Where is the birthplace of Xianbei people today?

As the name of a tribal group, Xianbei first appeared in the Eastern Han Dynasty.

Xianbei is a famous scholar. Some scholars believe that Xianbei is a "rhinoceros", also known as "teacher comparison", which refers to the hook of the Hu people. This hook first came from Donghu and was introduced to Zhao during the Warring States Period. "Historical Records Biography of Xiongnu Suoyin" quoted as saying: "Xianbei Guo lost, the name of Rui beast is also easy for Donghu." "Guoluo" means beast, "Xianbei" means auspicious or divine beast, and it is an auspicious beast or divine beast. Donghu people cast hooks in the shape of auspicious animals such as deer, which is the so-called "Xianbei Luodai", which translates into auspicious animal belt or beast belt. By the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, East Lake had been called Xianbei, and before the Eastern Han Dynasty, it was called Xianbei famous mountain or family. Another scholar believes that this linked name cannot be confused with Xianbei, a national entity.

In addition, some scholars believe that Xianbei people are transformed from the names of their tribal chiefs. Xianbei is a transliteration of Manchu Sabi (meaning auspicious). It was originally a tribal chief and was later named after his family.

There has been no consensus on the origin of Xianbei. People in the Eastern Han Dynasty should present the book of Emperor Huan: "Qin built the Great Wall, and his servant died outside the Great Wall, leaning against Xianbei Mountain, because he thought it was a number." In the Eastern Han Dynasty, the filial piety goes, "Donghu is the first in Wuhuan, followed by Xianbei." Another cloud said, "Shan Rong, build this Xianbei." Hu Guangyi said: "Xianbei is another kind of Donghu." Wang Shen's Wei Shu in Jin Dynasty and Sima Biao's Continued Han Shu both show that Xianbei is closely related to Donghu. Xianbei broke away from the Donghu tribe alliance (or nation) after being broken by Xiongnu. So, where did Xianbei come from before joining the Donghu Tribe Alliance?

Or the ancestor of Xianbei seems to be related to Baiyi in Jiuyi, belonging to the system of Dongyi North Branch. This can be confirmed by Tuoba Xianbei calling the eastern Xianbei the White Department and Bian calling Murong Xianbei the White Lu. Murong Hui mentioned in the Book of Jin that the ancestors of Murong "lived in the wild, named Donghu". Yan Qian Lu, Sixteen Countries in the Spring and Autumn Period, pointed out: "I live in the left of Liaoning, hence the name East Lake. The Qin and Han Dynasties defeated the Huns, and Xianbei Mountain was re-protected, because it was thought to be a number. " It shows that Xianbei in the east is a branch of Beiyi (or Dongyi and Northeastern Yi), which is probably the Bai Yi among the Nine Yi recorded in the Bamboo Book Chronology, leaving the custom of respecting white, so it is called Baibu or Bai Lu Along as a border.

However, according to Fu Qianyun in the Eastern Han Dynasty, "being good at harmony and building Xianbei today", it shows that Xianbei originated from Donghu, first being good at harmony and then merging with Donghu. "Yizhoushu Wang Huipian" says: "East Lake Huangpi, Mountain Rong Rong." Shanrong, also known as Beirong, Wudong and Dai Rong, is a branch of Ren Rong, which was distributed from Taiyuan City, Shanxi Province to Wudongshan District, northwest of yutian county City, Hebei Province in the early Spring and Autumn Period. It is mainly distributed at the junction of northern Hebei Province, southwestern Liaoning Province and southeastern Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Laoshan is adjacent to East Lake. The Biography of Xiongnu in Historical Records says: "Above Tang Yu, there are mountains and gorges, which live in Beiman and move with the grazing." Not to mention Donghu, maybe kindness is the first of Donghu and one of the origins of Xianbei. During the Spring and Autumn Period, Qi Huangong once made a northern expedition to Shanrong. During the period of Donghu and Shanrong, the name of Xianbei existed, but Donghu was strong and had a great reputation against Yan and Xiongnu, while the names of other departments were not obvious. Perhaps within the East Lake Alliance Group, they are still commensurate with their respective names, which is unknown. Before and after the Warring States period, Donghu was in full swing, and Shanrong might go to the name and join the Donghu Tribal Alliance. Donghu is an alliance (a nation), including many tribes of different nationalities and names. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, the Huns "smashed the King of Donghu and captured his people and livestock". "Man" refers to the headquarters where King Donghu is located, not later Wuhuan and Xianbei, so Xianbei is called another species or more branches of Donghu.

Because Xianbei is a very complex tribal group, the national origin is also diversified. As can be seen from the above, the original Xianbei tribe may be Baiyi, which originated from the northern branch of Shanrong and Dongyi. According to the birthplace of each tribe and its integration with other tribes, it can be roughly divided into Xianbei in the east and Xianbei in the north, and then Xianbei in the west evolved on the basis of the two. Xianbei in the east originated from Xianbei Mountain in the east of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, that is, Dahan Mountain near Xihale Ancient River in Horqin Right-wing Banner, that is, Xianbei Mountain outside Liaodong Great Wall, shallow mountainous area and vast grassland in the east of Daxinganling, which is far from Wuhuan Mountain in the northwest of Arukerqin Right-wing Banner in the southwest. Xianbei in the north is in the north of Daxian Mountain, which is the northern section of Daxing 'anling today.

Xianbei is located in the north of Wuhuan. Both of them belong to the Huns and maintained wartime and wartime relations with the Han Dynasty. As Wu Huan moved south, Xianbei also moved south to fill his hometown. In BC 12 1 year (the second year of Emperor founding ceremony of the Han Dynasty) and BC 1 19, Huo Qubing defeated Xiongnu left Wang Xian twice and moved to the five counties of the Great Wall, such as Shanggu. The Xianbei people who were originally distributed in Xianbei Mountain moved to the hometown of Wuhuan (now Xilamulun River) and distributed there. At the beginning of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Wu Huan moved south from five counties outside the Great Wall, and Xianbei moved south to five counties outside the Great Wall. During the first year of Yong in the Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 89- 105), the northern Xiongnu was defeated by the Han Dynasty, Wusun, Dingling, Wuhuan and Xianbei, and was forced to move westward, so Xianbei moved westward in a fan shape on a large scale and entered the Xiongnu homeland. More than 65,438+10,000 people who stayed in Mobei turned to Xiongnu, and they also called themselves Xianbei, so the ministries of Xianbei rose in the north of China.

In the process of moving south, Xianbei merged with Xiongnu, Dingling (Gaoche), Wuhuan, Han and other ethnic groups, forming many new ethnic groups. For example, the remaining species of Xiongnu live together on the grassland and intermarry with each other. The iron-rich Xiongnu whose father was Xianbei and whose mother was Xianbei appeared in the south, and the ancestors who begged Xianbei to merge with Chile appeared in the north of Yinshan Mountain. In the area of Xilamulun River, because the characters moved from Yinshan to this place after the southern Xiongnu, they ruled the local Xianbei and appeared Yuwen Xianbei. Tribal groups such as Tan, Ke Bineng and later Yuwen, Murong and Duan are called Xianbei in the East. After Xianbei in the north entered the hometown of Xiongnu, it merged with the rest of Xiongnu and became the Tuoba nationality of Xianbei's parents. One of Murong's Tuyuhun moved westward and merged with the local Qiang people to form Tuyuhun Department. When Tuoba Xianbei established the Northern Wei Dynasty to unify the Central Plains, he took the name of Xianbei as his own use, calling Murong, Duan the East, Baibu or Tuhe (Tuhe) and Wen the Xiongnu.

In a word, Xianbei is a homogeneous nation with complex connotations and unbalanced ministries. According to its origin, late migration distribution and integration with other nationalities and tribes, it can be roughly divided into Xianbei in the east, Xianbei in the north and Xianbei in the west, with a total population of more than two million. Xianbei in the East went through the period of tribal alliance such as Tan and Ke Bineng, and later developed into Murong, Duan and Yuwen. Xianbei in the north mainly refers to Tuoba Xianbei; Xianbei in the west is mainly composed of Bald Department in Hexi, Qifu in Longyou and Tugu Hun Department in Qingtian. Among them, Murong Department, Qifu Department and Bald Department established Yan Qian, Houyan, Xiyan, Southern Yan, Xiqin and Nanliang in the Central Plains and the Dragon Region in the Sixteen Kingdoms and the Southern and Northern Dynasties respectively. Tuoba established Daiguo, then established the Northern Wei Dynasty, unified the North and annexed other Xianbei departments; Yuwen established the Northern Zhou Dynasty; Tuguhun established a country in Gannan, northwest Sichuan and Qinghai today, which lasted until after Sui and Tang Dynasties. Second, the economic and social structure in the early Xianbei period, like Wuhuan, was originally a nomadic people. Before the occupation of Laoha River and its south area, the main production was animal husbandry and hunting fish, which was closely related to its geographical environment. The Xilamulun River and its northern area can be divided into two parts: the western part is grassland and lake, which is suitable for nomadic; The eastern part of the mountain forest is suitable for hunting. As for the Laoha River basin in the south, it is suitable for planting and fishing. Therefore, Xianbei mainly lives in areas with dense forests, lush aquatic plants and sparsely populated areas, and engages in hunting and nomadism. History says that "its beasts are different from China, such as wild horses, jackals, cows and horns with bows, also known as horns with ends." . There are also minks and scorpions, whose fur is soft and crawling freely, so the world thinks they are named Qiu. "Until the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, when Emperor Huan and Emperor Ling lived, Xianbei people still maintained a nomadic and hunting lifestyle. At that time, "there were many Xianbei people, and there was not enough food for hunting. Take Houtan as an example. Wuhou Qinshui is hundreds of miles wide and does not flow. There are fish in it, but you can't catch it. People who heard of Khan were good at fishing, so Tan attacked the Khan country in the east and won more than a thousand households. He moved to Wuhou to go fishing to help with food. "With the migration of a large number of Xianbei people from the northeast to the central and western parts of Mongolian grassland, the vast grassland provides good conditions for the development of nomadic industry. In Cao Wei, animal husbandry is still the main thing. Xianbei often traded cattle and horses with Han and Wei. In 222 (the third year of Cao Weihuang), Ke Bineng and others drove more than 70,000 cattle and horses to the oral sex market in exchange for daily necessities such as refined gold, refined iron, cloth, silk, colorful clothes, grain and even rare treasures in the Central Plains. Adults in Xianbei often regard horses as imported goods and threaten to ban sales. For example, the adults of Xianbei ministries east of Wei Chu "swear by * * * * that they are not allowed to take horses with China City". The transformation process of Xianbei from nomadic to farming is much longer than that of Wuhuan people, and the development between ministries is very uneven. During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, some tribes in Xianbei gradually engaged in farming, and large-scale farming did not appear until they entered the Yellow River basin.

Compared with Wuhuan, the development of Xianbei handicraft industry is much slower. It was not until the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty that under the influence of the Han people, the manufacture of weapons and so on made great progress. At that time, Yuan Shao occupied Hebei, and many Han people fled to Xianbei tribe, bringing smelting and casting technology and "teaching it as armor", which enabled Xianbei's handicraft industry to develop.

Due to foreign wars and exchanges with the Central Plains, the wealth of Xianbei tribes and other adults has increased rapidly, which has promoted the disparity between the rich and the poor and class division within. The history of Xianbei plundering money in border counties is endless, especially after Tan, plundering thousands of property and population, making it engage in slave-like animal husbandry and handicraft labor for Xianbei people. And tribal adults have the right to share the stolen goods, often controlling most of them. At the same time, the power of foreign exchange is also in the hands of adults and handsome men. They have mastered a large number of livestock and commodities in the Central Plains and exploited ordinary herders from them. Xianbei is similar to Wu Zhi. At that time, the society had gradually formed the ruling class and exploiting class such as tribal leaders and adults. Generally speaking, tribal members are ruled and exploited classes; The bottom is slaves. With the strengthening of the power of tribal adults and the further formation of tribal alliances, tribal leaders often call themselves Khan (meaning "broad" and follow the customs of Xiongnu), and later their subjects call it Khan. Khan, once a work can be cold, the original meaning is "God" and "Heaven". At first, it was called respecting God and heaven, and later it was used as a title of respect for the monarch by subjects. Leaders such as Tuoba Department, Begging Department, Murong Department, Tujia Soul, etc. Are revered as Khan. However, as the title of the supreme ruler, it began in 402 when the Rouran chieftains unified Mobei and claimed to be fighting in autumn. Its meaning gradually evolved into "emperor" and "monarch". In Jin Dynasty, Xianbei entered the Central Plains. It is said that the Lord proclaimed himself emperor, and the governors made him a title, which made him a feudal ruling class. General Xianbei partially became a subject under the feudal system.

The social organization of Xianbei is the same as that of Wuhuan, that is, it is composed of decline, city decline and Ministry decline. There are handsome boys in the city and adults in the department. When Tan Shihuai arrived, although the military and political combination of this city inherited the early Wuhuan and Xianbei cities, its nature changed. Combine forces with Tanshihuai, starting from Liaodong in the east, Dunhuang in the west, Han in the south and Chile in the north. It is divided into three parts, more than 60 cities, and each city has a wide jurisdiction, which is very different from the natural towns formed in the early stage of Wuhuan and Xianbei. After Tan's death, the system of more than 60 cities in three provinces collapsed, and the adult hereditary system gradually replaced the adult electoral system, marking the deepening of Xianbei class division and the further establishment of private ownership. Although Hao Shuai was rewarded by the Han and Wei governments, it still maintained the structure of the Ministry and the city. Xianbei armed forces did not differentiate from the urban structure. Although it fought jointly with the Han and Wei armies, it was not controlled by the Han and Wei dynasties. It was not until the Western Jin Dynasty that "Jin Xianbei attracts the good city", "Jin Xianbei attracts the good for a thousand years" and "Jin Xianbei attracts the good for a hundred years", which gradually broke away from the city-sinking structure. However, in the 3rd century AD, when Kirby lived, the legacy of the clan system still existed. For example, in history, Bi Ke can "pay the property of each banknote on average. At present, there is nothing personal, so adults are afraid." After the ministries of Xianbei entered the Central Plains to establish political power, they gradually sinicized, set up officials and guards according to the laws and regulations of Han and Wei Dynasties, gradually improved the ruling institutions, and became increasingly strict with the feudal hierarchy.