The Origin of Begonia Illicium

We usually refer to Malus plants in Rosaceae, sometimes including papaya apples and long-handled apples in Rosaceae. In some cases, even Begonia of Begoniaceae is usually called Malus. Accurately speaking, begonia refers to an apple plant whose fruit diameter is less than or equal to 5cm for cultivation and appreciation, and its English name is crabapple. Begonia was called "Begonia" in ancient China, which appeared in the Tang Dynasty. In Er Ru Pavilion Collection written by Wang in the Ming Dynasty, "Begonia" was crowned as the four major plants today: Xifu Begonia (? Haitang? ), begonia (? Haitang? ), sticky begonia (? Papaya? ) and papaya begonia (? Chinese papaya? )。 Wang's view has far-reaching influence. Today, although these four plants belong to different genera, Xifu Begonia and Malus pendula belong to Malus, and Malus longipedunculata and Malus carica belong to Papaya, their names all bear the word "Apple".

About 2,500 years ago, The Book of Songs Feng Wei Papaya recorded: "Give me Mutao and repay it with Qiong Yao. It is always good to report! "According to research, Mutao is a papaya begonia or a begonia with a handle, which is the earliest written record of begonia that can be found at present. Shang in the Western Han Dynasty (BC 125-BC 128) recorded "white, white and magnolia" and so on. According to textual research, "white" refers to the soft apples and small apple plants in China. During the Zhenyuan period of Tang Dezong (785-805), Jia Dan wrote "Hundred Flowers Spectrum", in which Haitang was known as "the immortal among flowers". This book is an early work using the title of Haitang, but before that, Haitang was summarized by money. Since then, the status and prestige of begonia as an ornamental plant have become increasingly prominent, reaching its peak in the Song Dynasty, and the monographs on begonia, Begonia Record and Begonia Spectrum, appeared. Shen Li's Story of Begonia in the Northern Song Dynasty recorded: "After tasting the flowers in the backyard of Zhenzong Sect, I asked ten questions, with Begonia as the first chapter, and gave a chorus to the ministers, knowing that Begonia was enough to compete with peony and stand alone in Xizhou. "Three generations of begonia in Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties have become a common image of literati, and there are many poems chanting begonia. There are also many celebrities who love Haitang in modern times. Zhu Ziqing wrote in his essay "Looking at Flowers": "I love the apricot trees that are full of flowers, the graceful little red peaches in the breeze, and the bauhinia flowers that are full of branches; But my favorite is Xifu Begonia. "Zhu Ziqing's other essay was directly named" The moon is hazy, the birds are hazy, and the curtain is red with Haitang ". Begonia flower has won the world's love for its charm and beauty. Historically, Yang Yuhuan, Du Fu, Su Shi, Zhang Daqian and other famous people have formed an indissoluble bond with Haitang.

According to the Legend of Yang Taizhen, the Music History of the Northern Song Dynasty, "The emperor went to Chenxiang Temple and called Taizhen's concubine. She got drunk in the middle of the night and ordered Lux to help the waiter tuck her in. The princess was too drunk to worship any more. The emperor smiled and said, "Is it because Haitang didn't sleep enough?" This allusion has been handed down from generation to generation, and "Sleeping in the Spring of Begonia" has become the subject of constant chanting and description by later poets and painters. Yang Yuhuan is often referred to as Haitang in later literary works, and later developed into a beauty metaphor with Begonia flowers.

During the Tang and Song Dynasties, there were many literati who praised Haitang, but Du Fu's Haitang poems were not seen. Sichuan Haitang was famous all over the world in the Tang Dynasty. Du Fu lived in Sichuan for a long time and sang various local famous flowers, but there was no poem about Haitang, which was repeatedly suspected by later generations. Zheng Gu, a poet in the late Tang Dynasty, said in his poem "Appreciating Haitang in Shu": "The sky over Huanhuaxi is melancholy, and Du Fu is heartless." Wang Anshi also mentioned: "Shaoling (Du Fu) is interested in poetry, but has no intention of giving Haitang." Wu Zhongfu thinks Haitang looks enchanting, even Du Fu is hard to describe. "Zimei's poems are still being written, and she is still lonely in Jincheng." Lu You's analysis of Du Fu's begonia poems has been lost. There was also a third explanation in the Northern Song Dynasty: Du Fu didn't write Haitang poems because he was afraid of his nickname. This nonsense was attacked by Li Yu, a scholar in the Qing Dynasty: "However, I am afraid of children's beautiful back, and I can't take things as my back. Even if future generations talk about my parents, it is very difficult for a talented person! " In a word, why Du Fu didn't chant Haitang was doubted by scholars. ?

Scholars in Song Dynasty began to introduce and cultivate Begonia consciously. In the seventh year, Su Dongpo went to Yuanfeng to meet Shao, a student, and planted his begonia in front of Shao Tianyuan Hall. Later, Su Shi came to the case and asked, "Is Haitang safe?" Xiao Bao: "Haitang is innocent." Up to now, this tree still lives in Yongding Village, Zhakou Township, Yixing City, Jiangsu Province. 1982, Yixing rebuilt Haitang Garden on the original site.

Begonia was one of Premier Zhou Enlai's favorite flowers before his death, and Xifu Begonia was widely planted in Xihua Hall in Zhongnanhai, Beijing. 1954 In the spring, when the Haitang in the West Flower Hall was in full bloom, Premier Zhou was attending the Geneva conference in Switzerland and could not enjoy the flowers in person, so Deng cut a begonia flower, made it into a specimen, put it in a book, and entrusted it to the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister was very moved to see this meaningful begonia flower from the motherland. In spite of his busy schedule, he did not forget to return Deng's warm greetings and asked someone to bring back a peony to Deng. And Deng sent flowers and greetings from thousands of miles away, which became a popular story.

Zhang Daqian, a master of Chinese painting, is full of legends all his life. He likes plum blossom, lotus, begonia and other garden plants with China characteristics. When he lived in the United States, he begged Haitang from his friends and wrote Begging Haitang: "It's windy in your yard, and you will go to bloom in spring; I want Feiyang to wake up and ask for a begonia. " Zhang Daqian heard that there is a rare hanging begonia hundreds of miles away. In order to buy a few books, he is even willing to pawn paintings and scrimp. "Canon painting will reduce food and teach you not to lose good times; I heard that Haitang has not been hired yet, and I have to make clothes before the spring. " This shows his love for Haitang. 1958, Zhang Daqian was awarded the title of the world's greatest painter by new york International Art Association for "Haitang". 1982 At the end of the year, Zhang Daqian, who lived in Taipei, was in the last stage of his life. He took a photo of Zhang Haitang sleeping in spring and gave it to an old friend in Sichuan. He painted a colorful and charming picture of begonia, and wrote poems to express his feelings for his motherland and old friends. There are also many literary works reflecting Haitang culture. Here are just some works involving begonia culture in poems, novels and operas. ?

(A) Begonia flower culture in poetry

Begonia cultivation began in the Tang Dynasty, when Zheng Gu, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, recited a poem about begonia: "It is intended to be even in color, so it can be sold with poems. It is most appropriate for a beautiful flower to rain, and the enchanting is when it is about to bloom ... "Zheng Gu wrote the gorgeous enchanting charm of Haitang, which has been praised so far. Haitang let the poet Zheng Gu read and write, endlessly, drinking and writing poems, lingering.

The most famous poem about Haitang in the Northern Song Dynasty is "Haitang" written by Su Shi, who lived in Huangzhou for seven years in Yuanfeng: "The east wind is full of glory, and the fragrant sky turns to the corridor. I'm afraid the flowers will fall asleep at night, so I light candles and put on red makeup. " This poem of Begonia is well known. Emperor Tang Ming used the beauty of Haitang as a metaphor for Yang Guifei's charm, while Su Shi did the opposite, using Yang Taizhen's charm as a metaphor for the beauty of Haitang. The poet personifies people with flowers and writes the deep affection of loving flowers. To love flowers is to cherish yourself, so as to express the feeling that "neither of us is happy-to grow old forever".

Lu You, another great poet in the Song Dynasty, also loved Haitang. In Flower Collection, he said: "I love famous flowers, but I am only worried that the wind will damage the red side." Green chapter night performance Tong Mingtang, begging for spring sound to protect Haitang. " Dying Madness is particularly crazy. Knowing the nature of flowers, and fearing that the beauty of begonia could not withstand the wind and the sun, the poet played the Jade Emperor Tong Ming Hall all night, asking for more cloudy days to keep begonia blooming. Ten poems "A Traveler among Flowers" are a set of poems written by Lu You for Haitang when he was in Chengdu. Lu Fangweng sang in "Begonia Song": "Biji Begonia is the best in the world, and its branches are like orangutan's blood ... The ship sailed eight thousand miles east, and peaches and plums really became slaves. If the roots of begonia can move, Yangzhou peony should be ashamed to death. " Because of his love for Haitang, Lu Fangweng was nicknamed "Haitang epilepsy".

Li Qingzhao, a poetess in the Southern Song Dynasty, also had a soft spot for Haitang, and wrote a well-known poem "A Preface to a Dream": "It rained suddenly last night, but I slept soundly. Ask the shutter man, Haitang is still there. Do you know that?/You know what? Do you know that?/You know what? It should be green, fat and thin. " The phrase "green, fat, red and thin" appropriately points out the changes of begonia after a night of wind and rain. Green and red refer to begonia leaves and begonia flowers. The two forms of fat and thin vividly describe the scene of lush foliage and withered petals after rain, vividly and accurately. "Green, fat, red and thin" has always been praised by people, and it can be called Haitang.

Jin Renyuan asked "Qingpingle": "Out of the intestines, I feel thin and my makeup marks are shallow. Flying to Shuang Yan, I heard about Lang Yuan. It's raining in front of the building, and the Haitang curtain is light and cold. Du Yu has gone in spring, and there are countless green hills on the trees. " This word expresses Philip Burkart's sentimental feelings about hurting her spring, and describes her longing for youth and life. These emotions are not directly expressed, but naturally expressed through the description of typical scenery such as Haitang and Du Yu.

Literati' praise of begonia can be roughly divided into two categories: one is simply praising the stunning charm and blooming beauty of begonia and depicting its pleasing beauty, such as Zheng Gu's poems in Tang Dynasty; The second is to express the feelings of hurting spring and cherishing spring through begonia, such as Yi 'an lay dream and Yuan Haowen's Qing Ping Le. Flowers in spring are beautiful and full of vitality, but good flowers don't bloom often and good times don't exist often. Falling flowers in spring are more likely to cause the sadness of talented people and beautiful women. The reason is, as Du Fu said, "Love flowers doesn't want to die, but I'm afraid they will grow old."

(2) The Haitang culture in the novel

There are fifteen references to Chinese flowering crabapple in the classic of A Dream of Red Mansions, including specific Chinese flowering crabapple and the wine preface of a poetry club named after Chinese flowering crabapple, which shows Cao Xueqin's deep affection for Chinese flowering crabapple. Cao Xueqin described Jia Baoyu's Hongyi Courtyard like this: "As soon as you get started, there are cloisters on both sides. There are a few stones in the yard and a few plantains. On the other side is a Xifu begonia, like an umbrella and green silk cinnabar. " This group of garden scenes combines plants with people, which is picturesque. It not only reflects the original image of the garden owner Jia Baoyu, but also has something to do with his character of "seeing his daughter refreshed". Redology pointed out that in A Dream of Red Mansions, Haitang also symbolizes Shi Xiangyun. [7] Thirty-seven Tanchun was initiated by Haitang Poetry Society. After the fraternity, the first activity was to recite Bai Haitang's seven-character poem. Everyone wrote a poem, and Xiangyun wrote two, which was rated as the champion by everyone. There is a saying in Xiangyun's poem about Bai Haitang: "It is also appropriate to have a horn and a basin." The former sentence describes the planting environment of begonia, and the latter sentence points out the application form of begonia, which can be planted in the ground or potted. The image of Haitang described in the whole poem coincides with Xiangyun's character. On the sixty-third occasion, the maids of Hongyi Academy gave a banquet for Baoyu's birthday and invited all the ladies to give a banquet. The wine raised by Xiangyun is begonia, and the begonia pumped by Xiangyun is its "core historic flower of life". In A Dream of Red Mansions, Haitang not only symbolizes auspicious clouds, but also implies the rise and fall of Jiafu.

Another novel about Haitang is Haitang by Qin Shouou (1908— 1993). This book has had a wide influence on readers in enemy-occupied areas, and has been adapted into various art forms and has been staged in various places for a long time. The novel describes the tragedy of the Peking Opera artist Haitang, accuses the feudal warlords of their sins, and shows deep sympathy for the lower classes. When Haitang took refuge in the countryside, it hung a couplet in its bedroom: "The courtyard at dusk when the swallow came after the Haitang opened;" The swing on the red powder wall reflects people near the water. "This couplet quotes the old saying and cleverly embeds the master's stage name' Haitang', which profoundly and charmingly expresses the thoughts of the loved ones and the yearning for a peaceful life.

(C) Begonia flower culture in traditional Chinese opera

Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties were the heyday of ancient operas, and Yuan Zaju was a typical representative of artistic achievements in the Jin and Yuan Dynasties and the first prosperous stage of the development of operas. Wu Tongyu is the representative work of Bai Pu, one of the four masters of Yuan Dynasty, which tells the love story between Xuanzong and Yang Yuhuan. In the fourth play, Li Longji lamented: "Who looks at the dust on Mawei Slope? Unfortunately, a begonia flower is scattered." Pointing at Yang Guifei with begonia flowers, it expresses the sad feelings of Tang Xuanzong when he missed the dead Yang Guifei alone in the deep palace, and also includes the thoughts and thoughts of the author after China's death.

Wang Shifu's The West Chamber in Yuan Dynasty has a history. It is adapted from Dong Jieyuan's The West Chamber, and tells the story of the hero and heroine Zhang Sheng and Cui Yingying breaking through the shackles of ethics and ending their marriage. Zhang said in the second compromise in the third volume: "If you want to make an appointment with Haitang, why should Sun regenerate his roots?" I wrote about Zhang Sheng's longing to see Yingying at night and his hatred for the slow passage of time. He used "Begonia Flower Date" to refer to dating a beautiful woman. The culture of begonia flowers in works of art is mostly reflected in painting, bonsai and flower arrangement.

(A) Begonia flower culture in the painting

The paintings before the Tang Dynasty were mainly religious paintings. In the Tang Dynasty, flower-and-bird painting gradually separated from landscape painting and became an independent painting theme. Since then, begonia has often appeared in flower-and-bird paintings, either as the main body or as a foil.

During the Five Dynasties, Xu Xi, a famous flower-and-bird painter in the Southern Tang Dynasty, was an official all his life and painted many things in the rivers and lakes, so he was called "Xu Xiye Instrument", which was in contrast with Huang Quan's "Huang Jia Fu Gui" and created two schools of flower-and-bird painting in the Five Dynasties and the early Song Dynasty. Fu Guitu Axis in Yutang is Xu Xi's masterpiece, painted with magnolia, begonia and peony. "Tang" and "Jade Hall is rich", which are homophonic with Haitang, have become common configuration forms in China classical gardens.

The Picture of the Resulting Birds, which was waiting for the call of the Academy in the Song Dynasty, is now in the Palace Museum in Beijing, where it is colored for silk books. Rich fruits and birds standing on branches are depicted with accurate and realistic color paintings. The birds are innocent and lovely, which makes the viewers think deeply. The flower-and-bird painting in Yuan Dynasty was not as colorful as that in Song Dynasty, but it was pure and clear, full of silence and thought-provoking. Qian Xuan's Eight Flowers Scroll depicts eight kinds of flowers, such as begonia. It is the representative of flower-and-bird painting in Yuan Dynasty.

Haitang is also a symbol of beauty and ideal, which is in sharp contrast with the ugly reality. In the early Qing Dynasty, Zhu Da (Badashanren) described him as a remnant of a mountain, or a "eyes-turning" fish and bird, but he was deeply attached to the Haitang in his works. In Tite Begonia, he described himself wandering alone by a winding stream, seeing that he was "so beautiful", but he hoped that "many people would learn as much as water and cross the bridge with him". It is the delicate petals of begonia that die with the water, which makes Zhu Da feel like a stream with beautiful begonia flowers flowing on the bridge.

(B) the culture of begonia in bonsai and flower arrangement

Begonia in Song Dynasty has become one of the important plant materials of bonsai. The earliest record of potted begonia is Fan Chengda's Wu Junzhi: "Lotus begonia is especially among flowers. Although all begonia are gorgeous, they are all single leaves, and the heavy leaves produced by Shudu alone are as rich as small lotus flowers. Chengda came back from East Sichuan, moved several plants in clay pots and put them at the stern, only two feet high. When Wu Jun lived, it took him several years, just like a small city. " This shows that there was a double-petalled begonia in Shu capital in Song Dynasty, and the introduction and domestication of garden flowers and trees began with pot culture. It also shows that potted begonia and bonsai have appeared in the Song Dynasty. Because begonia is easy to be processed and shaped into an ancient pile landscape, modern bonsai schools often choose begonia, begonia Xifu and begonia Papaya as shapes, and Sichuan-style begonia is the most commonly used. Whether it is making natural or conventional stump bonsai, whether it is flower bonsai or fruit bonsai, Haitang is very suitable.

Begonia is also commonly used for flower arrangement, and flower arrangement in China originated from "offering flowers" before Buddha. In the Ming Dynasty, Zhang Gande wrote a volume of "Flower Orchard" in 1595, and rated Xifu Begonia as two products with eight lives. Gao Lian's Eight Chapters of Respect for Life and Yuan Hongdao's History of Bottles all think that begonia is an ideal plant for bottle cultivation. Begonia was often planted in private gardens in ancient times, but unfortunately it was destroyed by the war, and there were few left, but we can get a glimpse of it through written records. Li Deyu, the prime minister of the Tang Dynasty, recorded the exotic flowers and herbs he planted in Pingquan Mountain in Notes on Flowers and Trees in Pingquan Mountain: "The exotic trees are: golden pine on the roof, exotic trees, begonia in Jishan Mountain, begonia and juniper ..." This is an earlier article, which recorded the landscaping function of begonia in gardens. 1117-122 years, Song Huizong built the "Genyue" in the northeast of Kaifeng, the capital. Zhang Hao's "Genyue Ji" recorded in the Southern Song Dynasty: "Planting fragrant trees on the continent, crowned with begonia, saying:' Begonia River' ...... A barrier was built outside the dike, and peaches, begonia, hibiscus and weeping willows were planted all over the waterfront, so there was not much space." It can be seen that scenic spots named after begonia appeared in the Song Dynasty. Begonia was a common tree species in garden layout in Ming and Qing Dynasties. The "Haitang Spring House" in the Humble Administrator's Garden built by Wang in the Ming Dynasty is a model for preserving Haitang landscaping. From Kangxi to Kangxi in Yangzhou, it was rated as one of the eight gardens in Yangzhou, and it was the residence of Zheng Yuanxun in the late Ming Dynasty. In Zheng Yuanxun's A Record of the Cinema, it is recorded: "The old Shu government begonia (that is, Xifu begonia) under the hall is two feet high and two feet wide. I don't know when to plant it. It is said that there is only one plant in Jiangbei, and there is only one plant left today, which feels like Lu Lingguang ... All the hibiscus flowers come out of the toes; Native, plum blossom, magnolia, weeping begonia, feibai peach; ..... peony under the rock, begonia, magnolia, yellow, white and red pearl tea, wintersweet, pomegranate in Chiba, crape myrtle in green and white, citron, all in four seasons. " Unfortunately, this ancient Xifu begonia tree, which was called "the only one in Jiangbei" at that time, no longer exists. In addition to the ornamental begonia flowers in classical gardens, the composition of floor-to-ceiling windows, air leakage windows, doorways and floors in the home environment is often a wonderful begonia pattern. Begonia is widely used. In addition to private gardens, begonia, ginkgo, pine, cypress, cinnamon and magnolia are common tree species in temple gardens, which can be planted alone or scattered in the vestibule of the main hall to beautify the environment.

Before the spring breeze, begonia bloomed. "Snowflakes are blooming and clouds are covered with golden heads, which accounts for the most romantic color in spring." Begonia became a symbol of spring. In the works of poets and painters, begonia is charming but not delicate, and "bamboo fence smile" has become the embodiment of beauty. She is adaptable, "also suitable for corners and pots", and can be planted in front of the court, on the roadside, in Chi Pan and in pots. Liu Zikai (Zhu's teacher) in Song Dynasty thought that she combined the advantages of Mei and Liu. "Beauty makes the spring bright, and Mei borrows the light from the romantic willow ... After several nights of rain, the fragrance is still there, and the rouge can't be painted ..." The wind and rain still destroy the fragrance, and the character is clanking. After more than 2,500 years of stormy waves, countless scholars and writers pointed out the world, and finally formed a charming, elegant, versatile, rich and auspicious, approachable begonia flower culture. In the description of the beauty of Begonia, in the memory of the spring scenery symbolized by Begonia, and in the memory of Li Longji and Yang Yuhuan, Begonia gradually evolved into a symbol of beauty, youth, ideal and perishable beautiful things. The 4th China Huailai Begonia Flower Festival with the theme of "Protection, Inheritance and Development" was grandly opened in Xiaonan Xinbao Town, Huailai County, Zhangjiakou City on April 26th, 201/kloc-0.

Xinbao Town in Xiaonan is a famous "hometown of eight-edged begonia" in China. Ten thousand mu of begonia is the largest garden of eight-edged begonia in China. Begonia baeli is a kind of traditional famous flower in China, Xifu Begonia, which is known as "national beauty and fragrance" and is famous for its beauty, beauty and elegance. Especially around May every year, thousands of begonia plants compete to bloom, and the clouds are steaming and fragrant, and the nature in the painting, man and nature blend together, becoming a beautiful scenery in the west of Beijing.

Since the first China Huailai Begonia Flower Festival was successfully held in 2008, visiting guanting lake and enjoying Begonia Flower has become a famous spring tourism activity in western Beijing, which has achieved good social and economic benefits. On the basis of adhering to the purposes of "friendship" and "harmony" of the previous three sessions, the 4th Begonia Flower Festival will pay more attention to the protection and inheritance of Begonia flower culture, so that the charm of Begonia flower will be continuously sublimated in the harmonious flower town and the most beautiful enjoyment will be dedicated to all guests. As the second host, Begonia sessilifolia infected with winter spore horn will appear small yellow-green spots on the front of leaves from April to early May, and then expand into round yellow spots. Several small yellow spots will appear in the early stage of the lesion, which will turn black in the later stage, so that the corresponding parts of the back of the leaf will gradually thicken and produce some gray hairs, which will turn into yellow-brown powder in August and September. In severe cases, the diseased leaves are full, the leaves are deformed and the surface is uneven, which leads to premature death of the leaves and even plant death. The management of begonia sessilifolia is relatively simple, because its flowering is mainly short branches, so before spring germination, it is necessary to cut off the long branches properly and cut them into hemispheres to stimulate the germination of new shoots. In the summer growing season, the growing branches should be cored.

Control methods: ① No first host such as cypress is planted near the sessile begonia. ② Spraying 20% Weixiuling EC 400 times during the onset period. Or use 800 times solution of 50% triamcinolone acetonide wettable powder, spraying once every half month. Do not spray or spray less when the weather is dry. ⑥ When the plump horns are about to swell in the middle and late March in winter, use 0.3% sodium pentachlorophenol diluent and stone sulfur mixture to make Pome 1 degree mixture, and spray it 2-3 times every half month to prevent and control it. The common disease of begonia is pear rust pain, also known as pear brocade pain. The disease is infected by two hosts. The first host is cypress, such as juniper, cypress and antlers. The second host is sessile begonia, begonia, hawthorn and so on.

After the pathogen invades juniper, it will produce yellowish spots on leaf axils or branchlets in the first year, and then swell up. By February and March of the following year, brown rice grains will produce and break through the epidermis, which is the winter spore angle. The winter spore horn is solitary or aggregated, which makes the plant branches expand.