Cultivation techniques of tomato in greenhouse

Tomato is one of the earliest greenhouse vegetables introduced and planted in Shouguang, Shandong Province. Generally, the income of each standard greenhouse is between 3000-40000 yuan, but there are some examples of higher income. Mainly to do the following work.

First, improve the thermal insulation capacity of the greenhouse. The method is the same as cucumber.

Second, choose a good variety. Greenhouse tomatoes should be planted with infinite growth varieties with low temperature tolerance, strong weak light energy, high yield, few deformed fruits, thick meat, storage and transportation resistance, good commodity, strong disease resistance and strong growth potential, such as Sunrise Winter Crown and Sunrise Golden Crown 1.

Third, clean up the stubble. The seedling raising time of tomatoes should be advanced appropriately, and it is better to sow in early July and early August, so that when watermelon is planted in spring, 4-5 layers of fruits can be harvested from late autumn stubble to the next year, while the overwintering stubble can be topped when tomatoes grow to 6-7 layers, and 5-6 layers of fruits can be harvested after pruning and regeneration cultivation, and each tomato can harvest 1 1-60.

Fourth, cultivate strong seedlings. As the saying goes, "If the seedlings are good, 50% will be harvested", cultivating healthy seedlings without pests and diseases is half the battle. Tomato seedlings are usually raised in July and August, and farmers are used to raising seedlings in greenhouses, which are easy to be infected with pests and diseases at seedling stage, and the greenhouse cannot be disinfected at high temperature in summer. Therefore, it is best to build a shade shed outside the greenhouse and disinfect it at high temperature in summer.

Set the outer frame of the shed, with a width of 1.2m, a length of about 6m and a frame height of 25cm. Tread firmly to prevent rain from entering. Set up a bow shed on the side, with a width of 1.8m and a height of 1.5m, and cover the middle and upper parts with old film. In summer, seedlings grow fast and can be planted in about 25 days, so 8 cm ×8 cm nutrient pots are generally used to raise seedlings. Summer seedlings are most prone to virus diseases, so when soaking seeds, soak them in clear water for 3-4 hours and then in 10% trisodium phosphate solution for 20 minutes, which can effectively prevent seeds from spreading viruses. After taking out and cleaning, put the seeds into sandbags, put them into a germination box at 25-28 degrees to accelerate germination, and sow when the seeds are half white. The main content of seedling management in summer is scientific watering to prevent overgrowth, insect prevention and virus prevention. Before emergence, cover the border with a sunshade net to cool and moisturize, and remove the cover from the border in the evening after the seeds are half covered with soil. The old film on the shade shed should always be covered. After the seedlings are unearthed, they should be watered until they are dry, that is, after the surface is dry, they should be watered with small water. Never water them to prevent the seedlings from growing vigorously and causing the formation of aged seedlings. It is found that when the seedlings grow vigorously, one is to properly control watering, the other is to widen the distance between seedlings and increase the nutritional area, and the third is to spray 60~ 100ppm of growth AIDS on the leaves to prevent them. Spraying 10% imidacloprid 1500 times solution and 20% virus A500 times solution every 5-7 days after emergence can prevent pests and virus diseases.

Fifth, plant seedlings reasonably. Half a month before sowing, the residual branches, leaves, pests and diseases of the previous crop should be removed, removed from the greenhouse and buried or burned. Apply fully decomposed farmyard manure 10 cubic meter per mu, add 80- 100 kg of calcium superphosphate, 25-30 kg of potassium sulfate, 20-30 kg of urea, and add trace element fertilizer boric acid 1-2 kg (2 yuan/kg) and magnesium sulfate 5- 10. Spread evenly on the surface and turn over 30 cm deep. Only when the base fertilizer is sufficient can there be high yield and high benefit. Ridge width is 80 cm, ditch width is 60 cm, and ridge height is 15 cm. After ridging, water is poured on the soles of the feet, and 5% bacterial toxin 100 ~ 150 times solution is sprayed on all surfaces in the greenhouse once, and then the greenhouse is covered with a film and sealed at high temperature for 7 ~ 10 days, so as to kill pests and solidify soil. Watering the seedbed with seedling water the day before planting, spraying 800 times of 72.2% Prick aqueous solution and once of 10% imidacloprid 1500 times of solution to prevent and control pests and diseases. When sowing seedlings, the small row spacing is 60 cm, the large row spacing is 80 cm, and the plant spacing is 45 cm. More than 265,438+000 plants are planted per mu. Attention should be paid to the grading planting of seedlings, and the depth should be buried in the roots. Too deep planting can easily lead to "black stem disease"; When planting seedlings, the first ear bud faces the direction of big row, so that the fruit will see more light and have uniform color in the future.

Sixth, scientific and meticulous management. After planting tomatoes, the benefits mainly depend on whether the management is scientific and meticulous. Only by creating the most suitable environmental conditions for tomatoes on the basis of science can we achieve high yield and high efficiency. On sunny days, after the greenhouse is exposed to the sun every day, the straw curtain should be uncovered and the film should be cleaned to improve the light transmittance of the film. When the temperature rises to 30℃, the top seam should be opened for ventilation. After ventilation, the size of the vent should be within 5℃. When the temperature drops to 22℃ in the afternoon, turn off the wind, cover the curtains before sunset, and the minimum before opening the curtains in the morning should not be lower than 12℃. On cloudy nights, it is not ventilated to cover early. Clear the snow in time when it snows, and open the curtains at noon to see the light. Pay attention to the curtain must be opened during the day to see the light, and it must be covered at night on cloudy and snowy days, and there should be a cold-proof film outside the curtain. If it clears up on cloudy and snowy days, it must be shaded by flowers and not ventilated, so that the greenhouse temperature will rise slowly and excessively, which will easily lead to plant wilting. After cloudy or snowy days, diseases are prone to occur and need to be sprayed to prevent diseases. When spraying, 25 grams of urea and 20 grams of potassium dihydrogen phosphate are added to each medicine barrel to supplement the nutrition of tomatoes. When the temperature in the cloudy and snowy canopy is too low, an iron stove can be used to light it in the canopy to raise the temperature and prevent freezing. After planting tomatoes in August, it is easy to grow vigorously, and the vigorous growth mainly depends on watering. Therefore, generally stop watering after the bottom water is poured enough, and wait until the first ear of fruit grows to the size of walnut before topdressing. When there is a real drought, only a small amount of water can be watered, and watering before the first ear grows to the size of a walnut is the main reason for the vigorous growth of tomatoes. When the first ear of walnut is big, the first topdressing and watering, ternary compound fertilizer per mu 15 ~ 20 kg. After that, the second and third ears of walnut were topdressing once per ear, with urea 10 ~ 15 kg and potassium sulfate 8 ~ 12 kg per mu. Watering must be carried out in sunny morning, and opening the tuyere at noon to reduce humidity can effectively prevent diseases. During the low temperature period, the amount of irrigation under the film should be less, so as to avoid the excessive ground temperature drop caused by excessive watering and affect the normal growth of tomatoes. Greenhouse tomatoes are generally pruned with a single stem, leaving only one main stem, and all the side branches are thinned out. Side branches should be done in sunny morning, which is beneficial to wound healing. When the first ear fruit is green and ripe (the fruit grows to the maximum, and the top of the fruit turns from green to white), the old leaves under the first ear fruit are removed, and when the second ear fruit is green and ripe, the old leaves under the second ear fruit are removed, and so on, which is beneficial to ventilation and light transmission, reducing ineffective consumption of nutrients and preventing the spread of diseases. When the main stem is cultivated in autumn, 2 ~ 3 leaves are left on the ear after 5 ears of fruit bloom. After the main stem cultivated in the overwintering stubble bears 6-7 ears of fruit, leave 2-3 leaves above the ear to pick the core, and start to keep side branches on the stem. When harvesting the fruit on the main stem, if each tomato produces side branches, choose the side branch with strong base and cut off the old branches on it. If there are no plants with lateral branches nearby, put the tomato down, choose a lateral branch at the base to grow in this place, and choose a lateral branch at the upper part to grow with the hanging rope of plants without lateral branches. The second crop can bear 5~6 layers of fruit. In winter and spring, the temperature is low and the light is weak, so tomatoes are not easy to set fruit, so it is necessary to protect flowers and fruits. When an inflorescence has 3 ~ 4 blooming flowers, it is best to spray flowers with 25 ~ 50 mg/kg of anti-falling agent (tomato essence), and it is best to add 0. 1% of 50% prochloraz to control gray mold when spraying flowers. Spraying with anti-falling agent is more labor-saving than spraying with 2.4 ~ d, and it is not easy to cause phytotoxicity, but spraying with 2.4 ~ d is absolutely not allowed, otherwise phytotoxicity will easily occur. Tomato cultivation should also be thinning flowers and fruits, because there are too many fruits in one ear, and the fruits are of different sizes and poor commercialization. Large-fruit varieties should keep 3 ~ 4 fruits per panicle, medium-fruit varieties should keep 5 ~ 6 fruits per panicle, and the first and second floors can be kept less appropriately to prevent seedling drop. Generally, leaving fruit is "pinching the head and leaving the tail in the middle", that is, not leaving the first fruit, not leaving the small fruit and deformed fruit behind, so that the fruit size is consistent and the commodity is good.

Seventh, we should strengthen pest control. The key to pest control is "prevention", which mainly means eliminating and destroying the diseased residues of previous crops, reducing the source of pests and diseases, creating a clean and tidy cultivation environment through high-temperature disinfection in greenhouse, adopting agricultural measures such as watering under plastic film in sunny morning, timely ventilation and humidity reduction after watering, and using pesticides for prevention and control. Generally, vegetables are easy to get sick after continuous rainy and snowy days, so before the rainy and snowy days come, be sure to look at the weather forecast and spray medicine. When pests and diseases are found, the diseased leaves and fruits should be removed in time, and drugs should be used to prevent and control them in time.

At present, the main diseases of tomato in greenhouse in Shandong province are seedling damping-off, early damping-off blight, late blight, leaf mold, gray mold, stem base rot (black stem rot) and umbilical rot. The main pests are whitefly, aphid and liriomyza sativae, and the control is the same as cucumber.

The damping-off and damping-off are mainly controlled by spraying 95% Luheng 1No. 1g 3000 times solution per square meter of seedbed soil. When the diseased seedlings are found, they should be pulled out in time and sprayed with 90% hymexazol wettable powder 1000 times solution, 72.2% thorn water 600 times solution or 30% guangkuling 1000 times solution. Spray every 5~7 days 1 time, and spray continuously for 2~3 times.

When early blight occurs, 58% Du Rui manganese zinc 500 times solution can be used; Or 600 times solution of 70% propineb; Or 500 times of 64% antivirus alum solution; 50 ~ 60 kilograms of liquid medicine per mu, once every 7 ~ 10 day. Protected areas can use 50% of Galenon; Or 5% chlorothalonil powder, per mu 1 kg. Stem lesions can be scraped off with a knife first, and then smeared with 50% chlorpheniramine 180 ~ 200 times solution and a small amount of flour.

Late blight can be sprayed with 300-500 times of 0.5%OS- Stirling (chitin) aqueous solution, or 1500 times of 52.5% fast-inhibiting water purification dispersible granules, or 500-600 times of 72% gram green wettable powder, or 600 times of 69% Anke manganese zinc wettable powder, with 50 times of mixed solution per mu. In the greenhouse, 200 ~ 250g of 45% chlorothalonil smoke suppressant or 5% dust suppressant 1kg is used for control every 9 days, 1 time.

At the early stage of leaf mold, 2% wuyiencin (BO- 10) aqueous solution, 20 ml/L 2% kasumin solution, or 700 ~ 800 times 47% Galenon wettable powder were used. Every 7 ~ 10 days, 1 time, 2 ~ 3 times in a row. In the greenhouse, 45% chlorothalonil aerosol 1 time is 250g per mu, fumigation 1 night or spraying 7% Mu Ye dust remover or 5% Jialenong dust remover 1kg per mu, every 8 ~ 10 days 1 time.

Botrytis cinerea is a low temperature and high humidity disease. We should strengthen ventilation and reduce humidity. Watering should be done on a sunny morning. After the disease occurs, the diseased fruits, leaves and branches should be removed in time and put into plastic bags for incineration or deep burial. Drug treatment should be used in the critical period of onset. Before planting, spray tomato seedlings with 50% ZK wettable powder 1500 times solution, and require disease-free seedlings to enter the shed. Add 0. 1% of 50% Sukeling when ordering flowers. Before watering the fruit-promoting water, spray 900 times of 3% oxidized water solution, or 1500 times of 50% prochloraz wettable powder solution, or 1000 times of 25% prochloraz (100g) emulsifiable solution, or 1200 times. 6? 1 beneficial bacteria (mirex) WP 800 times, every 7 ~ 10 day 1 time, * * * 3 ~ 4 times. Pay attention to rotation or alternate medication. You can also use 150g of 3% botrytis cinerea aerosol or 250g of 10% procymidone aerosol per mu, every 7-8 days 1 night 1 time. You can also spray 5% mirex dust agent or 6.5% methyl sulfide at night. 6? 1 carbofuran powder, per mu 1 time/kg, every 9 days 1 time, and used alternately with other fungicides according to the condition.

When sowing seedlings, it is best to use 9 grams of 40% seed dressing agent per 1 m2 topsoil. After fully mixing, pile the diseased plants at the base, bury the diseased plants and promote them to grow adventitious roots above the diseased spots, which can delay their life and strive for yield. In addition, you can also spray 35% fu at the beginning of the disease. 6? 1 methylprednisolone WP 800 times, 20% methylprednisolone EC 1200 times, or 95% hymexazol (Lu Heng 1)3000 times. It can also be applied to the affected area with 200 times of 78% Bok wettable powder and a small amount of flour.

The cause of umbilical rot is calcium deficiency, because the distribution order of calcium is old leaves, young leaves, terminal buds and fruits, and fruits are prone to calcium deficiency. The first prevention is to strengthen environmental supervision and balance water supply. The second is to spray 0.5 ~ 1% calcium chloride +5ppm naphthylacetic acid+a small amount of vitamin B6 (to prevent the formation of oxalic acid) on the leaves after 30 days of fruit setting (sensitive period of calcium deficiency reaction).