Knowledge points in the first volume of geography in the second day of the People's Education Edition

1, the terrain is stepped.

(1) Topographic features: high in the west and low in the east, with ladder-like distribution. Most of the western regions are mountains, plateaus and basins, while the eastern regions are dominated by plains and hills.

(2) Overview of the three steps

Ladder Name Altitude Main Terrain Type Main Terrain Area

The first step is the plateau above 4000 meters, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the Qaidam Basin.

Boundary: Kunlun Mountain-Qilian Mountain-the eastern edge of Hengduan Mountain

The second level is 1000 ~ 2000m Plateau, Inner Mongolia Plateau, Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, Loess Plateau, Sichuan Basin, Tarim Basin and Junggar Basin.

Boundary: Daxinganling-Taihang Mountain-Wushan-Xuefeng Mountain

The hills, mountains, plains and basins below the third step 500 meters are alternately distributed in the southeast hills, northeast plains, North China plains and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.

(3) The influence of the stepped distribution of China's topography on China's climate, rivers and traffic: (1) The influence on climate: China's topography is high in the west and low in the east, which is conducive to the moist air flow at sea to advance to China's inland and bring abundant precipitation to China's vast areas. (2) Impact on rivers: the topography of high in the west and low in the east causes rivers in China to rush into the sea from west to east; When the river flows from a higher step to a lower step, the drop is large, resulting in huge water energy. (3) Impact on traffic: The big river flowing eastward connects the east-west traffic in China, which facilitates the connection between the coast and the inland, but the tall mountains at the junction of the steps have become a huge obstacle to the east-west traffic in China.

2. The terrain is complex and diverse (Figure 2.4 P24)

⑴ Features of the four plateaus: Qinghai-Tibet Plateau: the roof of the world, with widespread glaciers and continuous snow-capped mountains.

Loess Plateau: Loess is the most widely distributed area in the world, with thousands of valleys and fault blocks.

Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau: Karst landforms are widely distributed and the surface is rugged.

Inner Mongolia Plateau: The second largest plateau in China is endless.

(2) the characteristics of the three plains:

Northeast Plain: The plain area of China, with flat terrain and widely distributed black soil.

North China Plain: The most complete plain in China, also known as "Huanghuaihai Plain".

Plain in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River: the lowest plain in China, with dense rivers and lakes, is a land of plenty.

(3) Four great basin characteristics:

Tarim Basin: The regional basins in China include the Taklimakan Desert in China and the Tarim River, an inland river in China. Junggar Basin: great basin, the second largest area in China, is relatively humid.

Qaidam Basin: China's topographic basin, known as the "cornucopia".

Sichuan Basin: Also known as "Purple Basin", there is a large area of Chengdu Plain in the west, with developed agriculture and rich products, and it has the reputation of "Land of Abundance".

(4) Main mountain ranges (Figure 2.6 on page 26)

① East-west three columns: North column: Tianshan-Yinshan; Central column: Kunlun Mountain-Qinling Mountain; Minami: Nanling.

② Three columns running from northeast to southwest: West column: Daxing 'anling-Taihang Mountain-Wushan-Xuefeng Mountain; Central column: Changbai Mountain-Wuyishan; East Column: Mountains in Taiwan Province Province.

(3) Northwest-Southeast train: North train: Altai Mountain; Central column: Qilian Mountain; Minami: Bayan Kara.

(4) North and South Pillars: North Pillar: Helan Mountain; Central column: Liupanshan; Minami: Hengduan Mountain Area.

⑤ Arc strike: Himalayas, the main peak of which is Mount Qomolangma, with an altitude of 8,844 meters, is the highest mountain in the world, located at the border between China and Nepal.

⑥ Five Mountains in China: Mount Taishan in Dongyue (Shandong), Mount Huashan in Xiyue (Shaanxi), Mount Hengshan in Nanyue (Hunan), Mount Hengshan in Beiyue (Hebei) and Mount Songshan in Zhongyue (Henan).

5. Main hills: Liaodong hills, Shandong hills and southeast hills from north to south.

3. The mountains are vast.

(1) Mountainous areas: including mountainous areas, rugged plateaus and hills, accounting for about 2/3 of the national territory.

(2) Development and utilization of mountainous areas:

Advantages: Mountain areas have great advantages in developing tourism, mining and agricultural diversification, and are rich in forests, minerals, biological resources and landscape resources.

Disadvantages: rugged terrain and inconvenient transportation are prone to natural disasters: collapse, landslide and debris flow. When developing and utilizing mountainous areas, special attention should be paid to the construction of ecological environment to prevent and avoid mountain disasters.

Second, the climate is diverse and the monsoon is remarkable.

1, temperature difference between north and south

⑴ Characteristics of temperature distribution in winter: There is a big difference between the north and the south in winter, and it is cold in the north and warm in the south. The farther north, the lower the temperature. Reasons: mainly affected by latitude, the north gets less solar heat and the temperature is lower than the south; The strong winds in winter aggravate the cold in the north of China, while the south is less affected by the blocking of mountains.

1 month 0℃ isotherm: it is roughly distributed along the Qinling-Huaihe line.

⑵ Characteristics of temperature distribution in summer: Except for the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and other areas, the temperature in the whole country is generally high in summer, and there is little difference between north and south in most places. Reason: Mainly influenced by latitude, the solar heat from the north and the south is almost the same.

(3) The coldest place in China in winter: Mohe Town, Heilongjiang Province; Hottest place in summer: Turpan, Xinjiang.

⑷ China temperature zoning: ① Basis: a, the reality of agricultural production; B. Accumulate the daily average temperature within the duration of ≥ 10℃, and the total temperature obtained is called active accumulated temperature, which is the main index to divide the temperature zone. ② Five temperature zones and one plateau climate zone. (Figure 2 in P33.15)

Temperate cold temperate middle temperate warm temperate subtropical tropical plateau climate zone

Crops are harvested once a year, once a year, three times a year to two times a year, two times a year to three times a year, and three times a year to one time a year.

2, the difference between dry and wet.

(1) The general trend of annual precipitation distribution: decreasing from the southeast coast to the northwest inland.

(2) The place with the most precipitation in China is Huoshaoliao in Taiwan Province Province; The least place is Toksun in Turpan Basin, Xinjiang.

(3) According to the comparison of precipitation and evaporation, it can be divided into four categories: dry and wet. (Figure 2 in P36, 17)

Regional humid area, semi-humid area, semi-arid area and arid area

Dry and wet precipitation > evaporation and precipitation > evaporation, precipitation, evaporation, precipitation, evaporation.

Vegetation forests, grasslands and grasslands are all deserts.

3. Climatic characteristics of China

(1) Monsoon climate is remarkable: (1) Monsoon: Monsoon refers to the wind whose direction changes with the seasons. ② The cause of monsoon: The thermal difference between land and sea is the main reason for the formation of monsoon in China. ③ Monsoon climate characteristics: the north wind blows in winter, and it is cold and dry; The south wind blows in summer, which is warm and humid. (4) Monsoon area and non-monsoon area: the area obviously affected by summer monsoon is called monsoon area; Areas that are not obviously affected by the summer monsoon are called non-monsoon areas. Its dividing line: Daxinganling-Yinshan-Helan Mountain. (P39 Figure 2.2 1)⑤ The difference between monsoon region and non-monsoon region: the monsoon region is rich in precipitation, mainly concentrated in summer; In non-monsoon areas, summer monsoon is difficult to reach, precipitation is scarce, and it is dry all the year round. ⑥ The main precipitation form in eastern China: frontal rain.

⑵ The climate is complex and diverse: (P42 Figure 2.26)① East: tropical monsoon climate, subtropical monsoon climate and temperate monsoon climate. ② Northwest: temperate continental climate. ③ Southwest (Qinghai-Tibet Plateau): Plateau and mountainous climate.

4. The influence of climate in China (1) The climate is complex and diverse, which is conducive to the development of various agricultural economies and makes China extremely rich in crops and various animal and plant resources. ⑵ The most remarkable climate feature in monsoon region is the simultaneous rain and heat. When there is the most precipitation, it is also the time of temperature and the growing period of crops. The combination of rain and heat provides favorable conditions for crop growth.

(3) It is easy to bring all kinds of disastrous weather. In winter, the wind activity is strong and a cold wave will break out; The instability of summer monsoon activities can also lead to floods and droughts.

Major disastrous weather: mainly cold wave, typhoon, drought and flood. Among them, floods and droughts are the most common and widely distributed climatic disasters that affect agricultural production in China.

Three. Jianghu 1. Countless rivers and lakes

⑴ outflow river and outflow area: the river that finally flows into the ocean is the outflow river, and its area is the outflow area.

⑵ Inflow rivers and inflow areas: The rivers that do not eventually flow into the sea are inland rivers, and their areas are inland areas.

(3) Comparison between outflow area and inflow area in China;

The name of the basin accounts for the main rivers in the total area of China.

Two thirds of the outflow area flows into the Pacific Ocean: Yangtze River, Yellow River, Pearl River and Lancang River (called Mekong River outside China).

Flowing into the Indian Ocean: Yarlung Zangbo River (called Yarlung Zangbo River outside China) and Nujiang River (called salween outside China).

Flowing into the Arctic Ocean: Irtysh River. (Rivers flowing into the Arctic Ocean in China)

The dividing line is Daxinganling-Yinshan-Helan Mountain-Bayankala-Gangdise Mountain.

Inflow area 1/3 flows into the deep desert: Tarim River.

⑷ Comparison of hydrological characteristics between outflow river and inflow river: ① Most outflow rivers are distributed in the southeast outflow area. Affected by monsoon climate, rivers have a large amount of water, and rivers mainly come from atmospheric precipitation. The flood season is getting shorter and shorter from south to north, and the rivers north of the Huaihe River in Qinling Mountains freeze in winter. (2) Inland rivers are distributed in the northwest inland, with small water volume and great seasonal changes. Rivers mainly come from mountain precipitation and melting water of snow and ice. The inland river of China is Tarim River.

2. Beijing-Hangzhou Canal

The Beijing-Hangzhou Canal is the longest and earliest artificial river in the world. With a total length of 1.800 km, it runs through Beijing and Tianjin, Hebei, Shandong, Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces from north to south, and connects five major water systems: Haihe River, Yellow River, Huaihe River, Yangtze River and Qiantang River.

3. Yangtze River and Yellow River (Figure 2.32 in P48 and Figure 2.36 in P53)

Yangtze River and Yellow River

The length is 6300 kilometers and 5500 kilometers.

Bayan har, the birthplace of Tanggula

It is characterized by a "V+W" shape, which is the longest river in China and the third longest river in the world. It is the second longest river in China and the river with the largest sediment concentration in the world.

Enter the ocean, East China Sea and Bohai Sea.

The dividing points of the upper, middle and lower reaches are Yichang, Hukou Estuary and Jin Meng.

It flows through Qinghai, Tibet, Sichuan, Yunnan, Chongqing, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Anhui, Jiangsu, Shanghai (1 1), Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan, Shandong (9) and other provinces.

It flows through the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Hengduan Mountains, Sichuan Basin, Wushan, the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the Inner Mongolia Plateau, the Loess Plateau and the North China Plain.

The main tributaries are Jialing River, Hanjiang River, Xiangjiang River, Ganjiang River, Huangshui River, Fenhe River and Weihe River.

Develop a "hydropower treasure house", where hydropower resources are mainly concentrated in the upper reaches. Hydropower stations: Three Gorges and Gezhouba. (2) "Golden Waterway", the main stream runs through the east and west, and it is not frozen all year round, and it is navigable in the following four seasons in Yibin. ① Hydropower is used in the middle and upper reaches. Hydropower stations: Longyangxia, Sanmenxia and Xiaolangdi.

② Irrigation from the Yellow River: south of the Great Wall-Ningxia Plain and Hetao Plain; Important reference water source in North China Plain.

Worry ① The lake area in the middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River is shrinking, the forest and grassland vegetation is destroyed, and the natural ecological environment is deteriorating.

② The main tributaries above Yichang, Dongting Lake and Poyang Lake, and the Hanjiang River on the north bank are the three main sources of flood in the middle and lower reaches of the plain.

(3) There are many currents in Chuanjiang Beach, and the Jingjiang reach is curved, with slow currents and serious siltation. ① Upstream: The climate tends to be dry, and grassland degradation and desertification are serious. Ningxia and Inner Mongolia are prone to ice flood in early spring.

② Middle reaches: It flows through the Loess Plateau with serious soil erosion and becomes the river with the largest sediment concentration in the world.

(3) Downstream: the river channel is widened, the water flow is slow, and a large amount of sediment is deposited, which makes the river bed rise and become an "overground river". The threat of flood is serious, and the water pollution is aggravated. Ice flood is easy to form in early spring in Shandong Province.

Control measures ① Construction of shelterbelts in the middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River to conserve water and soil; Flood diversion and storage project construction. (storage)

(2) River regulation, returning farmland to forests. (guide)

(3) Strengthening flood control levees. (national defense)

① Upstream: rational grazing, restoration of forest and grass vegetation and improvement of ecological environment. Build reservoirs and hydropower stations.

② Middle reaches: comprehensive management of soil and water conservation. Planting trees and grass, returning farmland to forests and grasslands, building dams and silting up land, and maintaining water and soil.

③ Downstream: reinforce and heighten the Yellow River levee, dredge the river channel and control water pollution.

4. Main lakes

Lake in China: Qinghai Lake (Qinghai) is a saltwater lake.

Five major freshwater lakes in China: Poyang Lake (Jiangxi), Dongting Lake (Hunan), Taihu Lake (Jiangsu), Hongze Lake (Jiangsu) and Chaohu Lake (Anhui).

extreme

First, it has a vast territory.

1, with excellent geographical location.

⑴ Hemisphere Location: Eastern Hemisphere, Northern Hemisphere. ⑵ Land and sea location: East Asia, west coast of Pacific Ocean.

⑶ Latitude position: most of them are located in the mid-latitude area, belonging to the north temperate zone, and a few areas in the south are located in the tropics south of the Tropic of Cancer, with no cold zone.

(4) Location advantage

Developing Agricultural Production China has a vast territory, and the climate between north and south and east and west is quite different, which provides favorable conditions for developing a variety of agricultural economies.

Foreign exchange and cooperation is adjacent to the Pacific Ocean in the east, with many excellent harbors and convenient maritime transportation, which is conducive to friendly exchanges with overseas countries; The western part goes deep into the Eurasian continent and borders many countries, so that China's land transportation can directly communicate with Central Asia, West Asia and Europe.

The development of marine industry is adjacent to the Pacific Ocean in the east, and there are many excellent harbors along the coast, which is convenient for the development of various marine resources.

Others have created rich tourism resources in China, such as snow and ice in the north and tropical scenery in the south.

2. Vast territory

(1) Land area: about 9.6 million Km2, almost equivalent to the whole area of Europe, ranking third among countries in the world after Russia and Canada, and being a country with a larger area in the world.

(2) Territorial boundary: the distance from east to west is about 5,000 kilometers, and the distance from north to south is about 5,500 kilometers.

Eastmost: the intersection of the middle line of Heilongjiang main channel and Wusuli River (135 E); West wind: X (73 E) Pamirs;

The southernmost point: Zengmu shoal in Nansha Islands, South China Sea (4 N); Northernmost: the center line of the main channel north of Mohe River in Heilongjiang Province (53 N).

(3) Land boundary: more than 20,000 kilometers; Coastline: 1, more than 80,000 kilometers.

(4) Land neighbors: Land neighbors (14): North Korea, Russia, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, Laos and Vietnam.

5. Countries across the sea (6): Japan, South Korea, Philippines, Malaysia, Brunei and Indonesia.

China is an important maritime power in the world. From north to south, there are Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea, East China Sea and South China Sea in turn, and the sea area under its jurisdiction is about 3 million square kilometers. Bohai Sea and Qiongzhou Strait are the inland seas of China. The Bohai Sea has China's Yantian-Luchang Yantian, and the East China Sea has China's fishing ground-Zhoushan Fishing Ground.

(7) peninsulas and islands: the main peninsulas-Liaodong Peninsula, Shandong Peninsula and Leizhou Peninsula. The main islands-Taiwan Province Island (the largest island in China) and Hainan Island.

3.34 provincial administrative departments (Figure P7 1, 7)

⑴ Administrative divisions: China's current administrative divisions are basically divided into three levels: provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government and special administrative regions), counties (autonomous counties and county-level cities) and towns (townships).

(2) There are 34 provincial administrative units in China, including 23 provinces, 5 autonomous regions, 4 municipalities directly under the Central Government and 2 Hong Kong and Macao Special Administrative Regions.

⑶ Names, abbreviations and administrative centers of 34 provincial administrative units in China. The first network of new curriculum standards

(4) Special provincial administrative regions. ① Hainan Province has the widest latitude. The longest longitude span is in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. The latitude is Heilongjiang Province. The lowest latitude is Hainan Province.

② Guangdong Province has the largest population. The Macao Special Administrative Region has the smallest population. Yunnan province has the largest number of ethnic minorities.

③ The area is X Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. The smallest area is the Macao Special Administrative Region. The longest coastline on the mainland is Guangdong Province. Zhejiang province has the largest number of coastal islands. Hainan province is located in the tropics. At the same time, Liaoning Province and Shandong Province are close to the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea.

④ The largest neighboring country is X Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. The nearest provinces are Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and Shaanxi Province.

The Tropic of Cancer passes through Yunnan, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guangdong and Taiwan Province provinces from west to east.

Second, the population is large.

1, the most populous country in the world.

(1) According to the fifth census in 2000, the total population of China was129.5 billion, accounting for more than 1/5 of the world's total population. 6543810.6 is China1300 million population day. (2) The outstanding characteristics of population: large population base and rapid population growth. ⑶ Population policy: Family planning is a basic national policy of China.

2. The population in the east and west is small.

⑴ Population density: The average population density of China is 0/34 people per square kilometer/kloc, which is three times that of the world.

⑵ Characteristics of population distribution: Heihe (Heilongjiang Province)-Tengchong (Yunnan Province) is the boundary, with more east and less west.

(3) Among the 34 provincial administrative regions, the Macao Special Administrative Region has the highest population density, while Xizang Autonomous Region has the lowest. Among the 23 provinces, Jiangsu has the highest population density.

Third, the multi-ethnic family.

1, 56 ethnic groups

(1) The largest population is the Han nationality, accounting for 92% of the total population in China.

(2) The largest minority population is Zhuang, and the least is Zhuang. The ethnic minorities with a population of more than 4 million are Zhuang, Manchu, Hui, Miao, Uygur, Yi, Tujia, Mongolian and Tibetan.

(3) All ethnic groups have unique customs, cultures, arts and traditional sports activities, such as the Dragon Boat Festival of the Han nationality, the Water-splashing Festival of the Dai nationality, the Nadam Festival of the Mongolian nationality, the Eid al-Fitr of the Uygur nationality, the Torch Festival of the Yi nationality, and the Dragon Drum Dance of the Korean nationality.

(4) Ethnic policy: All ethnic groups, big or small, are equal.

2. Ethnic distribution

⑴ Characteristics of ethnic distribution: large mixed communities and small settlements. (2) Han nationality: all over the country, mainly concentrated in the east and middle. (3) Ethnic minorities: mainly distributed in the southwest, northwest and northeast regions.

Tisso

The first chapter looks at China from the world.

1. Geographical location of China: From the eastern and western hemispheres, China is located in the eastern hemisphere, from the northern and southern hemispheres, China is located in the northern hemisphere, and from the mainland and ocean, China is located in the eastern part of Asia and the west coast of the Pacific Ocean.

2. China's superior geographical position.

China has a land area of about 9.6 million square kilometers, ranking third in the world, next only to Russian and Canadian.

4. Four directions of China: the northernmost point: the center line of Heilongjiang main channel north of Mohe River in Heilongjiang Province, (53 N).

The easternmost point: the intersection of the middle line of Heilongjiang main channel and Wusuli River, (135 E).

The westernmost point: Pamir Plateau in Xinjiang, (73 E).

Southernmost point: Zengmu shoal in Nanshao Islands, South China Sea, (3° N).

China is located in the east of Asia-Europe continent, facing the Pacific Ocean in the east, facing 14 land neighbors and 6 countries across the sea.

There is Luchang Yantian, a salt field in China, near Bohai Sea, and Zhoushan Fishing Ground, a fishing ground in China, in the East China Sea.

5. From north to south, the coastal areas of China are Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea and East China Sea, and the South China Sea Strait belongs to the East China Sea.

6. China has 34 provincial administrative units, 23 provinces, 5 autonomous regions, 4 municipalities directly under the Central Government and 2 special administrative regions.

Memory formula of provincial administrative region:

Hunan, Hubei, Guangdong, Guangxi, Henan, Hebei, Shanxi and Shandong.

Wujiang (Xinjiang) Ning Er is green, and Shaanxi, Gansu, Jiangxi, Jiangsu, Heilongjiang, Zhejiang, Xinjiang, Ningxia, Liaoning, Qinghai, Shaanxi and Gansu.

Re-Mongolia Tai Hai Fu Ji An Yunnan Guizhou Tibet Sichuan Beijing Shanghai Tianjin.

Yunnan, Guizhou, Northwest China, Chongqing, Inner Mongolia, Taiwan Province, Hainan, Fujian, Jilin and Anhui.

Hongkong and Macau are very happy to return to China.

Great rivers and mountains of the motherland, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and Macao Special Administrative Region.

4 municipalities directly under the Central Government: Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai and Chongqing.

Five autonomous regions: Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Xizang Autonomous Region and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region.

Two special administrative regions: Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and Macao Special Administrative Region.

China provincial administrative unit: Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. China's smallest provincial administrative unit: Macao Special Administrative Region. The most populous provincial administrative unit in China: Guangdong Province.

The provincial administrative unit with the least population in China: Macao Special Administrative Region.

The provincial administrative unit of China's population density: Macao Special Administrative Region.

The provincial administrative unit with the smallest population density in China: Xizang Autonomous Region.

The northernmost, southernmost, easternmost and westernmost provinces in China are Heilongjiang, Hainan, Heilongjiang and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region.

Please refer to the textbook map 1 7 for the outline of provinces and cities and the location of provincial capitals. )

7. The total population of China is 13.4 10 billion (the sixth census in 20 10), accounting for more than one fifth of the world's population, making it the most populous country in the world. (National policy: family planning).

8. China is bounded by Heihe-Tengchong, with dense population distribution in the east and sparse population distribution in the west.