What are the characteristics of scientific and technological development in Ming Dynasty?

/kloc-In the middle of 0/4th century, "White Apes Give Three Lights" contains 132 cloud pictures, which are related to weather changes, and most of them conform to the principles of modern meteorology. It was not until 1879 that Europe published 16 Zhang Yuntu. )

Shi Jing Observatory was established in Nanjing.

1439 is located in Beijing.

1442 established an observatory in Beijing.

1446 Jianqi Cinema (located in the southwest of Beijing Ancient Observatory)

From 65438 to 0607, Li Zhizao wrote and published "Huntian Shuo Tong Xian Tu Shuo" (introducing western astronomical views and explaining Huntian Shuo).

16 17 years, Zhang Xie recorded detailed information such as marine occupation in the East-West Examination.

1634, China's first astronomical telescope "Yong" was officially installed.

The almanac of Chongzhen was published in 1643.

Second, mathematical physics.

Mathematical physics

1450, Comparison of Algorithms in Nine Chapters written by Jason Wu.

1524, Wang Wensu wrote 54 volumes, totaling 1500, and asked about nearly 500,000 words, "A Collection of Ancient and Modern Arithmetic of the New Pass Certificate".

1584, Zhu Zaiyu published Lv Jingyi.

1592 Cheng Dawei's "Arithmetic Unified Clan" first recorded the use of abacus to find the square and square.

1606, Xu Guangqi and Matteo Ricci began to jointly translate the Elements of Geometry.

16 13 Li zhizao's synonymous calculation is based on kravis's Introduction to Practical Arithmetic and Cheng Dawei's China Arithmetic Unification.

1637 Song scientifically explained the generation and propagation of sound in On Qi and Chorus, and thought that sound was generated by the vibration or rapid movement of an object hitting the air and propagated through the air, similar to water waves. Fang Yizhi put forward in the second volume of Physics Tips: "When the universe (time) is in space, there is a universe in the universe and a universe in the universe." The time-space view that time and space cannot exist independently of each other is put forward. Physical Tips 1 gives a correct explanation of atmospheric refraction. Sun, a folk manufacturer of optical instruments, made dozens of optical instruments such as magnifying glasses and microscopes, and wrote The History of Mirrors (Lost).

Third, medicine.

1406, Judy and others presided over the collection and compilation of Puji Fang (including 6 1739 prescriptions, which is the largest existing medical prescription in China. )

1567, Taiping County, Ningguo District tried out China human pox inoculation method to prevent smallpox. Vaccination against smallpox is the beginning of artificial immunization and a great achievement in the history of medicine. /kloc-In the 7th century, the vaccination technology in China has been quite perfect, and has been extended to the whole country. China's vaccination method was introduced to Europe at the beginning of17th century. )

Li Shizhen's Compendium of Materia Medica was officially published in Nanjing on 1596. At the same time, there are Hu Ling's pulse theory, Qi Jing's eight pulses and so on.

160 1 year, Yang Jizhou wrote acupuncture and moxibustion.

16 17, authentic surgery written by Chen Shigong (collected a large number of effective prescriptions. He paid attention to practice and was brave in innovation, and creatively performed surgical operations such as toe amputation and tracheal suture, which made contributions to surgery in China. Some tumors are also discussed in the book. )

1624, Jing Lei, and in the same year, Yi Tu, Jing Lei, and Jing Lei attached to Yi were compiled in sixty-four volumes.

164 1 year, Wu Youxing wrote on epidemic diseases, and Wang Fuzhi put forward the concept of organism metabolism in Thinking Record and Waipian. He said: "the quality is better from generation to generation, and ... muscles are old and old, and people don't know." People see its shape unchanged and don't know its quality has moved, ... "

Fourth, agricultural articles.

1376 Yu Zong wrote the Tree Planting Book (which records the grafting methods of various trees, such as close grafting of peaches, plums and apricots, and long-distance grafting of mulberry and pears).

1406 published Zhu jun's compendium of materia medica for famine relief (collected 4 species of edible wild plants14, indicated the origin, shape, taste, edible parts and eating methods, and drew a beautiful map).

15 1 1 year corn planting situation in China (doubtful, possibly incorrect)

From 65438 to 0547, Ma Yilong wrote "Agronomy", which recorded the experience of rice intensive cultivation, close planting, seedling raising and transplanting, and was the first book in China to expound agricultural technology from a philosophical point of view. )

From 65438 to 0596, Tu Benjun wrote the earliest extant monograph on marine life in China, Miscellanies in Central Fujian (which recorded the morphology and living habits of more than 200 species of aquatic animals, mainly marine invertebrates and fish). )

1608, Yuan Heng's treatment of horses was co-authored by Yu Yu and Yu Jie (Yu Benheng) (a veterinary masterpiece, including the treatment experience of horses, cows and camels, which is still of practical value. )

Evonne writes about plants (about tomato planting techniques, etc. )

1628 "The Complete Collection of Agricultural Administration" written by Xu Guangqi.

Verb (short for verb) geography

1405- 143 1 year, Zheng He led a huge ocean-going fleet to more than 30 countries in the west. Xu Xiake's Travels Xu Xiake 1425 "Zheng He's Nautical Chart".

1536 Huang Zhong wrote in the sea (recording the history and geography of Southeast Asia and the traffic situation in China).

1565, Hu Zongxian compiled the Compilation of Charts, which recorded Sino-Japanese traffic and anti-Japanese affairs.

The earliest world map, The Great General Geographic Map, appeared in 1589.

In A.D. 1639, Gu began to compile Zhao Yuzhi and Diseases Records of Counties in the World.

VI. Chemical Industry

152 1 year, Sichuan jiazhou (now Leshan) was drilled into an oil well hundreds of meters deep.

1596 records the thermal mining technology.

From 65438 to 0596, Li Shizhen recorded the chemical properties and techniques of distillation, evaporation, sublimation, recrystallization, precipitation and cauterization of 276 kinds of inorganic drugs in Compendium of Materia Medica.

1637, when describing the smelting technology in Tiangong, Song regarded lead, copper, mercury, sulfur and other chemical elements as basic substances, and regarded the substances produced by their related reactions as derived substances, thus the concept of chemical elements sprouted.