Rebellion, they suffered a lot in exile. Every time we parted, Du Fu always had many homesick works.

In the third year of Tianbao (AD 744), Du Fu stayed in Luoyang and met Li Bai who was slandered by Gao Lishi and others and expelled from the court. At that time, Li Bai was forty-four years old, eleven years older than Du Fu, and his name had spread all over the world. Du Fu, whose fashion is unknown, has the desire and respect to associate with Li Bai. Du Fu was very yearning for Li Bai's people and poems at that time, so he followed Li Bai, met Gao Shi (44 years old) who was also frustrated at that time, and traveled to Liang and Song together. Each of them has many works to describe this life. Du Fu wrote Memories of the Past and Farewell to My Heart, Li Bai wrote Song of Liangyuan and Battle of the South of the City, and Gao Shi wrote Ode to the East and Poems on Qintai.

After that, the three men broke up, Gao Shi traveled south to Chu and went to Shandong. Li Bai built a Buddhist temple in Amethyst Palace, and Du Fu made a special trip to visit Li Yong, the prefect of Beihai, and visited Lixia Pavilion and Queshan Lake Pavilion together. Later, Du Fu went to Shandong to visit his brother Du Ying. Li Bai is now in his hometown of Lu County. When he heard that Du Fu was coming, he hurried to meet him. Du Fu wrote a song [dedicated to Li Bai] with sincere feelings.

Vividly describe Li Bai's lofty sentiments. This winter, they broke up in Dongcheng, Lujun, and never met again.

Endless emotions show Du Li's deep friendship with her. The mutual light when they met was also a glorious moment in the history of literature.

Although the outing of Du Fu and Li Bai was enjoyable, Du Fu was not Li Bai after all, and the life of seeking immortality was not suitable for him after all. His single-minded concern is "respecting Yao and Shun, and then changing customs". This ideal and ambition prompted him to give up the dissolute Zhao Qihe's pleasure of traveling with Li Bai in Tianbao for five years and return to Chang 'an. Du Fu was thirty-five years old this year.

In the spring of the following year, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty issued a talent decree: anyone who is proficient in more than one art in the field of literature and art can be recommended by the local authorities to take special examinations in the central government. Both Du Fu and Jie Yuan should be invited to take the selection examination. Who knows, Li avoided engraving the scribes, paid the minister to save the exam, and all the selected people were defeated. Later, he said to Xuanzong that "there is no sage left in the wild". Du Fu was thus deprived of the opportunity to be an official, and when Xuanzong ignored state affairs, Li became more and more emotional about the period of autocratic political corruption.

Du Fu, who was trapped in Chang 'an and still waiting for a good opportunity, decided to give poems to dignitaries and invite people to quote them. One of them is "Give Wei Ji" to Shangshu Zuo Cheng (deputy prime minister), emphasizing that he "thinks thousands of miles from the old horse and waits for the hungry eagle to shout", and the second "Give Wei Twenty-two Rhymes" is more urgent. But it still didn't work.

Despite continuous efforts, nothing was achieved. For such a self, only Wei Ji gives kindness. After expressing his gratitude, he added that he couldn't wait any longer. So I want to escape from the capital, avoid the secular, and roam in the comfortable world.

Du Fu's conceit and self-confidence in his writing and political ability strongly formed the strength of his thought and action, and his sense of mission was aggravated by his brilliant family background, showing his enthusiasm for seeking an official position.

In the tenth year of Tianbao, 40-year-old Du Fu coincided with the ceremony of Xuanzong Jiaomiao, so he seized the opportunity and wrote a "Three Rites" to express his gratitude. This time, instead of showing off words, he advised Xuanzong to abolish extravagant sacrifices and make contributions to restoring simple political style. Xuanzong read this essay and invited Du Fu to wait for a trial appointment, but unfortunately he was not told to be admitted.

Because Xuanzong was in power for a long time, he was used to dissolute feasting and entrusted the political affairs to the jesters who were greedy for power and good things, and the people suffered cruel exploitation. In addition, a series of battles failed, and the people were poor and rich, causing casualties among able-bodied men. Du Fu felt miserable, forgot his own sufferings, began to speak out for the innocent people, wrote many works of sympathy for the people, and opposed the poems of giving answers or beautiful scenery from the beginning, resulting in many poems of social realism. Such as [military vehicle shop]:

Vehicles roared, soldiers sang, and soldiers and arrows were tied to their waists.

My parents, my parents, my wife and children all ran to see them. When they marched, the dust covered the sky and they couldn't see xian yangqiao.

They ran after you, crying, pulling your sleeve and crying to the sky.

Passers-by asked the soldiers how they got there, saying only that the roster was frequently recruited.

Some people go to the north of the Yellow River at the age of fifteen, even if they go to the western border to open up wasteland at the age of forty.

When they set out, the mayor wrapped a headscarf for them and came back with a white head.

Countless border guards shed blood and sacrificed to form seawater, and the concept of border defense in Huang Wu has not stopped.

Haven't you heard that there are hundreds of villages covered with vegetation in 200 states east of Huashan Mountain?

Although strong women are devoted to farming, there is nothing on a thousand acres of land.

Men in China can face the fiercest battles, as can dogs and chickens.

No matter what demands are made on them, does the soldier dare to expand his hatred?

For example, this winter, we will never stop fighting for the West.

The county magistrate urgently urges people to pay taxes. Where does the tax come from?

We know that having a son will bring bad luck, and having a daughter will be much better. ;

Girls can also marry their nearest neighbors, and boys will die in battle.

Have you seen Hai Qingtou, those abandoned bones?

The new ghost wails there, and the old one is loudest in the stormy dark sky.

This poem is about soldiers going to war, and their families are crying to see them off. This is a tragic scene. Du Fu is called "the history of poetry" because all his poems are historical records, which profoundly and truly describe the frontier conscription and people's sufferings in the Tang Dynasty.

Although Du Fu constantly criticized the current situation through the social situation here, he still didn't give up his feelings to find a job. Until the thirteenth year of Tianbao, he still failed to get an official position and lived in poverty. Not only do adults not have enough food and clothes, but also children often starve and cry. Du Fu, full of bitterness, intended to live in Duqu and be a villager, so he built a hut in Duqu in the south of the city and moved his wife and children from Luoyang to settle here. At this time, when he wrote poems, he often referred to himself as "Shaoling Yelao", "Ling Du Buyi" and "Ling Du Yeke". Du Fu is only forty-three years old at this time, and his life in the wild can't settle down yet. He often hurts himself, writes poems and satirizes the sufferings of the people and the ignorance of the court.

From the sixth year of Tianbao, Du Fu went to Chang 'an to seek development, and in the thirteenth year of Tianbao, he left Chang 'an in disappointment and sadness. During this period, he endured poverty, hunger and disease for eight years, and saw that the official position was disordered, the powerful were corrupt, and his life was ruined, but there was nothing he could do. He is really "our capital is full of nosy people, and you are lonely, helpless and poor", and his inner load is indescribable.

In the 14th year of Tianbao (AD 755), An Lushan led 200,000 troops south in the name of treacherous court official Yang except Jun's side, and captured Luoyang, the eastern capital, on December 12th. Du Fu and his family began an arduous escape.

It's midnight, and we still have to walk in the wild mountains. Coupled with the rainy mountains and muddy roads. Du Fu and his party went hand in hand and finally settled in Qiang Village, three miles northwest of Zhangzhou. At this time, Su Zong ascended the throne in Lingwu (AD 756), hoping that Su Zong could revive the Tang Dynasty. So when the flood receded, he went to Lingwu to meet Yuan Wu. Unexpectedly, Du Fu was captured by thieves and sent to occupied Chang 'an. Fortunately, he is not a prominent official and has not been valued by the conference semifinals. If other captured officials are taken to Luoyang, they are forced to surrender or work for An Lushan.

During his stay in Chang 'an, Du Fu, a loyal minister, missed his family in Zhangzhou and was extremely anxious. He missed his wife and children on a moonlit night.

In the second year of Su Zong's stay in Germany, Du Fu was 46 years old and still stuck in Chang 'an. After a series of failed news, he felt sad about the world. Du Fu misses his wife in Zhangzhou and his brother in Pingyin, Shandong. He wrote a series of letters, such as "Remembering My Young Son", "One Hundred and Fifty Nights on the Moon" and "Lucky", among which "Spring Hope" is very famous.

This poem is both a feeling of worrying about the country and a feeling of homesickness.

Fortunately, An Lushan was killed by his adopted son An Qingxu in January this year. Su Zong used the thief army to shake the split and went south to Fengxiang. Du Fu began to plan how to escape from Chang 'an and reach Fengxiang. After a thrilling trip, he finally arrived on May 16. Feeling his loyalty, Su Zong ordered the appointment of an official as an admonisher. Du Fu was very happy to become a straight division officer for the first time. He wrote in [Shu Huai], "Tears streamed down his face." But after he came to power, he angered Su Zong by remonstrance. On the first day of leap August, Du Fu was idle and sent to Zhangzhou to have a rest. After returning to Zhangzhou, he wrote a belated slogan, describing his feelings of climbing mountains and mountains at night, watching wild geese fall into the water and thinking of his hometown. When I first got home, I saw a desolate and miserable scene, and my family had mixed feelings. The "Northern Expedition" is to recall all kinds of situations of leaving the Emperor and returning to China.

When Du Fu lived with his family in Qiang Village, the loyalists got the support of the Uighur army, and finally recovered Luoyang on 10 18, and Su Zong returned to Chang 'an on1February 23. Du Fu arrived in Chang 'an with his family, and wrote many patriotic poems, such as Wash All the Soldiers and Horses, Leave Late, Night Tour in the Palace Left Yard and Qujiang Du Yu, but he still couldn't get Su.

In the spring of the second year after Du Fu took office in Huazhou, he went back to his hometown in Luhunzhuang to visit him. He was deeply moved by the thought of his brother's diaspora abroad. In February, I returned to Huazhou from Luhunzhuang, passing through Xin 'an County. At this time, the weather was dry for a long time, famine occurred and society was in chaos. From Xin 'an to Shi Hao and then to Tongguan, what Du Fu saw was old, weak, poor and barren. He wrote what he saw along the way as the famous "Xin 'an official", "Tongguan official" and "Shihao official", which were collectively called "three officials". Coupled with the later "New Marriage", "Farewell to the Old" and "Homelessness", this poem fully expresses the sufferings of the people and understands their sufferings with the mind of a saint.

When Du Fu passed by Xin 'an County, he saw officials ordering troops. There are no able-bodied men in this county. All men over the age of 18 must be soldiers. The rich man was sent away by his parents, and the poor thin boy cried alone. Du Fu saw that they were crying very sadly, so he comforted them that the service would not be too tired and the chief executive was very good. Although it is only a faithful description of what you have seen and heard, it is enough to make your nose sour.

Back in Iowa, it was a dry summer. In autumn, hunger is everywhere, and people feel sad. Du Fu felt overwhelmed and decided to abandon his official position. After much consideration, Du Fu intends to move to Qin Zhou, go to Wanshui Qian Shan and never return to Shanhaiguan again in his life. Going west to Qin Zhou greatly changed Du Fu's poetic style. In addition to being closer to the people and describing ordinary life, he also absorbed southwest ballads and dialects, forming the famous "Wu Style".

Du Fu embarked on the road to Qin Zhou with despair of the imperial court, and his life in Qin Zhou was quite calm and stable. In quiet days, he still attaches great importance to poetry, never forgets to sympathize with the people, exerts his keen observation and sense of justice, and sometimes expresses his feelings of autumn visitors and misses his brothers and friends. Recalling my brother on a moonlit night is my sister-in-law who has missed her hometown for a long time.

Du Fu stayed in Qin Zhou for three meals. After living for less than four months, he received a letter from a close friend of Tonggu, trying to describe the good living environment of Tonggu. Du Fu decided to take his family with him. The journey is rugged and it is difficult to travel far. Strange mountains, strange waters and strange rocks on land make people's lives very miserable, which triggered Du Fu's inner feelings and wrote twelve works in Qin Zhou's Travels.

After going through all kinds of hardships to reach the same valley, life is still very difficult. I cried and sang [Seven Songs of Gan Yuan in Tonggu County]. From these poems, we can see Du Fu walking in the barren hills, his children groaning, his brothers separated, and the white fox, yellow fox and poisonous snake in the mountains were frightened. When we read the first poem, we can feel his sadness.

Forced by poverty in the same valley, Du Fu really couldn't stay any longer. He went to Chengdu in1February, and along the way, he continued to travel with his poems, forming twelve groups of poems similar to Qin Zhou's. 1came to Chengdu with rich products at the end of February, and life gradually stabilized.

Du Fu's family arrived in Chengdu and temporarily settled in Caotang Temple in the western suburbs. The following year, in the first year of Shangyuan (AD 760), Du Fu reclaimed an acre of land by the Huanhua River in the west of the city, built a thatched cottage, and asked his friends for many saplings to plant around his home. After the completion of the church, a talented person really lived a quiet life, without the desperate resentment of Qin Zhou and Tonggu, and gradually became open-minded. In Delighting in Rain on a Spring Night, you can feel the natural favor of raising everything.

At this time, Du Fu still missed his hometown and was concerned about the life of his younger siblings and the future of the country, but in the natural peace and deep human feelings, his mind gradually recovered.

In April last year, Xuanzong and Su Zong passed away one after another, Du Fu's friends were transferred back to Chang 'an, and Du Fu was sent to Mianzhou Post Station, where he repeatedly wrote poems after parting.

There are many reluctant feelings in the poem, lamenting that I have to go back to the thatched cottage alone and live a lonely life. Unexpectedly, just after they broke up, Sichuan Xu knew that they were going to rebel and Chengdu was in chaos. Du Fu's return trip was blocked, and he temporarily went to Zizhou, and then he took his wife and children to Zizhou, where the family temporarily lived.

In the first year of Dade, Du Fu was 52 years old. Yu Zizhou was very excited when he heard that Tang Jun had recovered Henan and Hebei, and wrote "Both sides of the Yellow River were recovered by the imperial army".

This poem is full of tears and tears of joy. It's time to leave home in troubled times, the world is at peace, and you can bring your family back to your hometown. However, Du Fu's wish to return to Luoyang has not been realized so far, because although the Central Plains was restored at that time, the arrogance of Uighurs was rampant in Chang 'an, Luoyang.

I can't go back to my hometown, and there is nothing to rely on after the chaos in Chengdu, so I have to stay in Zizhou. At that time, Zizhou was the residence of our envoys in eastern and western Sichuan, and it was also the only place for officials to communicate. Du Fu had to send them to meet each other, so he had many rewarding poems. After a long time, the family finally returned to Chengdu Caotang in Zongguangde for two years. At this time, Du Fu got the advice of his good friend Yan Wu, asked him to join the official career, and recommended it to the court, so that he could return to work in Chengdu yamen and start his adjutant life. But after all, he couldn't stand the tense and stiff work, and asked Yanwu several times to let him resign and return to the thatched cottage. After that, he wrote a poem to Yanwu [I sent Xing Feng to send Gong Yan].

Du Fu repaid his satisfaction with the wild life and hoped that Yanwu would come to drink and write poems. Soon, as the pillar of Du Fu, Yanwu died suddenly, and his heart was more eager to go home. In May, he left Shu for five and a half years, and his mood was recorded in [Going to Shu].

Seeing Du Fu, who had been worried about the country and the people, suddenly looked back on his deathbed, but he was full of boredom and emotion about life.

Yanwu's death made Du Fu's family lose their dependence and get into trouble, so they had to pack their bags and set foot on the road of wandering and migration again. They sailed into the Yangtze River and wrote A Night Out on their way to Yun 'an.

It is about the mood of traveling abroad. The night scene is vigorous and surging, but I am suffering from chronic diseases, and my life floats between heaven and earth like little Sha Ou.

When Du Fu arrived in Yun 'an, he was seriously ill and began to recuperate. It was not until the first year of Daizong Dali (AD 766) that his health gradually improved that he left Yun 'an, where he had lived for half a year, for Kuizhou. Kuizhou is located near Qutang Gorge, which is connected with Baidi City built by Gongsun Shu in the early Han Dynasty. Du Fu's family settled in a house halfway up the mountain. The scenery here is magnificent and breathtaking. Wuhou Temple in the western suburbs is a tireless place for Du Fu, who wrote [Eight Arrays].

In this issue, Du Fu also wrote poems about Kuizhou's special exotic customs: negative salary, thunder, fire and so on.

Du Fu, who is in poor health, is very easy to fall into memories when he lies down and closes his eyes. Except for some works expressing feelings about the current situation, most of them are poems recalling past experiences, such as "The Book of Kuifu with Forty Rhymes" dating back to the Anshi Rebellion. Farewell and Travel in the Past are memories of Li Bai's experiences in Liang and Song Dynasties when he was young. Zhuang You began to learn poetry at the age of seven. This is an autobiography, which tells the story of roaming Zhao Qi in wuyue, staying in Chang 'an, the Anshi Rebellion and staying in Bashu.

This autumn, Du Fu moved to Xige, Kuizhou. At first, he felt that the scenery was novel, and he wrote many famous works, such as [Eight Poems of Autumn Prosperity], [Five Poems of General] and [Five Poems of Ode to Historic Sites]. "Eight Poems of Autumn Prosperity" mainly describes the feeling of living in the gorge and missing Chang 'an. Its eight seven-meter poems are combined into a group, and each poem has a mutual organizational relationship. This kind of poem with chapters is original in Du Fu's poems. During his two years in Kuizhou, Du Fu wrote about 430 poems, accounting for three-seventh of his existing works, and his poems reached a mature level.

It was not until the third year of Dali (AD 768) that Du Fu, 57, decided to leave Kuizhou, take a boat from Baidicheng to Qutangxia with his family, and meet his younger brother Du Guan in Jiangling. However, due to the fickle feelings of Jiangling officials, he could not stay long, returned to Tanzhou, took the boat as his home, and made a living by collecting herbs and selling them in the fish market. Jianghan shows the lonely and cold life at that time.

Du Fu spent the New Year in Tanzhou. In the fifth year of Dali (AD 770), he was killed because of the chaos of Tanzhou secretariat, so he had to take refuge in Hengzhou. Du Fu has lived on the water for a long time, and his wind arthralgia is getting more and more serious. Finally, he fell on the boat and wrote a long poem with 36 rhymes [on a boat with wind disease, pillow book with 36 rhymes for friends and relatives in Hunan], describing his embarrassment and the danger of illness. After the poem was written, Du Fu suddenly died on a boat in Xiangjiang River. It was the winter of five years in Dali, and Du Fu was fifty-nine.

Du Fu's family had no money to transport Du Fu's coffin back to their hometown, so they had to settle in Yueyang. 43 years later, Du Fu's grandson Du Yesi took it back to Yanshi near Luoyang and buried it next to the tomb of Shen Yan, the capital of shouyangshan. A generation of great poets have accomplished nothing in their lives, and their careers are lonely. When they are old, they still drift on the river and end their lives. These bleak conditions are getting more and more sad.