On 20 16, the senior high school entrance examination always reviews geography.

Chapter 1 Earth and Map

I. Earth and the Earth

1, knowing the shape and size of the earth (P3 figure 1.2)

⑴ Shape: The earth is an irregular sphere with slightly flat poles and slightly bulging equator.

⑵ Size: surface area = 5 1 100 million square kilometers; Average radius = 6371km; Equatorial circumference = 40,000 km

(3) The fact that the earth is a sphere: the success of Magellan's voyage around the world; Satellite photos of the earth; In the photo of the solar eclipse, it is the shadow of the earth that blocks the sunlight.

(4) Magellan's circumnavigation route: Spain → Atlantic Ocean → strait of magellan → Pacific Ocean → Philippine Islands → Indian Ocean → Cape of Good Hope → Atlantic Ocean → Spain.

2, the model of the earth-a globe

(1) Meaning: A scaled-down model modeled after the shape of the earth.

(2) Significance: It is convenient for us to understand the face of the earth and the distribution of various geographical things on the surface of the earth.

3. Weft and warp (0.7 in figure 65438+P5)

(1) Latitude: a circle perpendicular to the earth axis and surrounding the earth.

⑵ Meridian: a semicircle connecting the north and south poles and intersecting the latitude vertically.

(3) Earth axis: the imaginary earth rotation axis.

(4) Two poles: the intersection of the earth axis and the earth surface.

5] Characteristics of warp and weft:

Special point warp and weft

The shape is characterized by a semicircle, and two corresponding meridians form warp coils, which divide the earth into two equal hemispheres, and each latitude forms a latitude circle.

Length characteristics: the longitude lines are all equal in length, the latitude is the same, the length is the same, the equator is the longest, and it contracts to the poles to a point.

Indicate the north-south, east-west direction

[6] Special warp and weft yarns

① Special latitude

Equator-the longest latitude, is the starting point of latitude, and the north latitude is represented by the letter n; South of the equator is the southern latitude indicated by the letter S, which is also the dividing line between the northern and southern hemispheres.

30 parallel-the dividing line between low latitude and middle latitude; 60 latitude is the dividing line between middle and low latitudes and high latitudes.

② Special warp yarn

0? Meridian, also known as prime meridian, is the starting point of longitude. East longitude is represented by the letter e, and west longitude is represented by the letter w, passing through the former site of Greenwich Observatory in London, England.

180 longitude-roughly consistent with "international international date line".

20 w-East hemisphere, west hemisphere,160 e-West hemisphere.

(7) The dividing line between the northern and southern hemispheres: equator (0 parallel); The dividing line between the eastern hemisphere and the western hemisphere: 20 W,160 e.

(8) Latitude and longitude variation law:

(west longitude) (east longitude)

10

20

180

10

20

180

The bigger the west, the bigger the east.

10

10

20

20

90

90

equator

4, using the warp and weft network positioning

(1) The meaning of latitude and longitude net: a grid formed by interweaving latitude and longitude on a globe or map.

⑵ The function of latitude and longitude net: to determine the position of a point on the earth's surface.

Second, the movement of the earth.

1, the rotation of the earth (Figure 1. 15 is at P9)

(1) Meaning: The earth keeps spinning around its axis. (2) Direction: from west to east. ⑶ Cycle: one day (about 24 hours).

(4) Phenomenon: alternating day and night, local time difference.

2. The revolution of the earth (1.19 in figure1)

Meaning: The earth moves around the sun. (2) Direction: from west to east. ⑶ Period: one year (about 365 days).

⑷ Features: The included angle between the orbital plane of the earth and the earth axis is 66.5.

5] phenomenon:

① The direct point of the sun moves back and forth between the Tropic of Cancer; (2) the change of solar altitude angle at the same location;

③ the change of the length of day and night in the same place; ④ In the same place, the light and heat of the sun are different in different seasons, that is, they are formed in four seasons: spring, summer, autumn and winter.

(6) vernal equinox (about 2 1 March), summer solstice (about 22 June), autumn equinox (about 23 September) and winter solstice (about 22 February, 65438).

Once the four seasons are divided (for example, in the northern hemisphere and vice versa in the southern hemisphere):

March, April and May are spring; June, July and August are summer;

9, 10, 1 1 three months is autumn; The month of 12, 1 2 is winter.

Hyphenation area

Northern temperature drive

Southern temperature zone

Northern cold region

Cold region in south China

There are extreme days and nights.

There are extreme days and nights.

There is direct sunlight.

There is no polar day and night, directly

There is no polar day and night, directly

90

90

Arctic circle 66.5 degrees

(Antarctic Circle) 66.5

(Tropic of Cancer) 23.5

(Tropic of Capricorn) 23.5 degrees

(Equator) 0

3. Five regions of the earth (figure 1.20 in P 12)

Third, the map

1, the basic elements of a map (three elements of a map)

(1) scale

① Concept: the ratio of the distance on the map to the actual distance.

(2) Forms of expression: numbers, characters and line segments.

(2) Direction explanation:

① General plan: face the map from north to south, from left to west, and from right to east.

② Map with beacon: According to the direction, the beacon arrow generally points to the north.

③ Map with latitude and longitude net: According to the orientation of latitude and longitude net, the longitude line indicates the north-south direction and the latitude line indicates the east-west direction.

(3) Legend and Notes

Legend: various symbols used to represent geographical things.

② Note: The words used to describe the names of geographical things or the numbers used to describe the number of geographical things are called the "language" of the map.

③ Common legend: (Figure 65438 in P 14+0.24)

Railway Bian Feng

2. Interpretation of topographic map

(1) Calculation method of ground height (Figure 1.27 in P 16)

① Altitude (absolute height): the vertical distance from a point on the ground to the sea level.

For example, Mount Everest is 8844.43 meters above sea level, and Turpan Basin is-155 meters above sea level.

② Relative height: the vertical distance from one place to another. Example: the flagpole is off the ground 15m.

⑵ Topographic map types: contour topographic map, layered color topographic map and topographic profile map.

Contour: A line on a map connecting points at the same height.

Isobathymetric line: Connect points with the same depth in the ocean into a line on the map.

⑶ Interpretation of contour topographic map: (P 16 map 1.29)

① Judging the steepness of slope according to the density of contour lines: sparse contour lines indicate gentle slope; Dense contours indicate steep slopes.

② According to the contour shape, determine the terrain type: peak, ridge, valley, saddle and steep cliff. The curved part of the contour line protrudes upward to indicate the valley and downward to indicate the ridge; The part between the two peaks is a saddle; Where contour lines overlap, it means a steep cliff.

(4) Five basic landforms on land: plains, plateaus, mountains, hills and basins. On topographic maps, elevation is used to represent the ups and downs of the ground. On the layered color topographic map, green represents plains, blue represents oceans, yellow represents alpine plateaus, and white represents glaciers.

Step 3 get information from the map

⑴ Common map types: guide map, traffic map and administrative map.

(2) The corresponding relationship between scale size and map scope and details:

The size of the scope indicates the detail or conciseness of the content.

Large-scale small details

Small-scale oversimplification

In the case of the same map, the larger the scale, the smaller the field scope and the more detailed the geographical information; or vice versa, Dallas to the auditorium

Chapter II Land and Sea

I continents and oceans

1, Earth? Water polo?

(1) The land area of the earth's surface accounts for 29%, and the ocean area accounts for 7 1%, which is summarized as "seven points of ocean and three points of land".

⑵ Distribution: The land is mainly concentrated in the northern hemisphere, and the ocean is mainly concentrated in the southern hemisphere.

⑶ China manned space flight: 2003+00. 15, Yang Liwei, Shenzhou 5 spacecraft; 2005. 10. 12, Nie Haisheng, Fei, Shenzhou VI spacecraft; On September 25th, 2008, Zhai Zhigang, Liu Boming, Jing Haipeng, Shenzhou VII spacecraft.

2. Seven continents and four oceans

(1) Basic concepts of sea and land: (P28 Figure 2.5)

concept

The mainland, the mainland and the islands near them

A large area of land

Land of small island area

The central part of the ocean

The ocean is a part of the ocean, located at the edge of the ocean, with a small area and close to the mainland.

A narrow waterway connecting two oceans.

(2) The general trend of land and sea distribution:

① Six continents: Eurasia, Africa, Antarctica, Australia, North America and South America.

② Seven continents: Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe and Oceania (P29 Figure 2.6).

③ Four oceans: Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean and Arctic Ocean.

④ Continental boundary: (P30 Figure 2.7)

Asia and Europe: Ural Mountains → ural river → Caspian Sea → Great Caucasus Mountains → Black Sea → Turkish Strait (connecting the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea).

Asia and Africa: Suez Canal (connecting the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea). North and South America: Panama Canal (connecting the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean).

Asia and North America: Bering Strait.

(3) Asia is the largest continent; Europe is the smallest continent; The Pacific Ocean is the largest ocean; The Arctic Ocean is the smallest ocean. Antarctica is the continent with the longest longitude span; The Arctic Ocean is the ocean with the longest longitude span.

Second, changes in land and sea.

1, vicissitudes of life

(1) Phenomenon: The oceans and land on the earth are constantly changing.

⑵ Cause: The change of the earth's crust and the rise and fall of sea level are the main reasons. In addition, human activities will also cause changes in land and sea.

For example, Mount Everest at the top of the earth today used to be an ocean.

2. Two theories about the formation of sea-land contour.

The main evidence of the theoretical content of theoretical names

Continental drift theory (1) 200 million years ago, the continents on the earth were interconnected and surrounded by a piece of Wang Yang.

(2) Later, the mainland split and slowly drifted away, forming the distribution of seven continents and four oceans today. The consistency of (1) continental contours.

② Similarity of several ancient strata in Chinese mainland.

(3) Similarity of several plants in Chinese mainland.

Plate tectonics theory ① The earth's surface composed of rocks is not a whole block, but is composed of plates.

② The main plates are constantly moving.

③ The interior of the plate is relatively stable, the boundary is active, and there are many volcanoes and earthquakes. (1) the formation of Alps and Himalayas.

② The formation and changes of the Rift Valley and the Red Sea.

(3) The expansion of the Atlantic Ocean.

note:

① The theory of plate tectonics is developed on the basis of continental drift theory, and it is currently recognized as the most extensive and relatively perfect theory.

② Six plates: Asia-Europe plate, America plate, Africa plate, Pacific plate, Indian Ocean plate and Antarctica plate. The Pacific plate is almost entirely ocean. (Figure 2 in P37.19)

③ The two major seismic zones caused by plate movement are: Mediterranean-Himalayan seismic zone; Pacific rim seismic belt.

Chapter III Weather and Climate

First of all, the changeable weather

1, weather and its influence

(1) Meaning: refers to the atmospheric conditions of a place in a short time, such as rain or shine, wind and rain, cold and heat.

⑵ Features: short time (time), big difference (space) and big change (change).

(3) Impact: The weather has a profound impact on traffic, life, agricultural production, military and other human activities.

2. What will the weather be like tomorrow?

⑴ Weather forecast: Meteorologists will release the weather situation through the analysis of weather data.

(2) the production process of weather forecast:

Obtaining meteorological information from all over the world → Satellite receiving and dispatching → Information processing → Analysis and judgment → Forecast.

⑶ Weather forecast forms: TV, newspaper, Internet, radio, SMS and telephone.

(4) The contents of the weather forecast:

① Satellite cloud image: blue indicates the ocean, green indicates the land, and white indicates the cloud area.

(2) Urban weather forecast: explain the routine conditions such as sunny and rainy weather, wind, temperature and precipitation in a day, and also make special forecasts such as sandstorm, air quality, sea waves, hail and fog.

5] Common weather symbols (Figure 3.6 on page 46)

We need clean air.

Evaluation method of air quality: the level of air quality is related to the amount of pollutants contained in the air, which is expressed by pollution index. The pollution index is small, which is beneficial to human health; A large pollution index is harmful to human health.

Air quality level, air pollution index and air quality status

First class 1~50 excellent

Secondary 5 1~ 100 is good.

Grade iii 100~200 light pollution

Grade 4 moderate pollution is 200~300.

Grade 5 > 300 heavy pollution

Second, the temperature and its distribution

1, temperature and life

⑴ Temperature: The temperature of air, usually expressed in degrees Celsius.

Daily average temperature = sum of temperature observations in one day ÷ observation times.

Monthly average temperature = 1 sum of monthly and daily average temperatures ÷ days of the month.

Average annual temperature = sum of average monthly temperatures in a year/months (12)

(2) Impact on human activities: Temperature affects people's basic necessities of life, agriculture and transportation.

2. Changes in temperature

(1) Daily variation (Figure 3 in P5 1.12)

① Concept: Temperature change with a period of one day.

② Variation characteristics: The highest temperature in a day appears around 2 pm (14 pm), and the lowest temperature appears around sunrise.

③ Daily temperature range = maximum temperature-minimum temperature

(2) Annual change (Figure 3 in P5 1.13)

① Concept: Temperature change in a one-year cycle.

② Variation characteristics: The temperature changes in the northern and southern hemispheres are just the opposite.

On land: the temperature in the northern hemisphere is the highest in July and the lowest in 65438+ 10. Ocean: The temperature in the northern hemisphere is the highest in August and the lowest in February.

③ Temperature annual range = highest monthly average temperature-lowest monthly average temperature.

⑶ The temperature change curve is usually used to indicate the temperature change in a place within one year.

⑷ Drawing method of annual temperature change curve: one horizontal month, two vertical temperatures, three fixed points and four connecting lines.

3. Temperature distribution

(1) isotherm: the connection of points with the same temperature.

⑵ indicates that the temperature varies around the world, which is usually represented by an isotherm diagram.

⑶ Influencing factors: latitude position, land and sea position and topography.

(4) Distribution law:

① Latitude difference: Generally, the temperature is high at low latitudes and low at high latitudes. (Figure 3 in P53.17)

② Sea-land difference: the land temperature is high and the ocean temperature is low in the same latitude zone in summer; Winter is the opposite.

③ Vertical variation: the temperature decreases with the elevation, and the temperature decreases by about 0.6℃ with each elevation of 100 m..

5] Interpretation of isotherm diagram:

① The isotherm is closed, with a high temperature center and a low temperature center.

② Where isotherms are dense, the temperature difference is large; Where the isotherm is sparse, the temperature difference is small.

[6] The world's "hot pole" Sahara desert, the world's "cold pole" Antarctic continent.

Three. Precipitation and its distribution

1, precipitation and life

⑴ Precipitation: Rain, snow and hail falling from the atmosphere are collectively called precipitation, among which rainfall is the main form of precipitation.

⑵ Measurement: The instrument for measuring precipitation is a rain gauge, and the unit for expressing precipitation is generally millimeters.

(3) Impact on human activities: Precipitation affects traffic and agricultural production.

2. Seasonal variation of precipitation (Figure 3 in P55.19)

(1) Monthly precipitation histogram is usually used to indicate the seasonal variation of precipitation in a place within one year.

⑵ Plotting method of precipitation histogram: one horizontal month, two vertical and one water, three columns.

⑶ Main precipitation types: convective rain, orographic precipitation and frontal rain.

3. Precipitation distribution (Figure 3.2 1 in P56)

(1) Isoprecipitation Line: the connecting line of points with the same precipitation.

(2) It shows that the differences of precipitation around the world are usually represented by isoprecipitation charts.

⑶ Influencing factors: latitude position, land and sea position and topography.

(4) Distribution characteristics:

① There is abundant precipitation near the equator and less precipitation in the polar regions;

② On both sides of the Tropic of Cancer, there is more precipitation on the east coast of the mainland and less precipitation on the west coast of the mainland;

③ In temperate regions, there is more precipitation in coastal areas and less precipitation in inland areas;

④ There is more precipitation on windward slope and less precipitation on leeward slope in mountainous area.

5] The "rain pole" of the world is begging for help, and the "dry pole" of the world is the Atacama Desert.

Fourth, the climate of the world.

1, regional differences in climate

⑴ Climate: It is the average weather condition of a place for many years, which generally does not change much. For example, Kunming has four seasons like spring.

⑵ Two elements of climate: temperature and precipitation.

(3) the difference between climate and weather:

Time-varying situation

The weather changes in a short time.

The climate is relatively stable for a long time, with little change in general.