Scientific cultivation of sugarcane

1. Biological characteristics of sugarcane

Sugarcane is an annual or perennial ratoon tropical and subtropical herbaceous plant and is a C4 crop. Sugarcane is a plant with high light efficiency, high light saturation point, low carbon dioxide compensation point, low photorespiration rate and high photosynthetic intensity. Therefore, sugarcane has high biological yield and large profits. The sugarcane stalks are upright, thick and juicy, and the surface is often covered with white powder. The leaves are alternate, with small sharp-toothed edges, and the flower spikes are compound racemes. Sugarcane is a temperature-loving and light-loving crop. The annual accumulated temperature requires 5500℃-8500℃, the frost-free period is more than 330 days, the average annual air humidity is 60%, the annual precipitation is required to be 800-1200mm, and the sunshine hours are more than 1195 hours. Sugarcane has a wide range of adaptability to soil, with clay loam, loam and sandy loam being better. Sugarcane can grow as long as the soil pH is between 4.5 and 8.0, but a soil pH of 6.5-7.5 is suitable.

2. Fertilizer requirement of sugarcane

Sugarcane has a long growth period, tall plants and high yield. Therefore, throughout the growth period, the amount of fertilizer applied is one of the main factors that determines yield. Since sugarcane requires a large amount of fertilizer, fertilizer accounts for a large proportion of sugarcane production costs. Therefore, it is of great significance to correctly master the fertilization technology to achieve timely and appropriate amounts while maximizing the needs of sugarcane for fertilizer.

1. Fertilizer requirements of sugarcane. According to research, for every ton of raw sugar cane produced, 1.5 to 2 kilograms of nitrogen (N), 1 to 1.5 kilograms of phosphorus (P2O5), and 2 to 2.5 kilograms of potassium (K2O) need to be absorbed from the soil.

2. Nutrient absorption during various growth stages of sugarcane. The general trend of nutrient absorption in each growth stage of sugarcane is that it is less in the seedling stage, gradually increases in the tillering stage, is maximum in the elongation stage, and decreases again in the mature stage.

3． Fertilization principles. According to the fertilizer requirement characteristics of sugarcane at different growth stages, the fertilization principle formulated is: "Apply base fertilizer heavily and top-dress fertilizer in stages at the appropriate time." If only top-dressing fertilizer is applied without base fertilizer, the sugarcane will easily grow: top-heavy, thick at the top and thin at the bottom, and prone to lodging. On the contrary, if only basal fertilizer is applied without top dressing, the stamina will be insufficient and "rat-tailed cane" will be formed, which will affect the yield.

① Apply base fertilizer again. Fertilizers are mainly organic fertilizers, phosphorus, potassium fertilizers and a small amount of nitrogen fertilizers. Phosphate fertilizers and potassium fertilizers are mainly used as base fertilizers, because sugarcane absorbs phosphate fertilizers mainly in the early and middle stages. Phosphate fertilizers are also less mobile in the soil and need to be closer to the roots to be easily absorbed. The absorption of potassium fertilizer by sugarcane is also mainly in the early and middle stages (accounting for about 80%). Moreover, the potassium absorbed by the sugarcane plant in the early and middle stages can be used in the later stages. Therefore, potassium fertilizer should be applied early. When the amount is small, it is used as base fertilizer. When the amount is large, half of it is used as base fertilizer, and the other half is applied at the peak of tillering or early elongation.

② Topdressing in stages. According to the fertilizer requirement of sugarcane, the application principle of top dressing can be summarized as “three attacks and one supplement, light at the two ends and heavy in the middle”. The "three attacks" are seedling fertilizer, tiller fertilizer and stem fertilizer. "One supplement" means to apply strong tail fertilizer later. "Light at both ends" means that less fertilizer is applied during the seedling stage and the later stage of elongation, while "heavy at the middle" means that more fertilizer is applied during the early stage of elongation.

3. Land preparation and planting cane ditches

1. Preparing the land. Land preparation is to provide a deep, loose, fertile soil condition for the growth of sugarcane to fully meet the needs of its root growth, so that the root system can better absorb water and nutrients. At the same time, land preparation can also reduce diseases, insects and weeds in sugarcane fields. Deep cultivation is the basis for increasing production. Sugarcane has a well-developed root system, and deep plowing is conducive to the development of the root system, causing the above-ground parts to grow quickly and yield high yields. Deep cultivation is a general principle and requirement. The specific degree of deep plowing must be adapted to local conditions, depending on the depth of the original plowing layer and soil properties, generally about 30 cm. Deep plowing should not destroy the original soil layer, and should be combined with additional fertilizer application. Early plowing weathers the soil and improves fertility. Therefore, sugarcane fields should be plowed in time after the previous crop is harvested. Early plowing is more important for fields planted with sugarcane after rice.

2. Opening sugarcane ditches

Opening sugarcane ditches allows sugarcane to be planted to a certain depth, making it easier to fertilize and manage. The width and depth of the sugarcane ditch should be adapted to local conditions. It is generally about 20 centimeters deep and the bottom of the ditch is 20 to 25 centimeters wide. The bottom of the ditch should be flat.

4. Apply sufficient base fertilizer

Use 1,000-2,000 kilograms of farmyard manure per acre. Mix 100 kilograms of superphosphate, 25 kilograms of urea, 20 kilograms of potassium sulfate or 15 kilograms of potassium chloride and let it sit for 7-15 days before applying it to the cane planting ditch. Or 50 kilograms of 10:10:10 ternary compound fertilizer.

5. Cultivating management

1. Fertilization.

① Provide seedling fertilizer: After emergence, it is carried out in conjunction with the first weeding, and 15 kg of urea is applied per mu.

② Fertilization during the growth period: During the growth period of the field, combined with each soil cultivation, apply 100 kilograms of superphosphate (or calcium, magnesium and phosphorus) and 10 kilograms of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer (or potassium chloride) per acre.

③Apply foliar fertilizer and balanced fertilizer in a timely manner. During the growth period, spray compound, high-efficiency, multi-component, organic ecological foliar fertilizer "Rong Dafeng" 300 times liquid 3-4 times depending on the seedling condition; after the seedlings are established, frequently pour 5% ammonium carbonate water on the roots of weak seedlings.

2. Reasonable irrigation. Fruit cane needs a lot of water, so attention should be paid to timely irrigation, but heavy water irrigation should be avoided, light water irrigation should be advocated, and the soil should be kept dry, wet, and mainly moist.

3. Build soil and establish seedlings. Generally, soil should be cultivated 3-4 times a year, with an interval of about 30 days between each time. At the same time, combined with soil cultivation, timely planting of seedlings can ensure 7-8 seedlings per meter.

4. Peel off the bract leaves. After the sugarcane plant elongates, begin to peel off the leaves. Peel off 3-4 leaves each time. Excessive leaf peeling will affect the growth of the plant. Failure to peel the leaves in time will affect the powdering.

6. Prevention and Control of Diseases, Pests, Weeds and Rats

The main diseases of fruit sugarcane include pineapple disease, tip rot, smut and leaf wilt. The main pests include sugarcane borer (commonly known as sugarcane borer). insects) as well as woolly aphids, red mealybugs, cane turtles, etc. In terms of prevention and control strategies, comprehensive prevention and control measures should be adopted that combine "agricultural control, biological control, physical control, and chemical control".

Agricultural prevention and control: The main measures for agricultural prevention and control are reasonable layout and regular crop rotation, standard planting, selecting disease-free and pest-free seedlings, cleaning the fields, strengthening field management, and disinfecting the seedlings with 3% quicklime water during sowing. 2-6 hours to promote healthy growth of sugarcane plants, enhance resistance, and inhibit the occurrence of pests and diseases.

Biological control: Biological control uses natural enemies of pests such as Trichogramma wasps, red ants, ladybugs, praying mantises, dragonflies, etc. to control the occurrence and development of pests. Measures Based on the fact that both pests and beneficial insects have poor resistance to highly toxic and high-residue pesticides, biopesticides with low toxicity and low residues should be promoted to avoid or reduce damage to the natural enemies of pests-beneficial insects, so as to achieve the purpose of controlling pests with insects.

Three physical control: Physical control mainly uses the phototaxis of adults to trap and kill adults through set light waves. The "Jiaduo brand frequency vibration insecticidal lamp" currently installed and trialled has a good trapping and killing effect. Under normal weather conditions, if the light is turned on for 10 hours every night, each lamp can trap and kill 300-500 adult sugarcane borers and 200 sugarcane tortoises. —300 heads and various other pests. Generally, one lamp is installed in every 50-60 acres of sugarcane field. The light stand is about 20 cm higher than the crops and can be raised and lowered.

Four chemical control: Even if pesticides are used for chemical control, in order to achieve rapid and efficient control effects, it is necessary to seize the peak period of occurrence (i.e. three peaks from March to April, June to July, and September to October) , to achieve the four unifications of "unified medicine, unified time, unified action, and unified application".

1. Prevention and control of sugarcane borer: ① When planting, use 5 kilograms of phosphorus or 5 kilograms of phosphorus per acre or 5 kilograms of Miler granules mixed with base fertilizer and then apply it into the sowing ditch, and then sow the seeds. Cover with soil, and then mix the same amount with fertilizer and apply it deeply every time you build up the soil; ② When a small number of dead seedlings appear in the seedling stage, use a knife to pry them out by the roots and burn them together. Kill the larvae or inject the solution directly into the insect canal with a syringe. ③Spray a large area. To select the correct pesticide, you must pay attention to mixing long-acting pesticides with quick-acting pesticides. The amount of pesticides per mu is 45-90 kilograms, and the spray should be focused on the heart leaves, leaf sheath openings and bore holes. Recommended pesticide varieties are 5% Ruigent 1000 times or 98% Badan original powder 800 times or 10% fenitrothion 1000 times, etc., used alternately, and appropriately mixed with Kungfu, Nongdile, Baishude, Diedejing, Gram Aphid borers, quick culling, phoxim, etc.

2. Control of woolly aphids, red pink aphids, and sugarcane turtles: Generally, they can be treated simultaneously when controlling sugarcane borer, but if treatment is missed, specialized pesticides must be used for selective treatment. For woolly aphids, use 25% pirimicarb 2,000 times or 10% imidacloprid 2,500 times; for red pink aphids, use 40% quick kill 1,500 times or 40% chlorpyrifos 1,000 times; for cane turtles, use 70% octyl sulfuric acid 800 times or 24% Valin 600 times. .

3. Disease prevention and control: Spray with 75% chlorothalonil 500 times or 70% thiophanate methyl 800 times or 50% carbendazim 1000 times or 70% zinc 500 times for 4 consecutive times. More than once, the interval is 7-10 days. Can be sprayed mixed with insecticides.

4. Weed control: ① Chemical weeding before germination. After planting and before the sugarcane seedlings are unearthed, use 25 ml of 40% atrazine plus 200 ml of amazine per mu, mixed with 50-60 kg of water and spray. ② Manual weeding. Combine cultivating, fertilizing, and cultivating soil for weeding.

5. Rodent pest control: Use 700,000 sodium salt to poison the grain, and ban rat poison sold on the street to reduce environmental pollution and poisoning of humans and animals.

7. Harvest at the right time

The full growth period of fruit sugarcane is about 260 days, that is, it takes more than 260 days after emergence to reach full maturity, with the highest yield and quality. Optimal, otherwise too early or too late will affect output and quality.

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