Morphological characteristics of ginkgo tree and other brief comments

Ginkgo biloba has a long life span, and there are over 3,000 years old trees in China. Suitable for growing in subtropical monsoon region with superior hydrothermal conditions. The soil is yellow soil or yellow brown soil, and the pH value is 5 ~ 6. The initial growth is slow and the tillering is vigorous. Female plants generally begin to bear fruit in about 20 years, and trees that have been 500 years old can still bear fruit normally. Generally, it germinates from late March to early April, blooms from early April to mid-April, and the seeds mature 10 from late September to early June, and shed leaves from late June to 10.

Ginkgo trees are mainly distributed in Shandong, Jiangsu, Sichuan, Hebei, Hubei, Henan and other places. The largest ginkgo planting base in China is Tancheng County.

China, also known as Ginkgo biloba or Gongsun Shu. It is the only surviving species in the gymnosperm Ginkgo class (order). This kind of plants first appeared in Paleozoic Permian to Mesozoic Triassic and Jurassic, and their species flourished all over the world, but declined in Cenozoic. After the Quaternary Glacier, there is only one kind of Ginkgo biloba, which is a specialty of China. Ginkgo biloba is a deciduous tree with many branches, long branches and short branches. Leaf blade is fan-shaped with many parallel dichotomous veinlets. Dioecious, peanuts are in the axils at the top of short branches and have long stems; Seeds drupe-shaped, long-stalked, pendulous; Exocarp is fleshy and orange when ripe; Mesocarp bone, milky white; The endosperm is abundant. Ginkgo biloba has a long history of cultivation in China. As early as the Tang Dynasty, it spread from China to Japan. And then spread from Japan to Europe and America. China is widely cultivated, reaching Shenyang in the north, Guangzhou in the south, coastal provinces in the east, Gansu in the south, and the eastern edge of Hengduan Mountains in the west at an altitude of 1000 or below 2000m. Temples and places of interest all over the country often cultivate trees for hundreds to thousands of years.

Morphological characteristics:

Ginkgo biloba is a deciduous tree with a DBH of 4 meters. The bark of young trees is nearly smooth and light gray, while the bark of big trees is grayish brown, with irregular longitudinal cracks, long branches and short branches, and slow growth. Leaves alternate, scattered radially on long branches, 3-5 clustered on short branches, slender petiole, fan-shaped, light green on both sides, notched or 2-lobed on the broad top edge, 5-8 cm wide (115), with many branched venules. Dioecious, sparsely coextensive, cones solitary in leaf axils of short branches; Male cones are inflorescence-shaped, each with many stamens and 2 anthers; The female cone has a long stalk, and the stalk end is often bifurcated (sparsely 3-5 forks). At the fork end, 1 ovule with discoid funicle is produced, and often 1 ovule develops into a developing seed.

The seeds are drupe-shaped, long-stalked, pendulous, oval, oblong-obovate, ovoid or nearly spherical, 2.5-3.5 cm long and 65438 0.5-2 cm in diameter; The aril is fleshy, covered with white powder, and pale yellow or orange yellow when mature; Testa bony, white, usually with 2 (sparse 3) longitudinal edges; Endosperm membranous, reddish brown.

Growing habits:

Ginkgo biloba is a deep-rooted tree species, which is light-loving, drought-tolerant and waterlogging-tolerant. It has wide adaptability and grows well under the conditions of annual average temperature 10℃ to 18℃, minimum absolute temperature in winter above -25℃ and annual precipitation of 400- 1200mm. Ginkgo biloba is a typical strong positive tree species, which has strict requirements on light and insufficient light. Most of them have poor growth, thin branches and thin and yellow leaves, which affect growth and fruit. It grows well in deep, fertile and moist acidic or neutral yellow soil and red soil, and is not resistant to drought, barren, saline-alkali and humidity. Strong germination and pruning resistance. Strong resistance to sulfur dioxide, ozone and smoke pollution, and can absorb a variety of toxic gases. Adapt to the urban environment.

Garden use:

Ginkgo nut

Ginkgo trees are tall and straight with fan-shaped leaves. The canopy is large and cool, which has a cooling effect. The leaves are quaint and have a long life. No pests and diseases, no pollution to the environment, smooth trunk, is a famous pollution-free tree species, which is conducive to the reproduction of Ginkgo biloba and add scenery. Strong adaptability, Ginkgo biloba has extensive requirements for climate and soil. Smoke and dust resistance, fire resistance and toxic gas resistance. Ginkgo tree is tall and straight, graceful, green in spring and summer and golden in late autumn. It is an ideal tree species for landscaping and roadside. It can be used as an ideal cultivated tree species for landscaping, roads, highways, field forest nets and windbreaks. It is listed as one of the four long-lived ornamental tree species (pine, cypress, Sophora japonica and Ginkgo biloba) in China.

Ginkgo biloba is a first-class dried fruit with rich nutrition, sweet taste and homology of medicine and food. Generally, there are large (small) meishi, bergamot, big clock, big clock, big gold pendant and so on.

A. Edible value of Ginkgo biloba: Ginkgo biloba seeds contain starch, crude protein, nucleoprotein, crude fat, sucrose, minerals and crude fiber. It is an advanced nourishing fruit. It is said that Ginkgo biloba was listed as a tribute and sacred product in the Song Dynasty and was greatly appreciated by the emperor. Ouyang Xiu, a writer in the Northern Song Dynasty, said in his poems: Ginkgo biloba is precious in tribute. You don't know, the bounty on earth, the hospitality of the host, give me a ticket for Pearl. This shows the preciousness of ginkgo biloba. And at that time, most of them were enjoyed by rich and powerful people. There are many ways to eat: stir-fry, roast, steam, stew, stew, burn and so on. Such as Ginkgo Duck, Ginkgo Stewed Chicken and ginkgo porridge.

B, medicinal value: medicine and food have the same origin since ancient times. Ginkgo biloba, as a dietotherapy product, has a long history of nourishing and health care. According to Wu Rui's Daily Materia Medica in Yuan Dynasty, Ginkgo biloba is "sweet, bitter and poisonous". In the Ming Dynasty, Li Shizhen's Compendium of Materia Medica recorded that "cooked food warms the lungs and benefits qi, relieves asthma and relieves cough, and reduces stool and stops turbidity; Eating raw food can reduce diseases, disinfect and kill insects. Chew the pulp and apply it to the nose, face, hands and feet to remove herpes, tinea and crabs. " Ginkgo biloba is rich in nutrition and has the same origin as medicine and food, but it is not suitable to eat more (eating more will have toxic effects on human body). Generally, it is better to eat cooked food, which is 20 for adults and less than 0 for children/kloc-0.

The effect of ginkgo biloba leaves, ginkgo biloba leaves have certain medicinal and health care functions. According to the records of traditional Chinese medicine, Ginkgo biloba leaves can "astringe lung qi, relieve asthma and cough, and stop turbidity". Modern pharmacological research shows that Ginkgo biloba leaves have a wide range of effects on human and animal bodies.

1, reducing the level of cholesterol in human blood and preventing arteriosclerosis. It can significantly improve physical fatigue, rapid heartbeat, chest pain, dizziness and other symptoms of middle-aged and elderly people after mild activities.

2. Lowering blood pressure by increasing vascular permeability and elasticity has a good antihypertensive effect.

3. Eliminate the deposited components on the blood vessel wall, improve the blood flow change, enhance the deformability of red blood cells, reduce the blood viscosity, and make the blood flow unobstructed, which can prevent and treat cerebral hemorrhage and cerebral infarction. It also has certain curative effect on senile dementia caused by arteriosclerosis.

4. Ginkgo biloba preparation combined with hypoglycemic agents has a good effect on diabetes, and can be used as an auxiliary drug for diabetes.

5, can significantly reduce menstrual abdominal pain and backache and other symptoms.

6, used to treat bronchial asthma, also has a good effect.

7, reduce the level of lipid peroxidation, reduce freckles, moisturize the skin, beautiful appearance.

8, laxative, diuretic, detoxification, detoxification.

9. Ginkgo biloba leaves can obviously improve female climacteric syndrome.

Breeding and cultivation:

Seedling raising of ginkgo biloba. The embryo is dormant. Ginkgo trees should be planted in early spring along the sidewalk or after layering in winter. When the height of seedlings exceeds 1 m, they can be planted. Male trees should be selected for street trees. It can also be propagated by cutting and tillering. In order to promote early fruiting and cultivate excellent clones, bud grafting or branch grafting can be used for propagation. Planting method

1. The seedlings should be large, and the mother tree with a tree age of about 80 years is the best. The harvested seeds should be peeled and dried in the shade. Autumn sowing can be done in the south, and spring sowing is suitable in the north. The seedbed should be sandy loam with good water permeability.

About 2.2 months (after thawing in the north), half of the sprouting branches with roots were dug and planted in the nursery, with a diameter of 1cm ~ 4cm. This method is easy to survive. It can blossom and bear fruit in about 10 years.

3. In May and June, soft branches of the current year were selected and cut into 10cm ~ 15cm, leaving 3 ~ 4 leaves on them. Half of the cuttings are often sprayed with water to ensure that the leaves are not dry and can take root in about one and a half months to two months.

4. Transplanted ginkgo seedlings can be planted with bare roots below 5 cm in diameter, and generally cultivated with soil above 6 cm. The seedlings planted with bare roots are in a slow seedling stage. Seedlings with clods can grow in the same year. After the seedlings are planted in rows, they are flooded. When planting a big tree, it is best to fill the pit with water before planting it. After the water in the pit infiltrates, plant big trees in the pit and tamp them so that the water in the pit can come back to moisten the roots. The next watering should be to dig a diversion ditch beside the pit and fill it with water, so that the water can slowly penetrate into the roots of Ginkgo biloba. Don't drown with water. The main reason why many people transplant ginkgo biloba is not dryness, but soaking. Because the root system of Ginkgo biloba has a large respiratory capacity, it is submerged by water, and the root system is suffocated by hypoxia, so it cannot produce new roots, and the root system gradually decays. Some ginkgo leaves can disperse even after death, and even germinate in the second and third years, but the leaves are very small, and they will not grow until the nutrients in the body are exhausted. This is the "fake living" phenomenon of ginkgo biloba. However, some ginkgo leaves do not appear in the first year after planting, or even in the second year. If you pinch the skin, you will find that the skin is fresh and the branches will not shrink. This kind of tree may not be dead, but it may appear again in the third year. This phenomenon is also known as the "suspended animation" phenomenon of Ginkgo biloba. To determine whether Ginkgo biloba is a fake death or a fake life, we should not only look at the leaves, but also look at the roots. Therefore, buying big seedlings, especially those from abroad, must depend on whether the roots are black. If it is, it means that this seedling is a fake live seedling, no matter how cheap it is. The xylem of fresh seedlings should be white, the bark slightly red and the xylem tight.

5. Seedling management

(1) Ginkgo biloba does not need to be watered frequently after it survives. In the northern region, water once after thawing and before germination. If the weather is dry in May, you can water it once, because this is the peak growth period of Ginkgo biloba. Autumn and mid-August are the second growth peak of Ginkgo biloba in a year, which can be watered once and combined with fertilization twice.

(2) Fertilization: Fertilization in nursery can be carried out in spring and summer. In spring, apply 5000 kg to 10000 kg of decomposed organic fertilizer per mu between two rows, and then plough it once with a small rotary tiller to evenly ram the fertilizer into the soil. Large seedlings can open several radial ditches, and organic fertilizer and topsoil can be evenly mixed and filled into the ditches. If the amount of fertilization is large, it can be applied once a year in spring, but if the amount is small.

(3) Pruning: Ginkgo biloba generally does not need pruning, because there are few new shoots of Ginkgo biloba, even the seedlings in the nursery should leave as many branches and leaves as possible to accelerate their thickening. Cut off the branches below 1.8 meters one year before the seedlings are sold. After growing for one year, the cut is full, the skin is smooth and the branches are upright.

(4) intertillage: Appropriate intertillage can improve the permeability of soil, and intertillage can trim the fibrous roots of Ginkgo biloba and stimulate more fibrous roots to germinate. The number of intertillage can be once in spring and once in autumn.

skin care product

(5) Disease prevention and insect control: The disease of Ginkgo biloba is mainly seedling damping-off. The main pest of field seedlings is beetle larvae (grubs). Pay attention to ventilation and dehumidification at seedling stage, loosen topsoil and spray bordeaux mixture to prevent wilting. The way to control grubs is to apply decomposed organic fertilizer as far as possible. When applying fertilizer, the whole garden is sprayed with 500 times of 39 1 1 pesticide solution once, and then rotated again to rotate the sprayed fertilizer into the soil. Another method is to wet bran and rice bran, mix them with trichlorfon, use them in a bucket for two days to fully absorb the pesticide, then sprinkle them into the ground and then cultivate them. Another method is to bury a pile of hay every 10 meter, often pour some water on the hay, open the hay every two months, and there will be many grubs under it, which will be killed in a concentrated way.

(6) Cultivation of fruiting trees: Ginkgo biloba is dioecious and cross-pollinated, so the fruiting trees should be matched with pollinated trees. Ginkgo biloba has a strong pollination ability, and 25 kilometers downwind in the breeze is the effective pollination area. The difference between male and female trees is that the female branches rotate obviously, the branches grow horizontally, the leaves are thicker, and the male branches are upright and alternate. Ginkgo orchards are planted at a spacing of 4m× 6m, and the seedlings grow rapidly. Selecting seedlings with DBH of 3 cm to 4 cm, cutting and grafting. Generally, a 3-year-old scion with shiny skin, 3-6 short branches and large fruit grains is better. It can bear fruit in 3-4 years after grafting.

Excerpt from:/Ginkgo biloba/