Achievements of China's space industry

For half a century, under the cordial care of successive leaders and the top leadership of the country, under the leadership of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, and with the joint efforts of all departments, China's space industry has adhered to the road of independent innovation with China characteristics. From scratch, from the development of sounding rockets to the ability to develop and launch various satellites and manned spacecraft, space technology has gone from blank to the world's advanced ranks, not only making great contributions to national defense and national economic construction, but also going abroad and going to the world. In June 2000, 5438+065438+ 10, the government of China published the white paper "Space in China", which announced the achievements and future development of China's space for the first time, and made it clear that China's space activities consisted of three parts: space technology, space application and space science. In June, 2006, 5438+ 10, the government of China released the white paper "Space in China in 2006" again, pointing out the future development direction and relevant policies of China's space industry. China Aerospace has become the embodiment of China's comprehensive national strength, the symbol of prosperity and the epitome of prosperity.

1On April 24th, 970, China successfully sent the Dongfanghong-1 artificial earth satellite into space with the self-developed Long March-1 carrier rocket. The beautiful music of Dongfanghong spread all over the world, and countless China people rushed to tell it and cheered. This is a great day. Since then, China's rockets and satellites have succeeded again and again, attracting people's attention and making China a real space power.

The 12 Long March series launch vehicles developed by China basically meet the requirements for launching satellites with different purposes. Up to now, the Long March series of launch vehicles have been launched 965,438+0 times, putting more than 70 spacecraft developed by China into predetermined orbits and successfully launching 28 foreign-made satellites. We have independently developed a series of recoverable remote sensing satellites, Dongfanghong communication and broadcasting satellites, Fengyun meteorological satellites, Shijian scientific exploration and technology test satellites, Resources Earth resources satellites and Beidou navigation and positioning satellites. The series of marine satellites will be formed soon, and the plan to build a small satellite constellation for environmental and disaster monitoring is being stepped up. While developing a series of satellites, the state supports the development of satellite public platforms, and forms the Dongfanghong-3 satellite platform, Dongfanghong-4 large-scale geostationary orbit satellite platform, CAST968 and CAST2000 small satellite public platforms, etc. The launch of the first satellite of the geostationary orbit public platform is about to be launched, which indicates that the development of China's space technology has reached another milestone. Two export contracts for the whole satellite have been signed and it has become one of the competitive markets for international communication satellite manufacturing.

1992, manned spaceflight project was included in the national plan. After the tenacious struggle of the vast number of scientific and technical personnel and workers, Shenzhou 5 manned spacecraft was launched and recovered in June 5438+ 10, 2003, which achieved the success of the first manned space flight, making China the third country in the world to conduct manned space flight independently. The lunar exploration project, which started in June 5438+October 2005 10, will open the first step of China's space exploration into deep space.

Important achievements have been made in space science experiments and research. China cooperated with the European Space Agency in the implementation of the Geospatial Double Star Exploration Program, which achieved the six-point synchronous joint exploration in geospace for the first time in the world and obtained important detection data. Many experimental studies have been carried out in space life science, microgravity science, space breeding and other fields, and important experimental and observation results have been obtained. Significant progress has been made in observing, mitigating and predicting space debris.

Aerospace science and technology are widely used in various fields of economy, science and technology, society and national defense construction, and have achieved remarkable social and economic benefits. Satellite remote sensing has been widely used in meteorology, geology and mineral resources, surveying and mapping, agriculture and forestry, land, water conservancy, ocean, environmental protection, disaster reduction, transportation, regional and urban planning and other fields, and has played an important role in major projects such as land and resources investigation, ecological protection, West-to-East gas transmission, South-to-North water transfer and Three Gorges Project. The development and application of satellite radio and television services have improved the effective coverage and quality of national radio and television, especially in rural areas. Satellite communication has played an irreplaceable role in the project of "telephone service for every village", and satellite broadband network for distance education and satellite telemedicine network have begun to take shape. Satellite navigation and positioning technology is widely used in transportation, basic surveying and mapping, engineering survey, resource survey, earthquake monitoring, meteorological detection, marine survey and other fields. The wide application of space technology has promoted the renewal of production means and the transformation of traditional industries, improved people's quality of life and promoted the development of related technical fields.

Over the past 50 years, generations of China astronauts have consciously combined their personal ideals with the needs of the motherland, regarded the development of the space industry as a lofty mission, and created immortal achievements. The spirit of loving the motherland, selfless dedication, self-reliance, hard work, strong cooperation and courage to climb, as well as the manned space spirit of being able to endure hardship, fight, tackle key problems and contribute, have become the spiritual force that inspires generations of astronauts to make unremitting efforts and added valuable spiritual wealth to the Chinese nation.

In the new historical stage, China's space industry is facing new situations, new tasks and new challenges. China's space industry has bright prospects and a long way to go. China will carry out manned spaceflight project, "Chang 'e" lunar exploration project, second-generation satellite navigation system, high-resolution Earth observation system project and new-generation launch vehicle. China Aerospace, as a leader in science and technology, is bound to scale new heights and continue to write a new chapter in China's space development. Make new contributions to promoting scientific and technological development, supporting national economic construction and building a harmonious society.

I satellite technology and satellite applications

Over the past 50 years, various artificial satellites and manned spacecraft in China have been widely used in economic construction, scientific and technological development, national defense construction and social progress, and have played an important role in enhancing the country's economic strength, scientific and technological strength, national defense strength and national cohesion.

1. Satellite series for scientific exploration and technical test. 1970 On April 24th, China's first artificial earth satellite, Dongfanghong-1, was successfully launched from Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center, which opened the prelude to China's space activities. Since then, China has become the fifth country in the world to independently develop and launch artificial satellites after the Soviet Union, the United States, France and Japan. Dongfanghong-1 satellite is superior to the first artificial satellite of the Soviet Union, the United States, France and Japan in tracking and orbit measurement technology, signal transmission mode and thermal control technology, and its weight is equivalent to the sum of the first satellites of the four countries.

197 1 In March, China successfully launched the Shi Jian-1 scientific and technological experimental satellite. The satellite has been operating normally in space for more than 8 years, far exceeding the specified service life, which is rare in foreign satellites developed in the 1960s. Up to now, China has successfully launched 10 scientific and technological experimental satellites, including Shi Jian II, Shi Jian II A and Shi Jian II B, which were simultaneously launched by 198 1 carrier rocket in September, and Shi Jian IV 1994, which was successfully launched in February. Shi Jian V and Shi Jian VI were successfully launched in May and September, 2004, and Shenzhou I and Shenzhou II were successfully launched in February and July, 2004, respectively. These satellites have played an active role in space environment exploration, space science experiments and new technology experiments.

2. Returning remote sensing satellite series. After successfully launching the first artificial satellite, China successfully launched and recovered the first recoverable remote sensing satellite 1975+065438 on1October 26th, overcoming technical difficulties such as orbit change, re-entry, heat protection and recovery, becoming the third country in the world to master satellite return technology after the United States and the Soviet Union. Up to now, China has successfully launched 22 recoverable satellites in five different types of low earth orbit, and successfully recovered 2 1 satellite. The working time of satellites in orbit has increased from the initial 3 days to 27 days. Especially on August 29th, 2005, China successfully recovered the 2nd1recoverable satellite, and launched the 22nd recoverable satellite on the same day, which indicated that the development technology of recoverable satellite in China was further matured and the level of organization and management was further improved.

China has made great achievements in resource survey, map mapping, geological survey, railway route selection and archaeological research by using recoverable satellites. At the same time, using the recoverable satellite platform, more than 100 materials and life science experiments in microgravity and space environment and crop seed loading experiments have been carried out for domestic and foreign users, and all of them have achieved gratifying results.

3. Communication and broadcasting satellite series. 1On April 8, 984, China's first geostationary orbit communication satellite Dongfanghong-2 was successfully launched, becoming the fifth country in the world to independently develop and launch geostationary orbit satellites, opening a new era of satellite communication in China. Up to now, China communication and broadcasting satellite series * * * includes four different types of geostationary communication satellites: Dongfanghong-2 experimental communication satellite, Dongfanghong-2 practical communication satellite, Dongfanghong-3 communication and broadcasting satellite and Dongfanghong-4 large communication satellite public platform.

From 1988 to 1990, China successfully launched three Dongfanghong -2A practical communication and broadcasting satellites. These satellites have adopted a new design scheme. The number of satellite transponders increased from two to four, which increased the TV broadcasting capacity from two to four, the telephone transmission capacity from 1000 to 3000, and the design life from three years to four and a half years. These satellites provide communication, broadcasting and data transmission services for many domestic users, which has brought China satellite communication into a new stage.

1In May, 997, China successfully launched the Dongfanghong-3 communication and broadcasting satellite. Compared with Dongfanghong -2A satellite, this satellite has achieved a new technological leap. It adopts three-axis stable mode and is equipped with 24 C-band transponders. The designed working life of the satellite is 8 years. Dongfanghong-3 communication broadcasting satellite has been incorporated into China satellite communication service system, which is mainly used for telephone, data transmission, VSAT network and TV transmission. , which can relay 6 color TVs and 8000 duplex phones at the same time. The successful launch and use of the satellite greatly eased the contradiction of transponder shortage in the domestic communication satellite market. Public communication alone can save tens of millions of dollars every year.

In order to meet the needs of the rapid development of communication satellite market at home and abroad and revitalize China's national communication satellite industry, during the Ninth Five-Year Plan period, China launched the development of the public platform of Dongfanghong-4 large-scale geostationary orbit communication broadcasting satellite. The platform adheres to the principles of universality, inheritance, expansibility and advancement in design ideas. The performance of the platform is equivalent to the advanced platform of similar satellites in the world at present, and it is suitable for the communication tasks of large-capacity communication and broadcasting satellites, large-scale direct broadcast satellites, mobile communication, distance education, medical care and other public welfare satellites, relay satellites and other geostationary orbit satellites. The Sinosat-2 satellite based on this platform has been successfully developed and is scheduled to be launched before the end of 2006. Flexible and convenient operation mode and superior cost performance make Dongfanghong-4 platform have strong international competitiveness. At present, China has signed contracts with Nigeria, Venezuela and other countries to develop large-capacity and long-life communication satellites. The signing of these contracts indicates that China's satellite export will achieve zero breakthrough. At present, Nigeria communication satellite and Venezuela communication satellite based on Dongfanghong-4 platform are under development.

4. Meteorological satellite series. 1September 1988, China successfully launched Fengyun-1 solar synchronous orbit meteorological test satellite, becoming the third country in the world to develop and launch polar orbit meteorological satellite. 1September 1990 and1May 1999, China successfully launched FY-1 solar synchronous orbit meteorological experimental satellite and improved FY-1 meteorological application satellite again. In August 2000, the latter was included in the world operational polar-orbiting meteorological satellite by the World Meteorological Satellite Organization, becoming the first satellite in China to be included in the world meteorological operational application satellite series.

1June, 1997, Fengyun-2 geostationary meteorological satellite based on Dongfanghong -2A satellite platform was successfully fixed over the equator at 105 degrees east longitude. This achievement makes China the fifth country in the world to independently develop and launch a geostationary meteorological satellite after the United States, Japan, the European Space Agency and Russia.

So far, Fengyun-1 meteorological satellite has launched three satellites and Fengyun-2 meteorological satellite has launched three satellites. The first two Fengyun-1 satellites are equipped with five-channel visible and infrared scanning radiometers, and the number of detection channels of the third Fengyun-1 satellite is increased to 10, which increases the multi-spectral detection capability of clouds, land and sea. Fengyun-2 satellite is equipped with three-channel visible light, infrared and water vapor scanning radiometers, and the cloud images taken fill the gaps in large-scale observation in western China, western Asia and Indian Ocean. The satellite also has powerful data collection and forwarding functions. The space operation test shows that the main technical indexes of Fengyun-1 and Fengyun-2 satellites have reached the international level in the early 1990s. The operational application of these meteorological satellites has played an important role in the weather forecast and meteorological research in China. It has effectively reduced the losses caused by sandstorms, typhoons and other disasters, and has become the focus of people's daily life.

5. Earth resources satellite series. 1999 10 10, the first digital remote sensing satellite resource No.1, which was jointly developed by China and Brazil, was successfully launched. The satellite is equipped with a 5-band CCD camera, a 4-band infrared multispectral scanner and a 2-band wide-field imager. Following the successful launch of Resource-1 satellite, in June 2003, China cooperated with Brazil to develop and launch Resource-1 02 satellite. The successful development and launch of these two satellites have filled the gap in China's resource satellites. Satellite data is widely used in agriculture, forestry, water conservancy, minerals, energy, surveying and mapping, environmental protection and many other departments, and has achieved remarkable application results, and is known as a model of "South-South cooperation".

In September, 2000, China's self-developed China Resources II satellite 0 1 was successfully launched. Since then, 02 and 03 satellites have been successfully launched respectively, with higher resolution than the resources-1 series satellites, forming a three-star network, marking a historic leap in China's satellite development technology.

In May 2002, China successfully launched the first ocean color and water temperature monitoring satellite-Ocean No.1; In April 2006, China's first microwave remote sensing satellite, Remote Sensing Satellite No.1, was successfully launched. The main technical indicators of these remote sensing satellites have reached the international level in the 1990s. At present, China has built a ground receiving station for remote sensing satellites of Chinese Academy of Sciences, a satellite meteorological application center, a satellite ocean application center and a China Resources Satellite application center. The application of satellite remote sensing in China has covered three major fields: meteorology, ocean and land. Remote sensing technology has become an important technical support for many commercial operation systems.

6. Navigation satellite series. In June 5438+1October and February 65438+February, 2000, two Beidou-1 navigation satellites were fixed above the equator at 140 degrees east longitude and 80 degrees east longitude respectively. On May 25th, 2003, the third satellite of Beidou-1 navigation system was successfully launched, making China the first regional satellite navigation system. This achievement shows that China has become the third country in the world to develop and launch its own navigation satellite after the United States and the Soviet Union.

Second, the launch vehicle

For decades, with the unremitting efforts of several generations of astronauts, the Long March series of launch vehicles have gone through the process from scratch, from single-satellite launch to multi-satellite launch, from satellite launch to manned spacecraft launch. They have the ability to launch satellites with different orbits and types in low, medium and high altitude, and have made remarkable achievements. They have occupied a place in the international commercial satellite launching service market and become one of the few high-tech products with independent intellectual property rights and strong international competitiveness in China. Up to September 2006, there were 965,438+0 launches, and more than 70 domestic large, medium and small satellites were successfully sent into space, including 6 unmanned spacecraft. Twenty-eight foreign-made satellites were successfully sent into space, creating considerable economic benefits.

Third, the lunar exploration project

June, 5438+October, 2004 10, with the approval of the State Council, the first phase of China's lunar exploration project was formally established and entered the stage of engineering development. It is planned to launch China's first lunar exploration satellite in 2007. After years of demonstration, the scientific objectives of China's lunar exploration project can be summarized as: obtaining three-dimensional images of the lunar surface, analyzing the distribution characteristics of useful elements and material types on the lunar surface, detecting the thickness of lunar soil, and detecting the space environment of the earth and the moon.

Fourth, manned space flight

Starting from 1992, after seven years of demonstration, research, development and test, China's first experimental spacecraft Shenzhou-1 was launched on1999165438+1October 20th. After a day of normal operation in orbit, the spacecraft landed safely in the scheduled area of Inner Mongolia, and the first unmanned flight test of China manned space flight was a complete success.

From 2000 to 2003, after three unmanned flight tests of Shenzhou II, Shenzhou III and Shenzhou IV, China's first manned spacecraft, Shenzhou 5, was successfully launched in June 5438+1 October 65438+May 2003, and was in orbit1day later in June 5438+ 10. Astronaut Yang Liwei walked out of the return capsule healthily, marking the complete success of China's first manned space flight test and becoming the third country in the world to master manned space technology.

In the early morning of June 65438+1October 65438+July, 2005, with the astronaut fee and Nie Haisheng's independent departure from the Shenzhou VI return capsule, it marked a new leap in manned space flight with many people and days, and astronauts directly participated in space science experiments.

From Shenzhou-1 to Shenzhou-6, the function and performance of shenzhou spaceship have become more and more perfect, and the quality has become more and more reliable.

Shenzhou-1 spacecraft mainly demonstrated the feasibility of the overall design scheme of manned spaceflight project, especially the reliability of five key technologies of the spacecraft system, such as cabin separation technology, attitude adjustment braking technology, lift control technology, heat protection technology and recovery landing technology. The spacecraft adopts the smallest configuration, only eight subsystems are installed to ensure the successful return and accurate landing of the spacecraft, and the orbital module of the spacecraft is not tested in orbit.

Shenzhou II spacecraft is the first unmanned spacecraft in China. On the basis of improving the shortcomings of temperature control and system coordination in Shenzhou-1 spacecraft, the functions of environmental control, life support and emergency rescue subsystems are emphatically studied, and the coordination between the spacecraft system and other systems is further tested. Meanwhile, the orbital module has been tested for half a year.

Shenzhou III spacecraft has optimized its performance, added relevant manned equipment and further improved the safety measures for astronauts.

Shenzhou IV spacecraft improved the function of emergency rescue system, optimized the manned environment in the cabin, increased the manual control system of astronauts, and enhanced the yaw maneuverability of the whole ship. At the same time, the designers also improved the manned environment in the cabin, fully considered the factors such as the use of astronauts' seats, the convenience and comfort of getting out and entering the cabin, and passed the review of medical and ergonomic evaluation standards, creating a safe and comfortable working and living environment for astronauts.

On the basis of Shenzhou IV spacecraft, technicians further improved and improved the safety and comfort of Shenzhou 5 astronauts' seats. At the same time, they set up various safety rescue modes and 100 fault countermeasures to ensure the safety of astronauts.

Shenzhou VI spacecraft achieved a five-day space flight for two people. In order to meet the needs of multi-person and multi-day space flight, Shenzhou VI spacecraft has undergone major configuration adjustments and made many improvements in reliability, safety, environmental control and life support system. Astronauts entered the orbital module for the first time and participated in the construction of payload, which marked the beginning of China's real participation in space activities.