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World Hot Pole: The highest record in Basra (Iraq) is 63 degrees Celsius.

World Cold Pole: The lowest record at Dongfang Station (South Pole) is -94.5 degrees Celsius.

World wet pole: waialeale (an island in the Pacific Ocean) has an average annual rainfall of 335 days, with annual precipitation of12244 mm.

World dry pole: The average annual precipitation in Atacama Desert (South America) is less than 0. 1mm, and there is no rain from 1845 to 1936.

World Rain Pole: annual precipitation in Kirabangi (India) 10842mm, 186 1 annual precipitation of 20447mm.

The highest mountain: Mount Everest (8844.43 meters above sea level).

The highest peak of the structure from the bottom to the top: Monaque Asia (Hawaiian Island, 4205 meters above sea level, 5998 meters under the sea, total height 10203 meters).

The largest mountain and volcano on earth: Mauna Loa (Hawaii Island, with an altitude of 4 169 meters and a volcanic volume of 75,000 cubic kilometers).

The highest volcano and extinct volcano on the earth: Aconcagua Mountain (6960 meters above sea level, the highest peak in the southwest hemisphere).

The highest active volcano on earth: Ojos del salado (6893m above sea level).

The highest mountain on the island: Puncak Jaya (New Guinea, 4884 meters above sea level).

The highest and largest mountain and volcano known in the solar system: Mount Olympus (Mars, about 27 kilometers high).

Longest land mountain system: Andes (7,500 kilometers long)

The longest undersea mountain range: mid-ocean ridge (80,000 kilometers long).

Lowest volcano: Gexi volcano (Gexi volcano, Japan, elevation 1 12m).

The longest mountain system: Cordillera Mountain System.

The largest crater: Mount Asu (perimeter100km, Japan).

Volcano with the most eruption times: Mount Etna (2 10, Italy).

islands

The largest island: Greenland (area 2 166086 square kilometers).

The largest island in the river: Bananal Island (Tocantins, Brazil, covering an area of 20,000 square kilometers).

The largest island in the lake: Manitulin Island (Lake Huron, covering an area of 2,766 square kilometers).

Island in the largest freshwater lake: Manitu Island.

The largest island in the lake: Samosir (Lake Doba, Sumatra, with an area of 520 square kilometers).

The largest crater-shaped island in the lake: René-Le Vasseur Island (Quebec, with an area of 2,020 square kilometers).

The largest sand island: Fenser Island (Queensland, Australia, with an area of 65,438+0,630 square kilometers).

The largest island completely surrounded by fresh water: Marajo Island (the mouth of the Amazon River in Brazil, with an area of 40 100 square kilometers).

The largest estuarine alluvial island and the largest sand island: Chongming Island (area 1.200 km2).

The highest island: New Guinea (puncak jaya on the island is 4884 meters above sea level).

The most populous island: Java (population1240,000)

Island with the highest population density: Ap Chau (population density reaches 68,200 people per square kilometer).

The largest archipelago: Malay archipelago (consisting of more than 13000 islands in Indonesia and more than 7000 islands in the Philippines).

The largest peninsula: Arabian Peninsula (with an area of about 3.22 million square kilometers).

The largest coral reef group: the Great Barrier Reef

The only island belonging to the three countries: kalimantan island) (Indonesia, Brunei, Malaysia)

The shortest island on earth: Nauru (only 1.3% of people on the island can live to 60 years old).

lake

The largest lake and saltwater lake: Caspian Sea (area 37 1 1,000 square kilometers).

The largest freshwater lake: Lake Superior (North America)

The largest freshwater body: the Great Lakes of North America (Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, Lake Erie and Lake Ontario).

The largest artificial lake and reservoir: Walter Reservoir (Ghana, with an area of 8,502 square kilometers).

The largest lake on the island: Manitu Lake (Lake Huron, area 104 square kilometers).

Deepest lake and freshwater lake: Lake Baikal (deepest water depth 1 640m).

The deepest saltwater lake: Dead Sea (up to 330 meters deep)

The highest lake and saltwater lake: Namco (elevation 4718m).

The highest freshwater lake: Mafamacuo Lake (4585 meters above sea level).

The lowest lake: Dead Sea (the lake is -392m above sea level, which is the lowest point where land has been exposed).

The highest lake and freshwater lake: Lake Titicaca (the lake is 3812m above sea level).

The saltiest lake: Dead Sea (the salinity of the lake reaches 300‰, which is 8.6 times that of ordinary seawater).

The oldest lake: Lake Baikal (which has existed on the earth for more than 25 million years)

Lake with the largest storage capacity, inland lake and saltwater lake: Caspian Sea (volume 78,200 cubic kilometers).

The freshwater lake with the largest storage capacity: Lake Baikal (volume 23,600 cubic kilometers).

Man-made lake with the largest water storage capacity: Bratsk Reservoir (Russia, volume 169 cubic kilometers).

The asphalt lake with the largest asphalt storage capacity: Beach Lake (Trinidad and Tobago, with an area of 0.4 square kilometers and asphalt content of120,000 tons. )

The largest freshwater lake group: the Great Lakes of North America (with a total area of 245,000 square kilometers).

The most peculiar lake in water type: Balkhash Lake (semi-fresh water, general salt water)

river

The longest river: Nile (667 1 km)

The longest inland river: Volga River (Europe, 3690 kilometers long).

Longest outflow river: Nile (from kagera river, Africa, 66,765,438+0km).

The shortest river: the Luo River in Montana, USA (the total length is only 6 1 m) (controversial).

The largest river in the basin: Amazon River (with an area of 7.05 million square kilometers).

The river with the largest flow: Amazon River (the flow reaches 222,440 cubic meters per second, accounting for 20% of the world's river flow).

The river with the highest sediment concentration: Yellow River (the highest sediment concentration recorded in 1977 is 920kg/m3).

The river that flows through the most countries: Danube (from western Europe to eastern Europe flows through 18 countries).

The longest canal: Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal (full length 1, 747 km).

The earliest canal: the ancient Suez Canal (built in19th century BC, completed in the first 500 years, destroyed in the 8th century and rebuilt in19th century). )

The longest river with the highest elevation: Yarlung Zangbo River (the average elevation of the riverbed is above 3000 meters).

ocean

The largest ocean: Pacific Ocean (area179.687 million square kilometers, north-south length about 15900 kilometers, and east-west longest about 19900 kilometers).

Deepest ocean: Pacific Ocean (Challenger, the deepest Mariana Trench, with a depth of11034m).

The smallest ocean: Arctic Ocean (area 1.4056 million square kilometers).

The largest sea: Coral Sea (with an area of 4.79 million 1 10,000 square kilometers)

Deepest sea: New Hebri Trench (deepest 9175m).

The smallest sea: Malahi, Maldives (area 1 1.350 km2).

The shallowest sea: Azov Sea (the average depth is only 13m, and the deepest is only 15.3m).

The saltiest sea: the Red Sea (the salinity in the north is 42‰, which is much higher than the world average salinity of 35‰).

Lightest sea: Baltic Sea (the salinity of seawater is only 7-8 ‰, and the salinity of each bay is even lower, only 2%).

Sea with the most islands: Baltic Sea (about 6,500 islands)

The oldest ocean: the Mediterranean Sea

The least living ocean: the Black Sea

Ocean with the most coastal countries: Caribbean Sea (20)

The clearest sea: the sargasso sea (up to 72 meters visually, and the only sea without coastline).

The warmest sea: the Red Sea.

The ocean with the most islands, bays, trenches and volcanoes: the Pacific Ocean.

The youngest ocean: Red Sea (40 million years)

upland

The largest plateau: Brazil Plateau (with an area of about 5 million square kilometers).

The highest plateau: Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (with an average elevation of 4,000 meters).

The largest aeolian plateau: Loess Plateau

Canyon; split

The largest canyon on earth: Yarlung Zangbo Grand Canyon (the Yarlung Zangbo River in Asia, 496.3 kilometers long).

The deepest canyon on earth: Yarlung Zangbo Grand Canyon (average depth of 5000m, deepest depth of 5382m).

The largest known canyon in the solar system: Mariner Valley (Mars, 4500 km long, 200 km wide and 1 1 km deep).

The longest Grand Canyon: Nujiang Grand Canyon (more than 600 kilometers long)

The largest rift zone: the Great Rift Valley in East Africa (the deepest part is 2,000 meters, with a total length of more than 6,400 kilometers, which is equivalent to 1/6 of the circumference of the earth, and is called "the biggest scar on the earth").

difficult position

The narrowest strait: Tuyuan Strait (Japan Tupei Strait, only 9.93 meters apart).

The widest strait: Drake Strait (965 km wide).

The longest strait: mozambique channel (located between Mozambique and Madagascar in southeast Africa, with a total length of 1670 km).

The narrowest navigable channel: located between EPIA Island and continental Europe, Greece, 40 meters.

The most tortuous strait: strait of magellan

The channel that ships pass the most: the English Channel.

The busiest channel for oil transportation: the Strait of Hormuz.

waterfall

The waterfall with the biggest drop: Angel Waterfall (with a drop of 979.6m).

The widest waterfall: Iguazu Waterfall (with a total width of 4 kilometers).

The most famous waterfall: Niagara Falls (located in the middle of niagara river at the junction of Canada and the United States, it is known as one of the seven wonders of the world, and it is also known as the three major waterfalls in the world with Iguazu Falls in South America and Victoria Falls in Africa).

The longest waterfall: Kisangani Waterfall, located in Congo (DRC), Africa.

The largest man-made waterfall: the "Nine-Day Galaxy" man-made waterfall on the Lijiang River.

The cleanest waterfall: Jiuzhaigou waterfall

The loudest waterfall: Victoria Falls (located on the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe in southern Africa, at the junction of the middle and upper reaches of Zambezi River)

desert

The largest desert: Sahara desert (with an area of about 9.6 million square kilometers)

The desert with the highest altitude: Kumukuri Desert (generally between 3900-4700 meters above sea level).

plain

The largest plain: Amazon Plain (over 5.6 million square kilometers).

Coldest plain: Siberian plain (average temperature -45 degrees, lowest -7 1 degree).

basin

The largest basin: Congo basin

Lowest basin: Turpan basin

cave

The largest cave: Tenglong Cave (total area 156 square kilometers).

The longest cave: mammoth cave (over 240 kilometers in length).

The deepest cave: Bernard Cave (the surface depth exceeds1500m).

wetland

The largest plateau swamp: Zoige swamp (with a total area of about 6 180 square kilometers).

Si Tong Borg

The largest known independent rock in the world: Ayers Stonehenge (348 meters high, 9400 meters long at the bottom, with an area of 1200 hectares).

The hardest stone in the world: diamond

tropical rainforest

The largest tropical rain forest: amazon rain forest

lawn

The Best Grassland: Hulunbeier Grassland in China