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The longest canal: the Jinghang Canal in China, with a length of 1794 km.

The highest mountain: Mount Everest, with an altitude of 8848.438+03 meters.

The highest plateau: Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China, known as the "roof of the world".

Lowest basin: Turpan basin in Xinjiang, China, with the lowest point below sea level154m.

The earliest art of war of Sun Tzu was the art of war of Sun Tzu in the Spring and Autumn Period.

The dictionary with the largest number of words is Kangxi Dictionary in Qing Dynasty.

The earliest newspaper was the treasure of the Western Han Dynasty.

The earliest biographical literature is Historical Records of the Western Han Dynasty.

The earliest excellent collection of poems was The Book of Songs in the Spring and Autumn Period.

The longest-recorded masterpiece in history is Confucius' Spring and Autumn Annals.

The largest imperial palace in the world is the Forbidden City in Beijing.

The highest palace is Potala Palace.

The longest grotto gallery is Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes.

The largest inland basin is Tarim Basin.

The earliest three-dimensional map was the Map of Making Khitan drawn by Shen Kuo in the Song Dynasty.

The largest square is Tiananmen Square in Beijing.

The oldest computing tool

China's calculation in the Spring and Autumn Period is the oldest calculation tool in the world. According to the Records of Hanshu Yiwenzhi, it is a round bamboo stick with a length of 23.86 cm and a cross-sectional diameter of 0.23 cm. In the Sui Dynasty in the 6th and 7th centuries, the calculation length was shortened, and the round stick was changed into a square stick or a flat stick. According to the literature, in addition to bamboo chips, there are sawdust, iron chips, jade chips and dental chips. When calculating, put it into vertical and horizontal graphs, and represent any natural number according to the principle of vertical and horizontal alternation (for example, 6708 means ⊥, and zero means vacancy), so as to perform algebraic calculations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and square root. After negative numbers appear, there are two kinds of dividends, red chips represent positive numbers and black chips represent negative numbers. This kind of operation tool and method was unique in the world at that time.

The earliest, longest and widest road

The earliest, longest and widest highway was built by Qin Shihuang in four years in 2 12 BC. He ordered Meng Tian to mobilize 200,000 migrant workers for the convenience of the soldiers. This highway starts from Jiuyuan (Baotou City, Inner Mongolia) in the south, ends at Yunyang (Chunhua City, Shaanxi Province) in the south, and passes through Shaanxi and Gansu provinces 14 county, with a total length of more than 900 kilometers and a width of 164 meters.

The earliest practice of artificial magnetization method

In China 1 1 Century's General Theory of Martial Arts, the artificial magnetization method for guiding blind fish is the earliest practice in the world.

The principle of this method is to burn the iron fish red first, so that the molecules inside the iron fish increase dynamically, thus changing the molecular magnetic domain from the original fixed state to the dynamic state. Then, the red-hot iron fish is positioned along the direction of the earth's magnetic field, and the moving molecular magnetic domains are forced to rearrange along the direction of the earth's magnetic field (from random arrangement to regular arrangement), and then the iron fish is magnetized. Finally, "dipping in the pot is endless", which makes it cool rapidly and fixes the regular arrangement of molecular magnetic domains, which is also a quenching process. Finally, "collecting with a secret device" may be to put the guide fish next to the natural magnet to keep it magnetized or continue to magnetize it. This method of magnetizing steel needles by using the earth's magnetic field is more than 400 years earlier than that in Europe.

The oldest astronomical clock

Coincidentally, the oldest astronomical clock in the world was also born in China. It is a water transport platform built by astronomers such as Su Song and Han Gonglian in the Northern Song Dynasty. It is about12m high and 7m wide, and is divided into three layers. Put an armillary sphere on the upper floor to observe the position of the sun, moon and stars; In order to facilitate observation, it is covered with nine movable roof panels, which have the same function as the spherical platform roof that can be opened and closed by the modern observatory, and can be called the originator of the circular item of the modern observatory. There is an elephant in the middle layer, which is a sphere in the star position of a spherical celestial body. The elephant rotates once a day and night, which not only vividly shows the changes of astronomical phenomena, but also is the originator of the rotating clock, the tracking mechanism of modern astronomical observatory. There is a wooden pavilion on the lower floor, which is divided into five floors. There is a door on each floor. At some point, a Woodenhead will come out to tell the time. The kettle broken wine and mechanical system are installed behind the wooden pavilion to control the running speed of the waterwheel, so that the waterwheel can only run intermittently, and the rotating speed is determined by the flow rate of the kettle broken wine. This is equivalent to a set of anchor escapement mechanisms, which are the key components in today's clock machinery, to slow down the wheel operation and keep the control speed unchanged. Therefore, it can be called the ancestor of clocks and watches.

This instrument operated by water power is an important invention far earlier than similar devices in Europe. It has been highly praised internationally and is considered as "probably the direct ancestor of the European medieval astronomical clock".

The earliest optical experiment

The earliest optical experiment in the world was conducted by Mo Zhai, an outstanding scientist, and his students in China 24,500 years ago.

A small hole was opened in the Chaoyang wall of a dark hut. People stood outside the house facing the hole, and an inverted figure appeared on the wall opposite the room. Why is this strange phenomenon happening? Mohism explained that this is because light travels in a straight line like archery. The lower part of the human body blocks the direct light, passes through the small hole and forms a shadow on it; The upper part of the human body blocks the direct light, passes through the small hole, forms a shadow below and becomes a reflection. It is also pointed out that people are far away from the wall, and the shadows in the darkroom change from small to large, hanging upside down on the wall. This is the first scientific explanation for the straight-line propagation of light in the world.

The earliest sunspot record

Sunspots were first discovered in China. As early as the Shang Dynasty, there were records about sunspots in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, and there were also many records about sunspots in the Warring States and Han Dynasties. At present, the earliest recognized sunspot in the world is recorded in Hanshu, which reads: "In the first year of peace ... March B, the sunrise was yellow, with black gas as big as money, living in the center of Japan." The first year of peace was 28 AD. In ancient China, there were not only the earliest sunspot records recognized by the world, but also a large number of detailed records. From the first year of Heping in Han Dynasty to the end of Ming Dynasty, * * recorded more than 100 sunspots. These records not only have accurate dates, but also the shape, size, location and even changes of sunspots, which provide very valuable information for studying sunspot activities and their influence on the earth.

The earliest works on the basic theory of physics

The Mohist Classic in the Warring States Period is the earliest basic theoretical work of physics in the world. The Book of Mo Jing consists of four chapters: classic, classic, classic and classic. The physical contents discussed include mechanics, acoustics and optics, and the "lever principle" and "buoyancy principle" are put forward for the first time. Among them, the most incisive and respected part is geometric optics. What is even more amazing is that the budding idea of modern atomic theory appeared in Mo Jing more than 2,000 years ago, occupying a certain position in the history of philosophical development and scientific development. Mo Jing is a rare treasure in classical philosophy and natural science works.